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30 - Significance of deprivation studies

from Section V - Functional significance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2011

By
Nishidh Barot  and
Clete Kushida
Edited by
Birendra N. Mallick ,
S. R. Pandi-Perumal ,
Robert W. McCarley  and
Adrian R. Morrison
Nishidh Barot
Affiliation:
Stanford University Medical Center
Clete Kushida
Affiliation:
Stanford University Medical Center
Birendra N. Mallick
Affiliation:
Jawaharlal Nehru University
S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Affiliation:
Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto
Robert W. McCarley
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Adrian R. Morrison
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
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Summary

Summary

Interest in the effects of total sleep deprivation dates back over one hundred years. After the discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in the 1950s, selective REM-deprivation studies have been performed in animals and humans. All studies have shown progressively higher pressure for REM sleep as REM deprivation increases. Studies also show that significant REM rebound occurs after selective REM deprivation and total sleep deprivation. Over the past few decades, newer methods have been developed to reduce confounding factors in REM- or paradoxical sleep-deprivation (PSD) studies of animals but, unfortunately, many findings cannot be generalized to humans. Most current PSD studies employ either the gentle handling or forced locomotion technique, and are most often carried out in rats. Forced locomotion techniques like the disk-over-water method have allowed the study of fairly prolonged PSD in rats. Total sleep deprivation (TSD) in rats leads to a host of sleep deprivation effects (SDEs), including eventual death. Development of SDEs seems to correlate with degree of PSD. Paradoxical sleep-deprivation studies in rats show almost identical results, but only occurring over a longer period of time. REM sleep appears to play a vital role in thermoregulation in rats, leading to considerable hypothermia. The heat-loss theory explains the inverse relationship between energy expenditure (EE) and temperature, which eventually is observed in TSD and PSD studies in animals. No human REM sleep-deprivation studies have indicated such profound changes, though no comparable studies have been conducted. From early on, REM sleep-deprivation studies in humans have focused on the cognitive effects of deprivation. Several studies suggest deficits in short-term memory consolidation with REM-sleep deprivation in both humans and animals, though the issue remains controversial. Recent studies suggest that sensitivity to pain increases with selective REM-sleep deprivation in animals, but no convincing evidence is found in human studies.

Type
Chapter
Information
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Regulation and Function
 , pp. 301 - 310
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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