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p. 16. Franco, P., Seret, N., Van Hees, J. N., Scaillet, S., Groswasser, J., and Kahn, A., “Influence of swaddling on sleep and arousal characteristics of healthy infants,” Pediatrics, 115, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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p. 17. Tronick, E. Z., Thomas, R. B., and Daltabuit, M., “The Quechua manta pouch: A caretaking practice for buffering the Peruvian infant against the multiple stressors of high altitude,” Child Development, 65, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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p. 17. Chisholm, J. S., “Development and adaptation in infancy,” New Directions for Child Development, 8, 1980.Google Scholar

p. 17. Leighton, D. and Kluckhohn, C. C., Children of the People (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1948).Google Scholar

p. 18. Harkness, S. and Super, C., “Themes and variations: Parental ethnotheories in Western cultures.” In Rubin, K. H. and Chung, O. B., eds., Parenting Beliefs, Behaviors, and Parent–Child Relations: A Cross-cultural Perspective (New York: Psychology Press, 2006).Google Scholar

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p. 18. Ritson, J., Gammer Gurton’s Garland (Whitefish, MT: Kessenger Reprint, 2009; first published 1794).Google Scholar

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p. 19. Kirka, D., “Albanian mom seeks to help family, but ends up losing son,” Salt Lake Tribune, November 30, 2003.Google Scholar

p. 19. Scheper-Hughes, N., “Cultures, scarcity, and maternal thinking: Mother love and child death in Northeast Brazil.” In Scheper-Hughes, N., ed., Child Survival: Anthropological Perspectives on the Treatment and Maltreatment of Children (Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

pp. 19, 20. Einarsdottir, J., Tired of Weeping: Mother Love, Child Death, and Poverty in Guinea-Bissau (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2004).Google Scholar

p. 20. Hampshire, K., “The impact of male migration on fertility decisions and outcomes in northern Burkina Faso.” In Tremayne, S., ed., Managing Reproductive Life: Cross-cultural Themes in Sexuality and Fertility (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2001).Google Scholar

p. 20. Konner, M. and Worthman, C., “Nursing frequency, gonadal function and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers,” Science, 207, 1980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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p. 41. Tjitayi, K. and Lewis, S., “Envisioning lives at Ernabella.” In Eickelkamp, U., ed., Growing Up in Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011).Google Scholar

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p. 43. www.fatherhoodinstitute.org/2014/fi-research-summary-fathers-and-attachment.Google Scholar

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p. 39. de Suremain, C.-É., “Au fil de la faja: Enrouler et dérouler la vie en Bolivie.” In Bonnet, D. and Pourchez, L., eds., Du soin au rite dans l’infance (Paris: IRD, 2007).Google Scholar

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p. 40. Scott, E., The Archaeology of Infancy and Infant Death (Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999).Google Scholar

p. 40. Viccars, John D., “Witchcraft in Bolobo, Belgian Congo,” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 19(3), 1949.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 41. Tjitayi, K. and Lewis, S., “Envisioning lives at Ernabella.” In Eickelkamp, U., ed., Growing Up in Central Australia: New Anthropological Studies of Aboriginal Childhood and Adolescence (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2011).Google Scholar

p. 41. Nath, Y. V. S., Bhils of Ratanmal: An Analysis of the Social Structure of a Western Indian Community, The M.S. University Sociological Monograph Series I (Baroda: Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, 1960).Google Scholar

p. 43. Cross, G., The Cute and the Cool: Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children’s Culture (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 43. www.fatherhoodinstitute.org/2014/fi-research-summary-fathers-and-attachment.Google Scholar

pp. 43, 44. Hewlett, B. S., Intimate Fathers: The Nature and Context of Aka Pygmy Paternal–Infant Care (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 44. Lancy, D. F., The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar

p. 44. Hua, C., A Society without Fathers or Husbands: The Na of China (Husvedt, Asti, translator) (Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2001).Google Scholar

p. 44. Gegeo, D. W. and Watson-Gegeo, K. A., “Kwara’ae mothers and infants: Changing family practices.” In Marshall, L. B., ed., Infant Care and Feeding in the South Pacific: Health, Work, and Childrearing (New York: Gordon and Beach Science, 1985).Google Scholar

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p. 44. Bock, J. and Johnson, S. E., “Male migration, remittances, and child outcome among the Okavango Delta peoples of Botswana.” In Tamis-LaMonda, C. S. and Cabrera, N., eds., Handbook of Father Involvement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2002).Google Scholar

p. 45. Sear, R. and Mace, R., “Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival,” Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 46. Welles-Nyström, B., “Scenes from a marriage: Equality ideology in Swedish family policy, maternal ethnotheories, and practice.” In Harkness, S. and Super, C. M., eds., Parents’ Cultural Belief Systems: Their Origins, Expressions, and Consequences (New York: The Guilford Press, 1996).Google Scholar

p. 46. Jolivet, M., Japan: The Childless Society? The Crisis of Motherhood (London: Routledge, 1997).Google Scholar

