Acheampong, R. A., & Ibrahim, A. (2016). One nation, two planning systems? Spatial planning and multi-level policy integration in Ghana: Mechanisms, challenges and the way forward. Urban Forum, 27(1), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acheampong, R. A., & Siiba, A. (2018). Examining the determinants of utility bicycling using a socio-ecological framework: An exploratory study of the Tamale Metropolis in Northern Ghana. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adarkwa, K. K. (2012). The changing face of Ghanaian towns. African Review of Economics and Finance, 4(1), 1–29.Google Scholar

Agyemang, F. S. K., & Morrison, N. (2018). Recognising the barriers to securing affordable housing through the land use planning system in sub-Saharan Africa: A perspective from Ghana. Urban Studies, 55(12), 2640–2659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agyemang, F. S. K., Amedzro, K., & Silva, E. (2017). The emergence of city-regions and their implications for contemporary spatial governance: Evidence from Ghana. Cities, 7, 70–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andersen, J. E., Jenkins, P., & Nielsen, M. (2015). Who plans the African city? A case study of Maputo: Part 1 – the structural context. International Development Planning Review, 37(3), 424–444.Google Scholar

Arku, G., Mensah, K. O., Allotey, N. K., & Addo Frempong, E. (2016). Non-compliance with building permit regulations in Accra-Tema city-region, Ghana: Exploring the reasons from the perspective of multiple stakeholders. Planning Theory and Practice, 17(3), 361–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asabere, S. B., Acheampong, R. A., Ashiagbor, G., Beckers, S. C., Keck, M., Erasmi, S., ... & Sauer, D (2020). Urbanization, land use transformation and spatio-environmental impacts: Analyses of trends and implications in major metropolitan regions of Ghana. Land Use Policy, 96(104707), 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asiedu, A. B., & Arku, G. (2009). The rise of gated housing estates in Ghana: Empirical insights from three communities in metropolitan Accra. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 24(3), 227–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative Research, 1(3), 385–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baffour Awuah, K. G., Hammond, F. B., Lamond, J. E., & Booth, C. (2014). Benefits of urban land use planning in Ghana. Geoforum, 51, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandauko, E., Arku, G., & Nyantakyi-Frimpong, H. (2021). A systematic review of gated communities and the challenge of urban transformation in African cities. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 37, 339–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blakely, E. J., & Snyder, M. G. (1997). Fortress America: Gated communities in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Blandy, S., & Lister, D. (2005). Gated communities: (Ne)gating community development? Housing Studies, 20(2), 287–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boamah, N. A., Gyimah, C., & Bediako Nelson, J. K. (2012). Challenges to the enforcement of development controls in the Wa municipality. Habitat International, 36(1), 136–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cities Alliance (2007). Liveable cities: The benefits of urban and environmental planning. Washington, DC: Cities Alliance.Google Scholar

Cobbinah, P. B. (2017). Managing cities and resolving conflicts: Local people’s attitudes towards urban planning in Kumasi, Ghana. Land Use Policy, 68, 222–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cobbinah, P. B., & Darkwah, R. M. (2017). Urban planning and politics in Ghana. GeoJournal, 82(6), 1229–1245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cobbinah, P. B., & Korah, P. I. (2016). Religion gnaws urban planning: the geography of places of worship in Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 8(2), 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cobbinah, P. B. et al. (2019). Urban planning and climate change in Ghana. Journal of Urban Management, 8(2), 261–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Côté-Roy, L., & Moser, S. (2019). Does Africa not deserve shiny new cities? The power of seductive rhetoric around new cities in Africa. Urban Studies, 56(12), 2391–2407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cullingworth, B. & Nadin, V. (2006). Town and country planning in the UK (14th ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Curtis, C., & Scheurer, J. (2010). Planning for sustainable accessibility: Developing tools to aid discussion and decision-making. Progress in Planning, 74(2), 53–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diko, S. K. (2023). Urban green space planning in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana: A prioritization conundrum and its co-benefits solution. Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 5(1), 49–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dixon, T. J., & Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2021). How can we plan for urban futures beyond COVID-19? www.transformingsociety.co.uk/2021/06/10/how-can-we-plan-for-urban-futures-beyond-covid-19/Google Scholar

Dowling, R., Atkinson, R., & Mcguirk, P. (2010). Privatism, privatisation and social distinction in master-planned residential estates. Urban Policy and Research, 28(4), 391–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Duren, N. R. L. (2006). Planning à la carte: The location patterns of gated communities around Buenos Aires in a decentralized planning context. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 30(2), 308–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De Duren, N. R. L. (2007). Gated communities as a municipal development strategy. Housing Policy Debate, 18(3), 607–626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehwi, R. J. (2020). The proliferation of gated communities in Ghana: A new institutionalism perspective. PhD dissertation, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar

Ehwi, R. J. (2021). Walls within walls: Examining the variegated purposes for walling in Ghanaian gated communities. Housing Studies, 39(2), 1–25.Google Scholar

Ehwi, R. J. (2022). Modelling the supply-side factors influencing the provision of amenities in gated communities: The case of the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area in Ghana. Journal of Urban Affairs, 2022, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehwi, R. J., & Morrison, N. (2023). Entanglements in urban governance in new African cities: Appolonia City in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Journal of Urban Affairs, 45(3), 407–427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehwi, R. J, Holmes, H., Maslova, S., & Burgess, G. (2022). The ethical underpinnings of smart city governance: Decision-making in the Smart Cambridge programme, UK. Urban Studies, 59(14), 2968–2984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehwi, R. J., Morrison, N., & Tyler, P. (2019). Ghana’s land administration challenges and the proliferation of gated communities: Re-appraising reasons people move into gated communities. Housing Studies, 36(3), 307–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fält, L. (2019). New cities and the emergence of ‘privatized urbanism’ in Ghana. Built Environment, 44(4), 438–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fuseini, I., & Kemp, J. (2015). A review of spatial planning in Ghana’s socio-economic development trajectory: A sustainable development perspective. Land Use Policy, 47(May), 309–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ghana Institute of Engineers (2016). Ghana Infrastructure Report Card 2016: Roads & bridges, electric power & potable water. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27160.70409CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giroir, G. (2007). The Purple Jade Villa (Beijing): A golden ghetto in Red China. In Glasze, G., Webster, C. J. & Frantz, K. (eds.), Private cities: Global and local perspectives (pp. 139–150). London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar

Gooch, D., Wolff, A., Kortuem, G., & Brown, R. (2015). Reimagining the role of citizens in smart city projects. In 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers. New York, September, 1587–1594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2800835.2801622Google Scholar

Government of Ghana (2015). Ghana national spatial development framework (2015–2035). Accra-Ghana.Google Scholar

Government of Ghana (2021). 2021 Population and Housing Census, Ghana Statistical Service. Accra-Ghana. Ghana Statistical Service.Google Scholar

Grant, J. L. (2005a). Planning responses to gated communities in Canada. Housing Studies, 20(2), 273–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, J., & Mittelsteadt, L. (2004). Types of gated communities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 31(6), 913–930.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, R. (2005b). The emergence of gated communities in a West African context: Evidence from Greater Accra, Ghana. Urban Geography, 26(8), 661–683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, R. (2015). Sustainable African urban futures: Stocktaking and critical reflection on proposed urban projects. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(3), 294–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, R., & Yankson, P. (2003). City profile Accra. Cities, 20(1), 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, P. A., & Taylor, R. C. (1998). The potential of historical institutionalism. Political Studies, 46, 957–962.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hammah, N. K. (2015). Streamlining of building permit approval processing of town and country planning department in Ghana. Cogent Social Sciences, 1(1), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Healey, P. (1999). Institutionalist analysis, communicative planning, and shaping places. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 19(2), 111–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Healey, P. (2003). Collaborative planning in perspective. Planning Theory, 2(2), 101–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: a research agenda. International Handbook on Informal Governance, 2(4), 85–113.Google Scholar

