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26 - Adenosine and glycine in REM-sleep regulation

from Section IV - Neuroanatomy and neurochemistry

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2011

By
Mahesh M. Thakkar ,
Rishi Sharma ,
Samuel C. Engemann  and
Pradeep Sahota
Edited by
Birendra N. Mallick ,
S. R. Pandi-Perumal ,
Robert W. McCarley  and
Adrian R. Morrison
Mahesh M. Thakkar
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
Rishi Sharma
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
Samuel C. Engemann
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
Pradeep Sahota
Affiliation:
University of Missouri
Birendra N. Mallick
Affiliation:
Jawaharlal Nehru University
S. R. Pandi-Perumal
Affiliation:
Somnogen Canada Inc, Toronto
Robert W. McCarley
Affiliation:
Harvard University, Massachusetts
Adrian R. Morrison
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
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Summary

Summary

The discovery of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep revolutionized the field of sleep research. REM sleep is that state in which most of our dreams occur. During REM sleep, the brain is active, while the body is asleep. These characteristics make REM sleep a unique and a paradoxical state. While we are struggling to understand the function of REM sleep, major advances have been made in understanding the cellular mechanisms responsible for REM-sleep control. In this chapter, we have described two neurochemical substrates involved in REM-sleep regulation. One of them is adenosine and the other is glycine.

Adenosine is implicated to be the homeostatic regulator of sleep. It has been suggested that adenosine acts via A1 receptors to inhibit wake-promoting neurons and promote the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Adenosine acts on multiple wake-promoting systems including the basal forebrain cholinergic and the non-cholinergic systems, namely the orexinergic, and the histaminergic systems. There are reports suggesting that adenosine may act via A2A receptors and activate sleep-promoting neurons of the preoptic region. In addition, studies suggest a direct role of adenosine in the modulation of REM sleep.

During REM sleep, there is a tonic muscle atonia coupled with phasic muscle twitches. This phenomenon is regulated by the dorsolateral pons and ventromedial medulla along with local neurons within the spinal cord. Glycinergic mechanisms are responsible for the control of muscle tone during REM sleep. However, the exact role is under debate.

Type
Chapter
Information
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep
Regulation and Function
 , pp. 256 - 265
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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