p. 46. Miller, C. C., “Men do more at home, but not as much as they think,” New York Times, November 12, 2015.Google Scholar

p. 46. La Rossa, R., “Fatherhood and social change,” Family Relations, 37, 1988.Google Scholar

p. 47. Berrick, J. D., Faces of Poverty: Portraits of Women and Children on Welfare (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).Google Scholar

p. 47. Galindo, F. (“Feggo”), cartoon, New Yorker, September 19, 2005.Google Scholar

p. 47. Brase, G. L., “Cues of parental investment as a factor in attractiveness,” Evolution and Human Behavior, 27, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 47. Pleck, J., “American fathering in historical perspective.” In Kimmel, M. S., ed., Changing Men: New Directions in Research on Men and Masculinity (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1987).Google Scholar

p. 48. Schwartzman, H. B., Transformations: The Anthropology of Children’s Play (New York: Plenum, 1978).Google Scholar

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p. 50. De Laguna, F., “Childhood among the Yakutat Tlingit.” In Spiro, M. E., ed., Context and Meaning in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1965).Google Scholar

p. 50. Fortes, M., “Social and psychological aspects of education in Taleland.” In Middleton, J., ed., From Child to Adult: Studies in the Anthropology of Education (Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press, 1938/1970).Google Scholar

p. 50. Spencer, B. and Gillen, F., The Arunta: A Study of a Stone Age People (London: Macmillan, 1927).Google Scholar

p. 51. McClaren, P., Cries from the Corridor (Toronto, ON: Methuen, 1980).Google Scholar

p. 51. Lancy, D. F. and Hayes, B. L., “Interactive fiction and the reluctant reader,” English Journal, 77(6), 1988.Google Scholar

p. 52. Barber, N., “Play and regulation in mammals,” Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 1991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

p. 52. Sax, L., Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men (New York: Basic, 2007).Google Scholar

p. 52. The American Academy of Pediatrics website provides documentation of the deleterious effects of excessive engagement with electronic media and provides strategies to reduce “screen time.” See http://search.aap.org/?source=aap.org&k=screen%20time&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1.Google Scholar

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p. 53. In the first three months of 2016, fifty-seven children in the USA used a gun to harm or kill someone.Google Scholar

p. 53. Dawe, B., “Tiny arrowheads: Toys in the toolkit,” Plains Anthropology, 42, 1997.Google Scholar

p. 54. Boas, F., “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, Part 1, 1901.Google Scholar

p. 54. Jenness, D., The Life of the Copper Eskimos. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 12(A), Ottawa, Canada, 1922.Google Scholar

p. 54. Bowser, B. J. and Patton, J. Q., “Learning and transmission of pottery style: Women’s life histories and communities of practice in the Ecuadorian Amazon.” In Stark, M. T., Bowser, B. J., and Horne, L., eds., Breaking Down Boundaries: Anthropological Approaches to Cultural Transmission, Learning, and Material Culture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2008).Google Scholar

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p. 55. Bonawitz, E., Shafto, P., Gweon, H., and Schulz, L., “The double-edged sword of pedagogy: Instruction limits spontaneous exploration and discovery,” Cognition, 120, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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p. 57. Gross–Loh, C., Parenting without Borders (New York: Avery, 2013).Google Scholar

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p. 60. Lancy, D. F., The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar

p. 60. Opie, I. and Opie, P., Children’s Games with Things (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar

p. 60. Piaget, , The Moral Judgment of the Child.Google Scholar

p. 61. Ibid.Google Scholar

p. 61. Ibid.Google Scholar

p. 61. Schwartzman, H. B., Transformations: The Anthropology of Children’s Play (New York: Plenum, 1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 61. Gaskins, S., Haight, W., and Lancy, D. F., “The cultural construction of play.” In Göncü, A. and Gaskins, S., eds., Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural, and Functional Perspectives (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2007).Google Scholar

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p. 62. Lancy, , The Anthropology of Childhood.Google Scholar

p. 62. Goodwin, M. H., The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 62. Hogbin, H. I., “A New Guinea childhood: From weaning till the eighth year in Wogeo,” Oceania, 16, 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 62. Burridge, K. O., “A Tangu game,” Man, 57, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

pp. 62, 63. Draper, P., “Social and economic constraints on child life among the !Kung.” In Lee, R. B. and DeVore, I., eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).Google Scholar

p. 63. Boyette, A. H., “Children’s play and culture learning in an egalitarian forager society,” Child Development, 87, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 63. Opie, I. and Opie, P., Children’s Games in Street and Playground (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).Google Scholar

p. 63. Byrne, R., The Thinking Ape (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995).Google Scholar

p. 63. Lancy, D. F. and Grove, M. A., “Marbles and Machiavelli: The role of game play in children’s social development,” American Journal of Play, 3, 2011.Google Scholar

pp. 63, 64. Fine, G. A., With the Boys: Little League Baseball and Preadolescent Culture (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 65. Gaskins, , Haight, , and Lancy, , “The cultural construction of play.”Google Scholar

