Chapter 5: Neurocognitive Processing and Reading Ability. This chapter examines the relationship between neurological processing and reading comprehension. Over the past twenty years, there has been an increasing connection between real-time behavioral language (and reading) processing and newer perspectives on neurolinguistic processing. In order to provide an introductory overview, the chapter first described the key physiological features of language in the brain. The goal is to connect neurological processes and cognitive-behavioral research on reading comprehension. Both cortical and sub-cortical contributions are addressed as is the recent turn to networks and pathways (the connectome). The chapter also describes the various measurement methods for examining neurological processing (fMRI, ERP, PET, DTI, TMS, MEG). The chapter also notes distinct, but very similar, language processing when engaged in L2 reading. The last major section focuses more specifically on ERP and fMRI research studies, involving both L1 and L2 reading. This chapter does not note implications for instruction.