Hendrikx, M., & Wissink, B. (2017). Bienvenue au club! Une étude exploratrice de l’accessibilité aux services dans les cités résidentielles fermées de Guangzhou, en Chine. Social and Cultural Geography, 18(3), 371–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karvonen, A., Cook, M., & Haarstad, H. (2020). Urban planning and the smart city: Projects, practices and politics. Urban Planning, 5(1), 65–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kenna, T., & Stevenson, D. (2013). Experiences of ‘community’ in a gated residential estate. Geographical Research, 51(4), 412–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kostenwein, D. (2021). Between walls and fences: How different types of gated communities shape the streets around them. Urban Studies, 58(16), 3230–3246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kufour, K. O. (2011). Gated communities in Ghana: A new institutional economics approach to regulation. In Home, R. (ed.), Africa land law (pp. 171–186). Cape Town: ABC Press.Google Scholar

La Grange, A. (2014). Hong Kong’s gating machine. Housing Studies, 29(2), 251–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landman, K. (2004). Gated communities in South Africa: The challenge for spatial planning and land use management. Town Planning Review, 75(2), 151–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larbi, W. O. (1996). Spatial planning and urban fragmentation in Accra, Third World Planning Review, 18(2), 193–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lemanski, C. (2006). Spaces of exclusivity or connection? Linkages between a gated community and its poorer neighbour in a Cape Town master plan development. Urban Studies, 43(2), 397–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, L., Wan, W. X., & He, S. (2021). The heightened ‘security zone’ function of gated communities during the COVID-19 pandemic and the changing housing market dynamic: Evidence from Beijing, China. Land, 10(9), 1–21.Google Scholar

Liao, K., Wehrhahn, R., & Breitung, W. (2018). Urban planners and the production of gated communities in China: A structure–agency approach. Urban Studies, 56(13), 2635–2653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lowndes, V. (1996). Varieties of new institutionalism: A critical appraisal. Public Administration, 74(2), 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lu, T., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2019). The meaning of ‘private governance’ in urban China: Researching residents’ preferences and satisfaction. Urban Policy and Research, 37(3), 378–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lu, T., Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2020). The variegated role of the state in different gated neighbourhoods in China. Urban Studies, 57(8), 1642–1659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mabogunje, A. L. (1990). Urban planning and the post-colonial state in Africa: A research overview. African Studies Review, 33(2), 121–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenzie, E. (1994). Privatopia: Homeowner associations and the rise of residential private governance. Binghamton, NY: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

McKenzie, E. (2003). Common-interest housing in the communities of tomorrow. Housing Policy Debate, 14(1–2), 203–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McKenzie, E. (2005). Constructing the Pomerium in Las Vegas: A case study of emerging trends in American gated communities. Housing Studies, 20(2), 187–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Miller, E. A., & Banaszak-Holl, J. (2005). Cognitive and normative determinants of state policymaking behavior: Lessons from the sociological institutionalism. Publius, 35(2), 191–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mouratidis, K., & Yiannakou, A. (2022). COVID-19 and urban planning: Built environment, health, and well-being in Greek cities before and during the pandemic. Cities, 121(103491), 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nee, V., & Ingram, P. (1998). Embeddedness and beyond: Institutions, exchanges, and social structure. In Brinton, M. C. & Nee, V. (eds.), The new institutionalism in sociology (pp. 19–45). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Njoh, A. J. (2009). Urban planning as a tool of power and social control in colonial Africa. Planning Perspectives, 24(3), 301–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Njoh, A. J. (2010). Europeans, modern urban planning and the acculturation of ‘racial others’. Planning Theory, 9(4), 369–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

North, D. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Obeng-Odoom, F., Abdalla, Y., & Elhadary, E. (2014). Life within the wall and Implications for those outside it. Gated communities in Malaysia and Ghana. International Journal of Environment, Society and Space, 2(2), 1–9.Google Scholar

Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (2015). Practical norms: informal regulations within public bureaucracies (in Africa and beyond). In De Herdt, T. & Olivier de Sardan, J.-P. (eds.), Real governance and practical norms in sub-Saharan Africa: The game of the rules. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Quarcoopome, S. S. (1992). Urbanisation, land alienation and politics in Accra, Research Review NS, 8(1&2), 40–54.Google Scholar

Rakodi, C. (2001). Forget planning, put politics first? Priorities for urban management in developing countries. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 3(3), 209–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rakodi, C., & Leduka, C. (2004). Informal land delivery process and access to land for the poor: A comparative study of six African cities. International Development Department, University of Birmingham.Google Scholar

Rosen, G., & Razin, E. (2009). The rise of gated communities in Israel: Reflections on changing urban governance in a neo-liberal era. Urban Studies, 46(8), 1702–1722.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rydin, Y. (1998). Urban and environmental planning in the UK. London: Macmillan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sarpong, S. (2017). Building bridges or gates? Gated communities’ escape from reality. International Journal of Social Economics, 44(12), 584–1596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Troustine, J. (2018). Segregation by design: Local politics and the inequality in American cities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van Noorloos, F., & Kloosterboer, M. (2018). Africa’s new cities: The contested future of urbanisation. Urban Studies, 55(6), 1223–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Van Noorloos, F., Avianto, D., & Opiyo, R. O. (2019). New master-planned cities and local land rights: The case of Konza Techno City, Kenya. Built Environment, 44(4), 420–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watson, V. (2009a). Seeing from the south: Refocusing urban planning on the globe’s central urban issues. Urban Studies, 46 (11), 2259–2275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watson, V. (2009b). ‘The planned city sweeps the poor away…’: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72(3), 151–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Webster, C. (2001). Gated communities of tomorrow. Town Planning Review, 72(2), 149–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williamson, O. E. (2000). The new institutional economics: Taking stock, looking ahead. Journal of Economic Literature, 38(3), 595–613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson, A., Tewdwr-Jones, M. & Comber, R. (2019). Urban planning, public participation and digital technology: App development as a method of generating citizen involvement in local planning processes. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(2), 286–302.Google Scholar

World Bank (2012). A sourcebook of pollution management policy tools for growth and competitiveness. Washington, DC: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Yeboah, E. & Obeng-Odoom, F. (2010). ‘We are not the only ones to blame’: District assemblies’ perspectives on the state of planning in Ghana. Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance, 1996(7), 78–98.Google Scholar

Brody, S. D., & Highfield, W. E. (2005). Does planning work? Testing the implementation of local environmental planning in Florida. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71, 159–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chigara, B., Magwaro-Ndiweni, L., Mudzengerere, F. H., & Ncube, A. B. (2013). An analysis of the effects of piecemeal planning on development of small urban centres in Zimbabwe: Case study of Plumtree. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research, 2(4), 2319–4421.Google Scholar

Chigudu, A. (2021a). Influence of colonial planning legislation on spatial development in Zimbabwe and Zambia. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147(1), 04020057CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chigudu, A. (2021b). The changing institutional and legislative planning framework of Zambia and Zimbabwe: Nuances for urban development. Land Use Policy, 100, 104941.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chigwenya, A., & Mudzengerere, F. H. (2013). The small and medium enterprises policy in Zimbabwe: A narrative of strides taken to mainstream the informal sector activities in urban local authorities in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 4(4), 1–18.Google Scholar

Chipungu, L., & Magidimisha, H. H. (2020). Housing in the aftermath of the fast track land reform programme in Zimbabwe. Abingdon: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chirisa, I. (2009). Prospects for the asset-based community development approach in Epworth and Ruwa, Zimbabwe: A housing and environmental perspective. African Journal of History and Culture, 1(2), 28–35.Google Scholar

Chirisa, I., & Dumba, S. (2012). Spatial planning, legislation and the historical and contemporary challenges in Zimbabwe: A conjectural approach. Journal of African Studies and Development. 4(1), 1–13.Google Scholar

Cities Alliance (2012). Cities without borders: Guiding urbanisation in Africa for economic development and poverty reduction. Pretoria: Cities Alliance.Google Scholar

Colenutt, B. (1997). Environmental planning for sustainable development. In Bowlers, A. & Evans, B. (eds.), Town planning into the 21st century. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

CSO (2004). Census 2002 national report. Central Statistical Office. Harare: Government Printer.Google Scholar

Feremenga, D. T. (2005). Urban planning and development in Zimbabwe. In Salm, S. J. & Falola, T. (eds.), African urban spaces in historical perspective. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.Google Scholar

