The discrepancy between the norms of dialogue practice in Italy and elsewhere, in the sixteenth century, is so striking that it seems quite unaccountable that it has never been remarked upon. It is only, in fact, in Italy, that the use of identifiable historical figures as the interlocutors in dialogues was anything other than an exceptional occurrence. In France, in Spain, in Germany, in England, even in dialogues on the most serious of subjects, the Lucianic convention of using fictional interlocutors prevailed almost unchallenged. What, in Italy, was a styleme of a circumscribed comic mode was, in the rest of Europe, an unmarked element in the grammar of the literary dialogue.

Examples can be found, of course, of dialogues written outside Italy which conform, more or less, to ‘documentary’, neo-Ciceronian models. Guy de Brués's Dialogues contre les nouveaux Academiciens (1557) represent a conversation between the poets Baïf and Ronsard and the lawyers Guillaume Aubert and Jean Nicot, in which not only the use of named contemporary figures, but also the setting, the structure and the overall tone of the discussion testify to a sustained imitation of Platonic and Ciceronian models.