Book contents
1 - Regimes of Ethnicity
Comparative Analysis of Germany, the Soviet Union, Post-Soviet Russia, and Turkey
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 December 2014
Summary
The Puzzle of Persistence and Change in State Policies toward Ethnicity
This book explains the dynamics of persistence and change in state policies toward ethnicity. How do state policies that regulate the relationship between ethnicity and nationality change?
When Mahmut Erdem, a Turkish citizen of Kurdish descent and Shiite-Davidic faith, who lived in Germany since the age of eight, was naturalized as a German citizen in 1989, he joined an exceptionally small category of people who acquired German citizenship without being ethnically German. As late as 1986, twenty-five years after Germany began recruiting workers from Turkey, only 7,986 Turks were naturalized as German citizens, although nearly two million Turks lived in Germany. The situation was not different for the remaining 4,512,679 immigrants who lived in Germany. Of Turks in Germany, 99.5 percent were not German citizens, because German citizenship law, since 1913, conceived of citizenship as the right, or privilege, of ethnic Germans, allowing for the naturalization of nonethnic Germans only under very restrictive conditions. From the 1970s to the 1990s, attempts to grant citizenship to resident aliens failed. However, a new citizenship law was passed in 1999, and already by 2004, an estimated 840,000 Turks had German citizenship. How did such a tremendous change occur?
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2012
References
, “Langer Weg zum deutschen Pass,” Die Zeit (March 24, 1989), in Deniz Göktürk, David Gramling, Anton Kaes, eds., Germany in Transit: Nation and Migration, 1955–2005 (Berkeley: University of California, 2007), 156–9Google Scholar
Migration, Integration und Asyl in Zahlen (Nürnberg, Germany: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge, 2004), 71
“Empire- and State-Citizenship Law (1913),” in Göktürk et al., Germany in Transit, 154
, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992)Google Scholar
, Anadolunun ilk Türk sakinleri Kürtler (Ankara, Turkey: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1982)Google Scholar
, “Kart-kurt, alt-üst oldu,” Milliyet, April 16, 2009
and , “The Passport System in the USSR and Changes in Soviet Society,” Soviet Union/Union Sovietique 6, no. 2 (1979): 137–53Google Scholar
, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001)Google Scholar
, The Punished Peoples: The Deportation and Fate of Soviet Minorities at the End of the Second World War (New York: Norton, 1978)Google Scholar
, “Interpreting ‘Nationality’ and ‘Language’ in the 2001 Ukrainian Census,” Post-Soviet Affairs 18, no. 3 (2002): 224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 20–7
, “The Origins of Ethnic Groups,” in Ethnicity, ed. John Hutchinson and Anthony D. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 35–40Google Scholar
, “Etnik Kategori ve Milliyetçilik: Tek-Etnili, Çok-Etnili ve Gayri-Etnik Rejimler” (Ethnic Category and Nationalism: Monoethnic, Multiethnic, and Nonethnic Regimes), Doğu Batı 9, no. 38 (2006): 23–53Google Scholar
, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 2Google Scholar
and , “Chetyre genseka: Arkadii Vol'skii o Brezhneve, Andropove, Chernenko i Gorbacheve,” Kommersant, September 12, 2006
, “Kürtler, toplumsal sözleşme, federalizm ve anayasal vatandaşlık,” Rızgari, September 16, 2007
Die Zeit, September 4, 2006
, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)Google Scholar
Deutsche Welle, January 9, 2005
, “The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,” Slavic Review 53 (1994): 414–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005)Google Scholar
, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, İttihat ve Terakki'nin Müslümanları İskan Politikası (1913–1918) (Istanbul: Iletisim, 2007)Google Scholar
, “Assimilation of the Muslim Communities in the First Decade of the Turkish Republic (1923–1934),” European Journal of Turkish Studies (2007)
, Turkey: Information on Alevis; on whether most Kurds are Alevi; on problems experienced by non-Kurdish Alevis; on whether there is a distinction between the problems experienced by Kurds and by Alevis, October 1, 1995
's Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999)Google Scholar
, “Fixing Ethnicity in Identity Documents: The Rise and Fall of Passport Nationality in Russia,” NCEEER Working Papers, December 12, 2001
, Selecting by Origin: Ethnic Migration in the Liberal State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 49Google Scholar
, “The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,” British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, “Transformation of Immigrant Integration: Civic Integration and Antidiscrimination in the Netherlands, France, and Germany,” World Politics 59, no. 2 (January 2007): 243–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe,” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and , Contested Citizenship: Immigration and Cultural Diversity in Europe (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005), 72Google Scholar
, Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of the United States, South Africa, and Brazil (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998)Google Scholar
, Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups among the Smaller European Nations (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000)Google Scholar
, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983)Google Scholar
, Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Big, Slow-Moving, and…Invisible: Macrosocial Processes in the Study of Comparative Politics,” in Mahoney and Rueschemeyer, Comparative Historical Analysis; also Paul Pierson, Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004)Google Scholar
, Social Science Concepts: A User's Guide (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 40Google Scholar
, “Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study,” International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 28 (1996): 517–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, Einwanderung und ethnische Pluralität: Politische Entscheidungen und öffentliche Debatten in Großbritannien und der Bundesrepublik von den 1950er bis zu den 1970er Jahren (Essen, Germany: Klartext, 2001)Google Scholar
Bundestag from the Left Party (2005–9)
, Geschichte der Ausländerpolitik in Deutschland (Bonn, Germany: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2003), 245Google Scholar
, Stand und Weiterentwicklung der Integration der Ausländischen Arbeitnehmer und Ihrer Familien in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Memorandum des Beauftragten der Bundesregierung (Bonn, Germany: 1979)Google Scholar
Frankfurter Rundschau, March 4, 1982
, “The Heidelberg Manifesto: A German Reaction to Immigration,” Population and Development Review 8, no. 3 (1982): 637Google Scholar
Yabancıların Yabancılar Politikasına İlişkin Görüşleri (Berlin: IGI, 1981)
Der Tagesspiel, May 21, 1981
Interviews with Ozan Ceyhun, currently SPD formerly Green politician, member of the European Parliament (1998–2004); Özcan Mutlu and Bilkay Öney, members of the house of representatives of Berlin, Green Party; Mark Holzberger, Green Party advisor for Migration, Refugees, and Integration policies in the Bundestag; and Mekonnen Mesghena, Senior officer, Migration Policy and Intercultural Management, Heinrich Böll Foundation
, Multi Kulti: Spielregeln für die Vielvölkerrepublik (Nördlingen, Germany: Rotbuch, 1990)Google Scholar
, “Naturalised Citizens as Voters: Behavior and Impact.” German Poitics 13, no. 2 (June 2004): 341–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
the Sovetskii narod in Khrushchev's opening speeches can be found, e.g., XXII s’’ezd KPSS: Stenogramma pervogo zasedaniia, October 17, 1961
, , “Sovetskii narod – Novaia istoricheskaia obshchnost’ liudei,” Kommunist no. 9 (June 1963): 11–20Google Scholar
American Jewish Committee, May 20, 2005. Electronic resource (accessed in April 28, 2010). I kept the transliterations of these names as they appear in Krichevsky and Aron. According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were only 229,938 Jews in Russia, corresponding to 0.16% of the total population, which highlights the unusual overrepresentation of Jews within the political and economic elite under Yeltsin. For the official census data, see Vserossiiskaia Perepis’ Naseleniia 2002
, “From Rags to Riches: Jewish Oligarchs in Russia,” East European Jewish Affairs 30, no. 1 (2000): 103–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Russia's New Internal Passport Drops Nationality, Drawing Praise and Protests,” Washington Post, October 25, 1997
, “Carte Blanche: Farewell to Line Five. The Absence of an Indication of Nationality in a Passport Is a Sign of Democratization, Not Discrimination,” Nezavisimaia Gazeta, October 22, 1997
Current Digest of Post-Soviet Press (CDPSP) 42, no. 49 (November 19, 1997): 10
Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 4 (June 2008): 696–8
Izvestia, June 8, 1991, translated and published in CDPSP 43, no. 23 (July 10, 1991): 13–14
, “Nationalities and the Passport,” Izvestia, November 4, 1997
CDPSP 44, no. 49 (December 3, 1997): 12
, “Bu da benim ‘GOP’um!” Yeni Şafak, November 28, 2007
Yeni Şafak, October 30, 2007
Yeni Şafak, November 6, 2007
, “Bave Kurdan: Abdülhamid uğruna ayaklanan Kürtler,” Zaman Pazar no. 50, November 11, 2007Google Scholar
Hürriyet, January 1, 2009
NTVMSNBC, January 7, 2009
Radikal, May 13, 2009
Vakit, August 17, 2009
Resmi Gazete, July 5, 2001
Radikal, November 26, 2001
Hürriyet, May 26, 2010
, , and , eds., The Ties That Bind: Accommodating Diversity in Canada and the European Union (Brussels: P. I. E. Peter Lang, 2009)Google Scholar
Insight Turkey 12, no. 2 (April–June 2010)
, The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1997)Google Scholar
, ed., Reinventing Britain: Constitutional Change under New Labour (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007)Google Scholar
, “Redrawing the Body Politic: Federalism, Regionalism and the Creation of New States in India,” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 40, no. 3 (2002): 34–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “The Origins of Affirmative Action: Civil Rights and the Regulatory State,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 523 (September 1992): 50–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, “Passive and Assertive Secularism: Historical Conditions, Ideological Struggles, and State Policies toward Religion,” World Politics, 59, no. 4 (2007): 568–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009)