Infrastructure and Cities for Economic Development (ICED) (2017). Briefing: Zimbabwe’s changing urban landscape: Evidence and insights on Zimbabwe’s urban trends. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/59521681e5274a0a5900004a/ICED_Evidence_Brief_-_Zimbabwe_Urban_Trends_-_Final.pdfGoogle Scholar

Innes, J., & Booher, D. (2010). Planning with complexity: An introduction to collaborative rationality for public policy. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamete, A. Y. (2007). Cold-hearted, negligent and spineless? Planning, planners and the (r)ejection of ‘filth’ in urban Zimbabwe. International Planning Studies, 12(2), 153–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamete, A. Y. (2009). In the service of tyranny: Debating the role of planning in Zimbabwe’s urban ‘clean-up’ operation. Urban Studies, 46(4), 897–922.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loh, C. G. (2011). Assessing and interpreting nonconformance in land-use planning implementation. Planning Practice & Research, 26(3), 271–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mabaso, A., Shekede, M. D., Chirisa, I., Zanamwe, L., Gwitira, I., & Bandauko, E. (2015). Urban physical development and master planning in Zimbabwe: An assessment of conformance in the City of Mutare. Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(1 & 2), 72–88.Google Scholar

Machakaire, D. G. (2015). Transformation of urban planning practices using geo-spatial technology in managing rapid urbanisation in Harare: Zimbabwe. MSc thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology.Google Scholar

Matamanda, A. R., & Chinozvina, Q. L. (2020). Driving forces of citizen participation in urban development practice in Harare, Zimbabwe. Land Use Policy, 99, 105090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matamanda, A. R., Chirisa, I., Leboto, L., Dunn, M., & Kwangwama, A. N. (2021). The planning profession questioned: Evidence from the role and practice of planners in Zimbabwe. Journal of Planning Education and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X211028295CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Matamanda, A. R., Chirisa, I., Dzvimbo, M. A., & Chinozvina, Q. (2020). The political economy of Zimbabwean urban informality since 2000 – A contemporary governance dilemma. Development Southern Africa, 37(4), 694–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbiba, B. (2019). Planning scholarship and the fetish about planning in Southern Africa: The case of Zimbabwe’s Operation Murambatsvina. International Planning Studies, 24(2), 97–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGregor, J., & Chatiza, K. (2020). Partisan citizenship and its discontents: Precarious possession and political agency on Harare City’s expanding margins. Citizenship Studies, 24(1), 17–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muchadenyika, D. (2020). Seeking urban transformation: Alternative urban futures in Zimbabwe. Harare: Weaver Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Muchadenyika, D., & Williams, J. J. (2016). Politics and the practice of planning: The case of Zimbabwean cities. Cities, 63, 33–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munzwa, K., & Wellington, J. (2010). Urban development in Zimbabwe: A human settlement perspective. Theoretical and Empirical Researchers in Urban Management, 5(14), 120–146.Google Scholar

Nel, V., Matamanda, A. R., & Chirisa, I. (2021). Social justice in spatial governance. In Matamanda, A. R., Nel, V. & Chirisa, I. (eds.), Urban geography in postcolonial Zimbabwe: The paradigms and perspectives for sustainable urban planning and governance (pp. 17–35). Cham: Springer Nature.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Potts, D. (2006). City life in Zimbabwe at a time of fear and loathing: Urban planning, urban poverty, and Operation Murambatsvina. In Cities in contemporary Africa (pp. 265–288). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Saint, L. (2012). Reading subjects: Passbooks, literature and apartheid. Social Dynamics, 38(1), 117–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scoones, I., & Murimbarimba, F. (2021). Small towns and land reform in Zimbabwe. European Journal of Development Research, 33(6), 2040–2062.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Toriro, P. (2021). Plan preparation and review as tools for developing urban resilience in Zimbabwe: Conflicts and possibilities. Journal of Urban Systems and Innovations for Resilience in Zimbabwe-JUSIRZ, 3(1), 132–149.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2009). Planning sustainable cities. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar

Wekwete, K. (1987). Growth center policy in Zimbabwe: A focus on district centers. Occasional paper. Harare: University of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar

Wekwete, K. H. (1988). Development of urban planning in Zimbabwe: An overview. Cities, 5(1), 57–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wekwete, K. H. (1989a). Planning laws for urban and regional planning in Zimbabwe – An overview. Occasional paper. Harare: University of Zimbabwe.Google Scholar

Wekwete, K. H. (1989b). Physical planning in Zimbabwe: A review of the legislative, administrative and operational framework. Third World Planning Review, 11(1), 49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ZIMSTAT (2012). Census 2012 national report. Harare: Government Printer.Google Scholar

Abayomi, M., & Omoyeni, J. A. (2018). Tackling the wicked problem of poverty in Nigeria: Strategies for state governments. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 43, 39–46.Google Scholar

Adedokun, A. (2013). New towns development concept, success, or failure: A case study of Festac town, Lagos. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 3(4), 67–81.Google Scholar

Adegoke, S., & Agbola, T. (2020). Housing affordability and the organized private sector housing in Nigeria. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(4), 177–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adegoke, O., Akinbamide, S., & Agbola, T. (2020). Housing tenure choice and housing affordability in Nigeria: A comparative analysis of owners and renters of organized private sector housing. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 8, 142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adeleye, B., Ayangbile, O., Popoola, A., & Ndana, M. (2018). Urban transformation: A changing phase of Minna Central Area, Nigeria. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 8(1), 25–32.Google Scholar

Adelusi-Adeluyi, A. (2017). Imagine Lagos: Mapping a pre-colonial West African city. 28 March. https://globalurbanhistory.com/2017/03/28/imagine-lagos-mapping-a-pre-colonial-west-african-city/Google Scholar

Adeyeye, L. (2010). Understanding urban and regional planning law and administration in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: Timade Ventures.Google Scholar

African Planning Association (APA) (2013). The state of planning in Africa: An overview. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

Agbola, S. B., & Falola, O. J. (2016). Planning law reforms in Africa: Case studies from Uganda, South Africa, and Nigeria. In Silva, C. N. (ed.), Governing urban Africa (pp. 125–147). London: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Agbola, S. B., & Falola, O. J. (2018). In whose interest? Interrogating the conceptual dilemma of public interest and its application to physical planning. Journal of Public Administration, 53(1), 39–51.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (1985). Apprenticeship and manpower training strategy in Nigeria building industry. Quarterly Journal of the Local Self Government Institute, India , LVI(4222), 278–287.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (2003). The Nigerian urban development policy: If the past is prologue. Paper presented at the 34th Annual Conference of the Nigerian Urban Development Policy, held between 22 and 24 October 2003 at the Gateway Hotel, Abeokuta, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (2005). The Nigerian urban development policy: If the past be prologue. Journal of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, XVII, 1–17.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (2006). Production of local building materials: The challenges of and benefits to major participants in Nigerian local building materials industry. Journal of Estate Surveying Research, 1(1), 1–15.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (2007). Physical planning in Nigeria since independence: A performance narrative. Journal of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, 20(1), 145–169.Google Scholar

Alabi, A. M., & Omirin, O. J. (2021). Planning laws and the development of divided cities in dependent capitalist countries: A case of Nigeria. Paper delivered at the Caribbean Urban Forum 2021, Guyana, 17 June. https://hitresetcaribbean.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/CUF2021-Rapporteur-report-FINAL.pdfGoogle Scholar

Aluko, O. E. (2011). Urbanization and effective town planning in Nigeria. African Research Review, 5(2/19), 126–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arcila, C. (2007). Lessons learned from slum upgrading and prevention efforts in Turkey. Ankara: KTH Royal Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Ayangbile, O. (2015). Appraisal of physical development activities in Ajoda new town, Oyo state. Ibadan: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan.Google Scholar

Ayo, E. (1988). Development planning in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.Google Scholar

Bigon, L. (2009). Urban planning, colonial doctrines and street naming in French Dakar and British Lagos, c. 1850–1930. Urban History, 36(3), 426–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigon, L. (2012). A history of urban planning and infectious diseases: Colonial Senegal in the early twentieth century. Urban Studies Research, 2012, 589758. doi:10.1155/2012/589758CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bigon, L. (2016). Bubonic plague, colonial ideologies, and urban planning policies: Dakar, Lagos, and Kumasi. Planning Perspectives, 31(2), 205–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiaka, O. (2017). Roles and responsibilities of town planners in sustainable development of urban centres in Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Management and Safety, 8(2), 1–10.Google Scholar

Dung-Guom, J. (2011). Urban and regional planning in Nigeria today (1999 to 2011). Department of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, Nigeria. www.researchgate.net/publication/305653931_Urban_and_Regional_Planning_in_Nigeria_1999_to_2011Google Scholar

Egunjobi, L., Falola, O. J., & Olaniyan, O. (2019). Intellectual contributions of Professor Samuel Babatunde Agbola to teaching and research. In Alabi, M., Sanni, L. & Wahab, B. (eds.), Urban and regional planning in Nigeria: Essays in honour of Professor Samuel Babatunde Agbola. Ibadan: Joytal Printing Press.Google Scholar

Fainstein, S. S. (n.d.). Urban planning. www.britannica.com/topic/urban-planningGoogle Scholar

Fajemirokun, M. (2010). Policy and legal perspectives on actualizing the right to the city in Nigeria. In Sugranyes, A. & Mathivet, C. (eds.), Cities for all: Proposals and experiences towards the right to the city (pp. 267–269). Santiago: Habitat International Coalition, HIC.Google Scholar

Falola, T. (2017). Akin Mabogunje: The geography of an icon in multiple cities. https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2017/10/21/akin-mabogunje-the-geography-of-an-icon-in-multiple-cities-by-toyin-falola/Google Scholar

Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN) (2012). Land reform in Nigeria: Basic facts, Vol. II, The Presidency, Office of the Secretary to the Government of the Federation.Google Scholar

Home, R. (2013). Of planting and planning: The making of British colonial cities. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Home, R. (2019). From cantonments to townships: Lugard’s influence upon British colonial urban governance in Africa. Planning Perspectives, 34(1), 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Home, R., & Kabata, F. (2018). Turning fish soup back into fish: The wicked problem of African community land rights. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy, 9(2), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ifesanya, A. (n.d.). Comparative assessment of the Town and Country Planning Ordinance (Cap 155) of 1946 and the Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Decree (No. 88) of 1992 as a basis for the evaluation of the contemporary planning law in Nigeria. www.globalacademicgroup.com/journals/the%20nigerian%20academic%20forum/Ifesanya%205.pdfGoogle Scholar

Junaid, A. M., Olurin, T. A., & Abdulraheem, M. O. (2019). The evolution and pedagogy of urban planning education. In Alabi, M., Sanni, L. & Wahab, B. (eds.), Urban and regional planning in Nigeria: Essays in honour of Professor Samuel Babatunde Agbola (pp. 17–34). Ibadan: Joytal Printing Press.Google Scholar

Lai, L., & Davies, S. (2020). Surveying was a kind of writing on the land: The economics of land division as town planning. University of Hong Kong Planning Theory, 19(4), 421–444.Google Scholar

Lasisi, M., Popoola, A., Adediji, A., Adedeji, O., & Babalola, K. (2017). City expansion and agricultural land loss within the peri-urban area of Osun State, Nigeria. Ghana Journal of Geography, 9(3), 132–163.Google Scholar

Lawal, M. (2000). Estate development in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: ILCO Books and Publishers.Google Scholar

Mabogunje, A. L. (1968). Urbanization in Nigeria. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar

Mabogunje, A. L. (1970). Systems approach: A theory of rural–urban migration. Geographical Analysis, 2(1), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mabogunje, A. L. (1995). The environmental challenges in sub-Saharan Africa. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 37(4), 4–10.Google ScholarPubMed

Mabogunje, A. L. (1999). Nothing profits more: Social knowledge and national development. In Reflection on 50 years of social science education in Nigeria. Abuja: Women Development Centre.Google Scholar

Mazzoleni, C. (2003). The concept of community in Italian town planning in the 1950s. Planning Perspectives, 18(3), 325–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Niskanen, V. P., Rask, M., & Raisio, H. (2021). Wicked problems in Africa: A systematic literature review. Sage Open, 11(3), 21582440211032163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

NITP (2014). The state of urban and regional planning in Nigeria. Abuja: Nigerian Institute of Town Planners.Google Scholar

Njoh, A. (2007). Planning power: Town planning and social control in colonial Africa. London: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

NTIP (2016). Planning education in Nigeria: The past, present and future challenges. In Wahab, B. & Atebije, N. (eds.), N.I.T.P. at 50: Yesterday, today and the future (pp. 133–152). Ibadan: Dee Joe Press.Google Scholar

Nwaka, G. I. (2005). The urban informal sector: Towards economic development, environmental health, and social harmony. Global Urban Development Magazine, 1(1), 1–11.Google Scholar

Oduwaye, L., & Olajide, O. (2012). Incorporating informality into urban and regional planning education curriculum in Nigeria. Town and Regional Planning, 2012(60), 31–37.Google Scholar

Ogunjimi, S. (1997). Public finance for polytechnics and I.C.A.N. students. Niger: Leken Productions.Google Scholar

Okafor, B. (2020). The essence of compliance with road setbacks standards in developmental projects in Anambra Capital Territory. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research & Development, 4(6), 142–145.Google Scholar

Olaniyi, J. (1998). Foundation of public analysis. Ibadan: Sunad Publishers.Google Scholar

Olufemi, O., & Jimoh, U. U. (2013). From pedagogy to paideia: Physical planning education in Nigeria. In 49th ISOCARP Congress, October.Google Scholar

Olufemi, O., Ayangbile, O., & Abiodun, O. (2015). Planning snapshots, Nigeria: 50 years. https://isocarp.org/app/uploads/2015/01/50-years-of-Planning-Highlights-in-Nigeria-Revised.pdfGoogle Scholar

Olujimi, J. (2016). Evolution of urban and regional planning practice in Nigeria: The Ondo State experience. Conference of the Golden Jubilee Celebration of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners. Akure, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Olujimi, J., & Enisan, G (2015). The influence of the colonial planning education on urban and regional planning administration in Nigeria. www.researchgate.net/publication/283655405Google Scholar

Omisore, E. O. (1999). Essentials of town and country planning practice in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: Trankei and Co.Google Scholar

Omole, F. K. (1999). Planning issues in Nigeria land tenure system and the Land Use Act. Lagos: Frontline/KenOye Publications Company.Google Scholar

Omole, F. K., & Akinbamijo, O. B. (2012). Land development and planning laws in Nigeria: The historical account. Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization, 8, 25–31.Google Scholar

Onifade, V., & Lawanson, T. (2019). Dual city Nigeria: A historical walk-through Nigeria’s urban development trajectory. In Alabi, M., Sanni, L. & Wahab, B. (eds.), Urban and regional planning in Nigeria: Essays in honour of Professor Samuel Babatunde Agbola (pp. 1–16). Ibadan: Joytal Printing Press.Google Scholar

Onyebueke, V. (2017). Diffusion and adoption of informality concept in planning pedagogy: Reflections from a Nigerian planning school. Journal of Architecture, City and Environment, 1(1), 63–83.Google Scholar

Peters, A. (2015). Implementation of physical development plans in Yola. International Journal of Business and General Management, 4(4), 15–20.Google Scholar

Raji, A., & Attah, U. (2017). Enforcing Building setbacks as a viable strategy for an emerging city. Traektoriâ Nauki – Path of Science, 3(6), 21–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

The Nation (2021). Akin Mabogunje: ‘Father of African Geography’, town-planning expert, and celebrated public servant turns 90. https://thenationonlineng.net/akin-mabogunje/Google Scholar

Uwaegbulam, C (2021). Accolades as town planners, others honour Kadiri at 70. The Guardian, 22 February. https://guardian.ng/property/accolades-as-town-planners-others-honour-kadiri-at-70/Google Scholar

Vagale, L. (2000). Manual of space standard for urban development. Ibadan: Metric Edition.Google Scholar

Wahab, B., & Agbola, B. (2017). The place of informality and illegality in planning education in Nigeria. Planning Practice & Research, 32(2), 212–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahab, B., & Popoola, A. (2019). Urban farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate variability in Ibadan, Nigeria. In Cobbinah, P. & Addaney, M. (eds.), The geography of climate change adaptation in urban Africa (pp. 123–154). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahab, B., Popoola, A., & Magidimisha, H. (2018). Access to urban agricultural land in Ibadan, Nigeria. Planning Malaysian: Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 16(4), 161–175.Google Scholar

Watson, V., & Agbola, B. (2013). Who will plan Africa’s city? London: Africa Research Institute.Google Scholar

Wicker, E. R. (1958). Colonial development and welfare, 1929–1957: The evolution of a policy. Social and Economic Studies, 7(4), 170–192.Google Scholar

Aggarwal, S., & Butsch, C. (2012). Environmental and ecological threats in India mega-cities. In Richer, M. & Weiland, U. (eds.), Applied urban ecology: A global framework (pp. 66–79). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Baccini, P. (2012). Designing urban systems: Ecological strategies with stocks and glows of energy and material. In Richer, M. & Weiland, U. (eds.), Applied urban ecology: A global framework (pp. 54–64). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar

Ballard, R., & Mapukata, S. (2022). South African urban imaginaries: Cases from Johannesburg. GCRO Research Report. https://cdn.gcro.ac.za/media/documents/GCRO_RR13_SA_Urban_imaginaries.pdfCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, P. (2000). Cities of gold, townships of coal: Essays on South Africa’s new urban crisis. Trenton: African World Press.Google Scholar

Chu, Z., Cheng, M., & Song, M. (2021). What determines urban resilience against COVID-19: City size or governance capacity? Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103304.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (2014). Integrated urban development: Draft for discussion. https://iudf.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/IUDF-Brochure.pdfGoogle Scholar

Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs (2018). South Africa’s national urban development policy – the IUDF: An overview. Pretoria: CGTA.Google Scholar

Didier, S., Peyroux, E., & Morange, M. (2012). The spreading of the city improvement district model in Johannesburg and Cape Town: Urban regeneration and the neoliberal agenda in South Africa. International Journal of Urban and Management Science, 36(5), 915–935.Google Scholar

Dodman, D. (2017). Opinion: Why informal settlements are already smart. Devex, 29 March. www.devex.com/news/opinion-why-informal-settlements-are-already-smart-89450Google Scholar

Everatt, D., & Ebrahim, Z. (2020). Urban policy in South Africa. ResearchGate. www.researchgate.net/publication/344494183_Urban_policy_in_South_AfricaCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardner, D. (2018). Analysis of the human settlement programme and subsidy instruments. South African Urbanisation Review. April.Google Scholar

Grant, R. (2013). The development complex, rural economy and urban-spatial and economic development in Juba, South Sudan. Local Economy, 28(2), 218–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Habitat for Humanity (2022). The world’s largest slums: Dharavi, Kibera, Khayelitsha & Neza. Habitat for Humanity Great Britain. www.habitatforhumanity.org.uk/blog/2017/12/the-worlds-largest-slums-dharavi-kibera-khayelitsha-neza/Google Scholar

International Budget Partnerships (2021). Asivikelane: Helping South Africa’s informal settlement residents’ voices be heard. https://internationalbudget.org/2021/10/asivikelane-helping-south-africas-informal-settlement-residents-voices-be-heard/Google Scholar

Jassat, W., Karim, S. S. A., Mudara, C., Welch, R., Ozougwu, L., Groome, M. J., Govender, N., von Gottberg, A., Wolter, N., Wolmarans, M., & Rousseau, P. (2022). Clinical severity of COVID-19 in patients admitted to hospital during the omicron wave in South Africa: A retrospective observational study. Lancet Global Health. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3996320CrossRefGoogle Scholar

John, L. (2012). Secondary cities in South Africa: The start of a conversation. Johannesburg: South African Cities Network.Google Scholar

Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharif, A., & Moradpour, N. (2021). Are high-density districts more vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic? Sustainable Cities and Society, 70, 102911.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Linard, C., Gilbert, M., Snow, R. W., Noor, A. M., & Tatem, A. J. (2012). Population distribution, settlement pattern and accessibility across Africa in 2010. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031743CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Madhi, S. A., Kwantra, G., Myers, J. E., Jassat, W., Dhar, N., Mukendi, C. K., … & Mutevedzi, P. C. (2022). Population immunity and COVID-19 severity with Omicron variant in South Africa. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(14), 1314–1326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marais, H. (2001). South Africa: Limits to change: the political economy of transition. Cape Town: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Ministry of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation (2020). Media statement by Minister Lindiwe Sisulu on government’s response to Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. 29 April. www.gov.za/speeches/minister-lindiwe-sisulu-governmentGoogle Scholar

Napier, M. (2009). Making urban land markets work better in South African cities to the poor. In Lall, S. V., Friere, M., Yuen, B., Rajack, R. & Helluim, J.-J. (eds.), Urban land markets: Improving land management for successful urbanization (pp. 71–100). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

National Planning Commission (2013). National Development Plan 2030: Our future, make it work. Pretoria: National Planning Commission.Google Scholar

National Treasury (2018). Managing urbanisation to achieve inclusive growth: A review of trends in South African urbanisation and suggestions for improved management of urbanisation. UKESA. www.ukesa.info/download/rPMWm4bTlOwRActngQVL5JHpqFXk62i1/Managing-Urbanisation.pdfGoogle Scholar

Nhlapo, M. S., Ruhiiga, T. M., & Kasumba, H. (2011). Growth challenges of homeland towns in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Social Science, 20(I), 47–56.Google Scholar

OECD (2020). Cities policy responses. 23 July. www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/cities-policy-responses-fd1053ff/Google Scholar

Oranje, M. (2010). Post-apartheid national spatial development planning in South Africa – A brief history. European Spatial Research and Policy, 17(2), 55–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oranje, M., & Merrifield, C. (2010). National spatial development planning in South Africa 1930–2010: An introductory comparative analysis. Town and Regional Planning, 56, 29–45.Google Scholar

Parliamentary Monitoring Group (n.d.). Urbanisation. https://pmg.org.za/page/UrbanisationGoogle Scholar

Phakathi, M. (2021). The Alexandra township de-densification project during the COVID-19 crisis: Challenges and potential lessons. Journal of Anti-Corruption Law, 5(1), 46–66.Google Scholar

Pillay, U. (2008). Urban policy in post-apartheid South Africa: Context, evolution and future directions. Urban Forum, 19(I), 109–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pillay, U., Tomlinson, R., & Du Toit, J. (2006). Democracy and delivery: Urban policy in South Africa. Pretoria: HSRC Press.Google Scholar

Potts, D. (2012). Viewpoint: What do we know about urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and does it matter? International Development Planning Review, 34(I). http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2012.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roy, A. (2009). The 21st century metropolis: New geographies of theory. Regional Studies, 43(6), 819–830.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

RSA (1995). Development Facilities Act (Act 67 of 1995). Pretoria: Office of the Presidency.Google Scholar

RSA (1995). Reconstruction and development white paper. Pretoria: Office of the President.Google Scholar

RSA (1995). Urban development framework. Pretoria: Department of Housing.Google Scholar

RSA (1995). Urban development strategy. Pretoria: Department of Housing.Google Scholar

RSA (1996). Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Justice.Google Scholar

RSA (1997). Municipal infrastructure investment framework. Pretoria: Department of Provincial and Local Government.Google Scholar

RSA (1998). Population policy white paper. Gazette No. 399-19230, Notice No. 1930 of 1998. Pretoria: Ministry for Welfare and Population Development.Google Scholar

RSA (1998). White paper on local government. Pretoria: Department of Provincial and Local Government.Google Scholar

RSA (2001). Municipal infrastructure investment framework. Pretoria: Department of Provincial and Local Government.Google Scholar

Ruhiiga, T. M. (2013). Reverse empowerment in South Africa’s Comprehensive rural development programme. Journal of Human Ecology, 41(2), 165–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ruhiiga, T. M. (2014). Urbanisation in South Africa: A critical review of policy, planning and practice. Supplement on Population Issues in South Africa, 28(1), 610–622.Google Scholar

Smith, W. (2021). The challenge of COVID-19 in African cities: An urgent call for informal settlement upgrading. Cities & Health, 5(sup1), S56–S58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Statistics South Africa (2019). SA population reaches 58,8 million. www.statssa.gov.za/?p=12362Google Scholar

Statistics South Africa (2020). Labour market dynamics in South Africa 2019. www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-02-11-02/Report-02-11-022019.pdfGoogle Scholar

Sutherland, C., & Lewis, B. (2012). Water and sanitation service delivery in Ethekwini: A spatially differentiated model. In Opinion6, Chance2Sustain (pp. 1–4). Bonn: EADI.Google Scholar

Teller, J. (2021). Urban density and COVID-19: Towards an adaptive approach. Buildings and Cities, 2(1), 150–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Turok, I. (2012). Urbanisation and development in South Africa: Economic imperatives, spatial distortions and strategic responses. Urbanisation and Emerging Population Issues. Working Paper 8, IIED, London.Google Scholar

Turok, I. (2015). South Africa’s new urban agenda: Transformation or compensation? Local Economy, 31(1–2), 9–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

UN-Habitat (2003). Guide to monitoring Target 11: Improving the lives of 100 million slum dwellers. Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. UN-Habitat, Nairobi.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2022). South Africa. https://unhabitat.org/south-africaGoogle Scholar

United Nations (1996). Report of the United Nations conference on human settlements (Habitat II), 3–14 June. Istanbul, Turkey.Google Scholar

UN MDG (2022). MDG momentum. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/mdgmomentum.shtmlGoogle Scholar

UN SDG (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N15/291/89/PDF/N1529189.pdf?OpenElementGoogle Scholar

Webster, D. (2020). Relocating rears its head: Bringing de-densification home in Alexandra. Mail & Guardian, 29 June.Google Scholar

World Health Organization (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020Google Scholar

Ziblim, A. (2013). The dynamic of informal settlements upgrading in South Africa: Legislative and policy context, problems, tensions, and contradictions. Habitat for Humanity International. https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/attachment/basicpage/143/slum-upgrading-policies-south-africa.pdfGoogle Scholar

Adewoyin, Y., Sanni, L. M., & Adeboyejo, A. T. (2020). Decentralization, jurisdictional spaces, and regional development in Nigeria. Human Geographies Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 14(2), 2067–2284.Google Scholar

Agbola, T. (2005). Urbanization, physical planning and urban development in West Africa. Paper presented at the Agenda Setting Workshop of the Commonwealth Association of Planners (CAP), World Planners Congress, Abuja, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Bello, I. K., Sodiya, A. K., & Solanke, P. A. (2016a). Public land acquisition and land use change problems in Ogun State. International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration, 2(8), 34–41.Google Scholar

Bello, I. K., Solanke, P. A., & Arowosegbe, O. S. (2016b). Managing a sustainable integrated township for urbanization development in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 3(6), 56–62.Google Scholar

Egoh, M. A., & Louis-Maire, K. (2021). The proliferation of informal housing in major cities in Cameroon: Evidence, drivers and the way forward. Lagos: Nkafu Policy Institute.Google Scholar

Harrison, M. L. (2021). Development control: The influence of political, legal and ideological factors. Town Planning Review, 43(3), 254–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ibrahim, Y., Sa’id, I., & Fodio, G. (2019). Implementation of planning in Nigerian local governments: Issues and challenges. LAPAI International Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 11(2), 131–140.Google Scholar

John, P., Jeffrey, G., Payce, M., & Dhruv, G. (2020). Urban economic growth in Africa: A framework for analysing constraints to agglomeration. Africa Growth Initiative at Brookings, Working Paper 24. https://africaportal.org/publication/urban-economic-growth-africa-framework-analyzing-constraints-agglomeration/Google Scholar

Kasim, F. (2012). Urban dynamics and vulnerability to disasters in Lagos State, Nigeria. PhD dissertation submitted to Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, NigeriaGoogle Scholar

Lena, E. (2019). The importance of effective and efficient local governments. www.diligent.com/en-au/insights/workload-management/the-importance-of-effective-and-efficient-local-governments/Google Scholar

Neumann, W. L. (2014). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Harlow: Pearson Education.Google Scholar

Odekunle, J. F. (2021). Housing development in informal settlement areas of Lagos State, Nigeria. PhD dissertation submitted to Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Ogun State of Nigeria (2005). Ogun State Urban and Regional Planning Law (No. 20 of 2005). Official Gazette for Government Notice.Google Scholar

Ogun State of Nigeria (2008). Regional development strategy: Our collective responsibility. Lagos: Comprehensive Project Management Services Limited (CPMS).Google Scholar

Ogun State Ministry of Physical Planning & Urban Development (2022). The annual report. Ogun State, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Ogun State Planning and Development Permit Authority (2022). Annual report of Zonal Planning Offices. Ogun State, Nigeria.Google Scholar

Ogundele, F. O., Odewumi, S. G., Ayo, O., & Aigbe, G. O. (2010). Challenges and prospects of physical development Control in Festac Town, Lagos, Nigeria. African Journal of Political Science and International Relation, 5(4), 174–178.Google Scholar

Olujimi, J. A. B., & Fashuyi, O. S. (2004). Anatomy of illegal structures in Akure Metropolis, Ondo State. Journal of Nigerian Institute of Town Planners, 17, 79–96.Google Scholar

Vivan, E. L., Kyom, B. C., & Balasom, M. K. (2013). The nature, scope, and dimensions of development control, tools and machinery in urban planning in Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Environmental Studies Research, 1(1), 48–54.Google Scholar

Acuto, M., Parnell, S., & Seto, K. C. (2018). Building a global urban science. Nature Sustainability, 1, 2–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Au, C. C., & Henderson, J. V. (2006). How migration restrictions limit agglomeration and productivity in China. Journal of Development Economics, 80(2), 350–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Augustijn-Beckers, E., Flacke, J., & Retsios, B. (2011). Simulating informal settlement growth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: An agent-based housing model. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bai, X., McAllister, R. R., Beaty, R. M., & Taylor, B. (2010). Urban policy and governance in a global environment: Complex systems, scale mismatches and public participation. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnhardt, S., Field, E., & Pande, R. (2017). Moving to opportunity or isolation? Network effects of a randomized housing lottery in urban India. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 9(1), 1–32.Google Scholar

Beegle, K., De Weerdt, J., & Dercon, S. (2011). Migration and economic mobility in Tanzania: Evidence from a tracking survey. Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(3), 1010–1033.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, M., Charles-Edwards, E., Bernard, A., & Ueffing, P. (2018). Global trends in internal migration. In Champion, T., Cooke, T. & Shuttleworth, I. (eds.), Internal migration in the developed world: Are we becoming less mobile (Chapt. 4, pp. 76–97). Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar

Black, R., Bennett, S. R. G., Thomas, S. M., & Beddington, J. R. (2011). Climate change: Migration as adaptation. Nature, 478, 447–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Booth, C. (1903). Life and labour of the people in London. London: Macmillan and Company Limited.Google Scholar

Brueckner, J. K., & Lall, S. V. (2014). Cities in developing countries: Fuelled by rural–urban migration, lacking in tenure security, and short of affordable housing. In Duranton, G., Henderson, J. V. & Strange, W. (eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics (Vol. 5, pp. 1399–1455). Amsterdam: North-Holland-Elsevier.Google Scholar

Cattaneo, A., & Robinson, S. (2020). Multiple moves and return migration within developing countries: A comparative analysis. Population, Space and Place, 26(7), e2335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Central Bureau of Census and Population Studies (CBCPS) (2010). Cameroon Population Census. Central Bureau of Census and Population Studies, Cameroon.Google Scholar

Chauvin, J. P., Glaeser, E., Ma., Y., & Tobio, K. (2017). What is different about urbanization in rich and poor countries? Cities in Brazil, China, India and the United States. Journal of Urban Economics, 98, 17–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cities Alliance (2006). Cities Alliance for Cities without Slums: Action plan for moving slum upgrading to scale. Washington, DC: Cities Alliance. www.citiesalliance.org/sites/default/files/ActionPlan.pdfGoogle Scholar

Davis, J. C., & Henderson, J. V. (2003). Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process. Journal of Urban Economics, 53, 98–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. New Perspectives Quarterly, 23(2), 6–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Haas, H. (2011). The determinants of international migration: Conceptualising policy, origin and destination effects (Vol. 32). Oxford: International Migration Institute.Google Scholar

Epo, B. N., & Baye, F. M. (2013). Implications of farm–non-farm population shifts for household poverty changes in Cameroon. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 8(2), 1–21.Google Scholar

Fleischer, A. (2007). Family, obligations, and migration: The role of kinship in Cameroon, Demographic Research, 16(13): 413–440.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, S. (2012). Urbanization as a global historical process: Theory and evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review, 38, 285–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glaeser, E. (2011). Triumph of the city: How our greatest invention makes us richer, smarter, greener, healthier and happier. New York: Pan Macmillan.Google Scholar

Glaeser, E. L., Kahn, M. E., & Rappaport, J. (2008). Why do the poor live in cities? The role of public transportation. Journal of Urban Economics, 63(1), 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Government of Cameroon (2020). National development strategy 2020–2030. Cameroon.Google Scholar

Greif, M. J., & Dodoo, F. N.-A. (2011). Internal migration to Nairobi’s slums: Linking migrant streams to sexual risk behaviour. Health & Place, 17(1), 86–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gubry, P. (1996). Le retour au village est-il une solution? Le cas du Cameroun. In Cousy, J. & Vallin, J. (eds.), Crise et population en Afrique. Paris: Les Etudes du Centre Population et Développement (CEPED) N° 13, Université de Paris.Google Scholar

Harris, J. R., & Todaro, M. P. (1970). Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126–142.Google Scholar

Howell, A. (2017). Impacts of migration and remittances on ethnic income inequality in rural China. World Development, 94, 200–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ishtiaque, A., & Mahmud, M. S. (2011). Migration objectives and their fulfilment: A micro study of the rural–urban migrants of the slums of Dhaka City. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 7, 24–29.Google Scholar

Khan, M., Kraemer, A., & Kraemer, A. (2014). Are rural–urban migrants living in urban slums more vulnerable in terms of housing, health knowledge, smoking, mental health and general health? International Journal of Social Welfare, 23, 373–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirchberger, M. (2020). Measuring internal migration. Mimeo.Google Scholar

Kit, O., Lüdeke, M., & Reckien, D. (2012). Texture-based identification of urban slums in Hyderabad, India using remote sensing data. Applied Geography, 32, 660–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kohli, D., Sliuzas, R., Kerle, N., & Stein, A. (2012). An ontology of slums for image-based classification. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 36, 154–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kosec, K., Ghebru, H., Holtemeyer, B., Mueller, V., & Schmidt, E. (2018). The effect of land access on youth employment and migration decisions: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 100(3), 931–954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lagakos, D. (2020). Urban–rural gaps in the developing world: Does internal migration offer opportunities? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34(3), 174–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lucas, R. E. B. (2016). Internal migration in developing economies: An overview of recent evidence. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, 8(2), 159–191.Google Scholar

Mahabir, R., Crooks, A., Croitoru, A., & Agouris, P. (2016). The study of slums as social and physical constructs: Challenges and emerging research opportunities. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3, 399–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malecki, E. J., & Ewers, M. C. (2007). Labour migration to world cities: With a research agenda for the Arab Gulf. Progress in Human Geography, 31, 467–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marx, B., Stoker, T., & Suri, T. (2013). The economics of slums in the developing world. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27(4), 187–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbarkoutou Mahamat, H. (2012). Le banditisme urbain au Nord-Cameroun: Entre archaïsme et professionnalisme. In Zelao, A. and Hamman, B. (eds.), Le Cameroun septentrional en transition, Perspectives pluridisciplinaires (pp. 151–168). Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar

Mberu, B. U., & Pongou, R. (2012). Crossing boundaries: Internal, regional and international migration in Cameroon. International Migration, 54(1), 100–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mberu, B. U., Béguy, D., & Ezeh, A. C. (2017). Internal migration, urbanization and slums in sub-Saharan Africa. In Groth, H. & May, J. (eds.), Africa’s population: In search of a demographic dividend (pp. 315–332). Cham: Springer.Google Scholar

Meva’a Abomo, D., Abessolo Nguema, J.-R., Begoumenie, B., Ba’ana Etoundi, M. L., Manga Engama, E., Wougaing, J. F., & Njiemessa, M. N. (2013). Internal migration in Cameroon: Constraint for or driver of urban and health development? Department of Study and Action-Research for Development (DSARD), Pan African Society of Builders (PSB), ACP Observatory on Migration.Google Scholar

MOBILISEYOURCITY (2019). République du Cameroun: Politique nationale de la mobilité urbaine – Diagnostic, vision nationale et mesures stratégiques pour sa réalisation.Google Scholar

Nana Djomo, J. M., & Epo, B. N. (2022). Transport poverty, distance covered to access to basic infrastructures and modal choice in urban cities in Cameroon. In Acheampong, R. A., Lucas, K., Poku-Boansi, M. & Uzondu, C. (eds.), Transport and mobility futures in urban Africa (pp. 129–150). The urban book series. Cham: Springer.Google Scholar

National Institute of Statistics (NIS) (2014). Fourth Cameroon Household Consumption Survey. National Institute of Statistics, Cameroon.Google Scholar

Niva, V., Taka, M., & Varis, O. (2019). Rural–urban migration and the growth of informal settlements: A socio-ecological system conceptualization with insights through a ‘water’ lens. Sustainability, 11, 3487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oberai, A. (1993). Population growth, employment and poverty in third-world mega-cities. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ongolo Zogo, V., & Epo, B. N. (2015). Sources of inequality in the cost of transport mobility in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon. Development Southern Africa, 32(2), 229–239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ongolo Zogo, V., & Epo, B. N (2016). Assessing gender inclusion in Cameroon’s rural transport. Journal of African Transformation (Reflections on Policy and Practice Volume), 1(2), 129–144.Google Scholar

Ongolo Zogo, V., Epo, B. N., & Nodem, C. M. (2017). La Marche à Pied dans les Métropoles Africaines: Cas de la Ville de Yaoundé. Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport, 72, 143–159.Google Scholar

Patel, A., Crooks, A. T., & Koizumi, N. (2012). Slumulation: An agent-based modelling approach to slum formations. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 15, 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patel, A., Koizumi, N., & Crooks, A. T. (2014). Measuring slum severity in Mumbai and Kolkata: A household-based approach. Habitat International, 41, 300–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ranis, G., & Fei, J. C. (1961). A theory of economic development. American Economic Review, 51(4) 533–565.Google Scholar

Rashid, S. F. (2009). Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition, 27, 574–586.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rosenbaum, P., & Rubin, D. (1984). Reducing bias in observational studies using sub-classification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79(387), 516–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schrieder, G., & Knerr, B. (2000). Labour migration as a social security mechanism for smallholder households in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Cameroon. Oxford Development Studies, 28(2), 223–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schultz, T. P. (1982). Lifetime migration within educational strata in Venezuela: Estimates of a logistic model. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 30, 559–593.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, A. (1973). Interpreting the effect of distance on migration. Journal of Political Economy, 81, 1153–1169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shilpi, F., Xu, L., Behal, R., & Blankespoor, B. (2018). People on the move: Spatial mismatch and migration in post-apartheid South Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Srivastava, A., & Singh, R. C. (1996). Slums and associated problems: A case study of Bhilai, an industrial city. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 50, 51–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Strobl, E., & Valfort, M. A. (2015). The effect of weather-induced internal migration on local labor markets: Evidence from Uganda. World Bank Economic Review, 29(2), 385–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tacoli, C., Mcgranahan, G., & Satterthwaite, D. (2015). Urbanization, rural–urban migration and urban poverty. IIED Working Paper. Human Settlements Group, International Institute for Environment and Development, London.Google Scholar

Timmerman, C., Heyse, P., & Van Mol, C. (2010). Conceptual and theoretical framework (Project Paper 1). Antwerp: University of Antwerp, Imagining Europe from the Outside (EUMAGINE).Google Scholar

Ullah, A. A. (2004). Bright city lights and slums of Dhaka city: Determinants of rural–urban migration in Bangladesh. Migration Letters, 1, 26–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

UN-Habitat (2003). The challenge of slums – Global report on human settlements 2003. London: United Nations Human Settlements Programme.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2011). UN-Habitat Annual Report 2010. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Kenya.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2016a). World cities report 2016 – Urbanization and development: Emerging futures. https://unhabitat.org/world-cities-report-2016Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2016b). Impact UN-Habitat communities manage project funds in participatory slum upgrading programme in Cameroun. 6 December.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2019). Habitat III issue papers: 22 – Informal settlements. https://unhabitat.org/habitat-iii-issue-papers-22-informal-settlements/Google Scholar

UN-Habitat; OECD (2018). Global state of national urban policy. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

United Nations (2015). The Millennium Development Goals report 2015. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar

United Nations (2017). New urban agenda. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar

United Nations (2019a). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld/publicationGoogle Scholar

United Nations (2019b). Millennium Development Goals database. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/default.aspxGoogle Scholar

Vasudevan, A. (2015). The makeshift city. Towards a global geography of squatting. Progress in Human Geography, 39, 338–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Williams, N. (2015). Mixed and complex mixed migration during armed conflict: Multidimensional empirical evidence from Nepal. International Journal of Sociology, 45(1), 44–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zelinsky, W. (1971). The hypothesis of the mobility transition. Geographical Review, 61(2), 219–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, E. R. (2000). Rationality revisited: Planning paradigms in a post-postmodernist perspective. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 19(3), 242–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Armstrong, A. (1986). Colonial and neocolonial urban planning: Three generations of master plans for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Utafiti, 8(1), 43–66.Google Scholar

Armstrong, A. M. (1987). Master plans for Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania: The shaping of an African city. Habitat International, 11(2), 133–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, C. R. (2011). A discussion of poststructuralist and postmodernist positions in the work of Norman Macintosh. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 22(2), 110–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chigara, B., Magwaro-Ndiweni, L., Mudzengerere, F. H., & Ncube, A. B. (2013). An analysis of the effects of piecemeal planning on development of small urban centres in Zimbabwe: Case study of Plumtree. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 15(2), 27–40.Google Scholar

Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar

Dear, M., & Flusty, S. (1998). Postmodern urbanism. Annals of Association of American Geographers, 88(1), 50–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donaldson, R., & Marais, L. (2012). Preface: Small town geographies. In Donaldson, R. & Marais, L. (eds.), Small town geographies: Experiences from South Africa and elsewhere (pp. 9–18). New York: Nova Science Publishers.Google Scholar

Faludi, A. (1985). A decision-centred view of environmental planning. Journal of Landscape Planning, 12(3), 239–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodchild, B. (1990). Planning and the modern/postmodern debate. Town Planning Review, 61(2), 119–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunder, M. (2010). Planning as the ideology of (neoliberal) space. Journal of Planning Theory, 9(4), 298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halla, F. (2002). Preparation and implementation of a general planning scheme in Tanzania: Kahama strategic urban development planning framework. Habitat International, 26(2), 281–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirt, S. A. (2009). Premodern, modern, postmodern? Placing new urbanism into a historical perspective. Journal of Planning History, 8(3), 248–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasala, S. E. (2013). Operationalizing strategic urban development planning: A case of Dar Es Salaam City, Tanzania. PhD dissertation, University of Dar Es Salaam.Google Scholar

Kasala, S. E. (2015). A return to master planning in Dar Es Salaam: A misconception of the theory of paradigm shifts? Global Journal of Human-Social Science, 15(2), 1–8.Google Scholar

Keeble, L. (1964). Principles and practice of town and country planning (3rd ed.). London: The Estates Gazette.Google Scholar

Kerr, R., Robinson, S. K., & Elliot, C. (2016). Modernism, postmodernism, and corporate power: ‘Historicizing the architectural typology of the corporate campus. Journal of Management and Organizational History, 11(2), 123–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kironde, L. (1994). The evolution of the land use structure of Dar Es Salaam 1890–1990: A study in the effects of land policy. PhD dissertation, University of Nairobi.Google Scholar

Lupala, J. M. (2002). Urban types in rapidly urbanizing cities: Analysis of formal and informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. PhD dissertation, Royal Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Myers, G. A., & Muhajir, M. A. (2014). The afterlife of the Lanchester Plan: Zanzibar as the garden city of tomorrow. In Bigon, L. & Katz, Y. (eds.), Garden cities and colonial planning: Transnationality and urban ideas in Africa and Palestine (pp. 98–122). Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Namangaya, A. H. (2013). A comparative assessment of the merits of master plans versus strategic urban development plans in guiding land use development: A case of 1979 Dar es Salaam Master Plan and 2000 Dar es Salaam Strategic Plan. Journal of Building and Land Development, Special Issue, 21–37.Google Scholar

Njoh, A. (2007). Planning power: Town planning and social control in colonial Africa. London: UCL Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okpala, D. (2009). Regional overview of the status of urban planning and planning practice in anglophone (sub-Saharan) African countries. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

Pacione, M. (2009). Urban geography: A global perspective (3rd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis Group.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rukmana, D. (2010). Urban planning and local wisdom: The shift toward postmodernism and a new urban theory. Paper presented to Yogyakarta International Seminar, Yogyakarta, 27 January.Google Scholar

Ryser, J., & Franchini, T. (2015). International manual of planning practice (6th ed.). The Hague: International Society of City and Regional Planners.Google Scholar

Sandercock, L. (1998). Towards cosmopolis: Planning for multicultural cities. London: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Sauve, L. (1999). Environmental education between modernity and postmodernity: Searching for an integrating educational framework. Canadian Journal of Environmental Education, 4(1), 9–35.Google Scholar

Sawyer, L. (2014). Piecemeal urbanisation at the peripheries of Lagos. African Studies, 73(2), 271–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Siu, K. W. M., & Huang, Y. H. (2015). Everyday life under modernist planning: A study of an ever-transforming urban area in Hong Kong. Urban Design International, 20(4), 293–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sutton, J. E. (1970). Dar-es-Salaam: A sketch of a hundred years. Tanzania Notes and Records, 71, 1–18.Google Scholar

Tambila, K. I. (1995). The transition to multiparty democracy in Tanzania: Some history and missed opportunities. Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 28(4), 468–488.Google Scholar

Tewdwr-Jones, M. (2002). The planning polity: Planning, government and the policy process. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2005a). The Sustainable Cities Programme in Tanzania 1992–2003: The SCP Documentation Series (Vol. 1). Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2005b). The Sustainable Cities Programme in Tanzania 1992–2003: The SCP Documentation Series (Vol. 2). Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2005c). The Sustainable Dar es Salaam Project 1992–2003: The SCP Documentation Series (Vol. 3). Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2009). Planning sustainable cities: Global report on human settlements. London: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

UN-Habitat (2014). The state of African cities 2014: Re-imagining sustainable urban transition. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (1967). The Arusha Declaration: Tanzania’s new revolution, 5 February.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2007a). Urban Planning Act No. 8. of 2007. Dodoma: United Republic of Tanzania.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2007b). Guidelines for the preparation of general planning schemes and detailed schemes for new areas, urban renewal and regularization. Dar-es-Salaam: Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human Settlement Development.Google Scholar

United Republic of Tanzania (2013). Basic facts and figures on human settlements, 2012: Tanzania mainland. Dar-es-Salaam: Ministry of Finance.Google Scholar

Watson, V. (2003). Conflicting rationalities: Implications for planning theory and ethics. Journal of Planning Theory & Practice, 4(4), 395–407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Watson, V. (2016). Shifting approaches to planning theory: Global north and south. Journal of Urban Planning, 1(4), 32–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yamungu, N. (2019). Street-level bureaucrats and piecemeal planning approaches in the Tanzanian small towns of Mlandizi and Sirari. PhD dissertation, Stellenbosch University.Google Scholar

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (4th ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.Google Scholar