p. 65. Marano, H. E., A Nation of Wimps (New York: Broadway Books, 2008).Google Scholar

p. 65. Marcom, R. A., “Moving up the grades: Relationship between preschool model and later school success.” Early Childhood Research and Practice, 4(1), 2002.Google Scholar

p. 65. Hu, W., “Forget goofing around: Recess has a new boss,” New York Times, March 15, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/education/15recess.html.Google Scholar

p. 65. Skenazy, L., Free-Range Kids: Giving Our Children the Freedom We Had Without Going Nuts with Worry (Danvers, MA: Jossey–Bass, 2009).Google Scholar

p. 65. Horsham Primary School, “Marbles at Horsham Primary School,” Play and Folklore, 54, 2010.Google Scholar

pp. 49, 50. Lancy, D. F., Playing on the Mother-Ground: Cultural Routines for Children’s Development (New York: Guilford, 1996).Google Scholar

p. 50. De Laguna, F., “Childhood among the Yakutat Tlingit.” In Spiro, M. E., ed., Context and Meaning in Cultural Anthropology (New York: Free Press, 1965).Google Scholar

p. 50. Fortes, M., “Social and psychological aspects of education in Taleland.” In Middleton, J., ed., From Child to Adult: Studies in the Anthropology of Education (Garden City, NY: The Natural History Press, 1938/1970).Google Scholar

p. 50. Spencer, B. and Gillen, F., The Arunta: A Study of a Stone Age People (London: Macmillan, 1927).Google Scholar

p. 51. McClaren, P., Cries from the Corridor (Toronto, ON: Methuen, 1980).Google Scholar

p. 51. Lancy, D. F. and Hayes, B. L., “Interactive fiction and the reluctant reader,” English Journal, 77(6), 1988.Google Scholar

p. 52. Barber, N., “Play and regulation in mammals,” Quarterly Review of Biology, 66, 1991.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

p. 52. Sax, L., Boys Adrift: The Five Factors Driving the Growing Epidemic of Unmotivated Boys and Underachieving Young Men (New York: Basic, 2007).Google Scholar

p. 52. The American Academy of Pediatrics website provides documentation of the deleterious effects of excessive engagement with electronic media and provides strategies to reduce “screen time.” See http://search.aap.org/?source=aap.org&k=screen%20time&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1.Google Scholar

p. 53. Arnold, J. E., “Mountains of things.” In Ochs, E. and Kremer-Sadlik, T., eds., Fast-Forward Families: Home, Work, and Relationships in Middle-Class America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013).Google Scholar

p. 53. Anderson, C. A., Craig, A., Shibuya, Akiko, Ihori, Nobuko, and Saleem, Muniba, “Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review.” Psychological Bulletin, 136, 2010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

p. 53. In the first three months of 2016, fifty-seven children in the USA used a gun to harm or kill someone.Google Scholar

p. 53. Dawe, B., “Tiny arrowheads: Toys in the toolkit,” Plains Anthropology, 42, 1997.Google Scholar

p. 54. Boas, F., “The Eskimo of Baffin Land and Hudson Bay,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 15, Part 1, 1901.Google Scholar

p. 54. Jenness, D., The Life of the Copper Eskimos. Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 12(A), Ottawa, Canada, 1922.Google Scholar

p. 54. Bowser, B. J. and Patton, J. Q., “Learning and transmission of pottery style: Women’s life histories and communities of practice in the Ecuadorian Amazon.” In Stark, M. T., Bowser, B. J., and Horne, L., eds., Breaking Down Boundaries: Anthropological Approaches to Cultural Transmission, Learning, and Material Culture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2008).Google Scholar

p. 54. Edel, M. M., The Chiga of Uganda, 2nd edition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1957/1996).Google Scholar

pp. 54, 55. Lancy, D. F., “‘Playing with knives’: The socialization of self-initiated learners,” Child Development, 87, 2016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

p. 55. Bonawitz, E., Shafto, P., Gweon, H., and Schulz, L., “The double-edged sword of pedagogy: Instruction limits spontaneous exploration and discovery,” Cognition, 120, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

p. 55. Dyer, C. and Choksi, A., “With God’s grace and with education, we will find a way: Literacy, education, and the Rabaris of Kutch, India.” In Dyer, C., ed., The Education of Nomadic Peoples: Current Issues, Future Prospects (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 57. Gross–Loh, C., Parenting without Borders (New York: Avery, 2013).Google Scholar

p. 58. Pine, K. J. and Nash, A., “Dear Santa: The effects of television advertising on young children,” International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 58. Clarke, A. J., “Coming of age in suburbia: Gifting the consumer child.” In Gutman, M. and de Coninck-Smith, N., eds., Designing Modern Childhoods: History, Space, and the Material Culture of Children (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008).Google Scholar

p. 58. Clark, E., The Real Toy Story: Inside the Ruthless Battle for America’s Youngest Consumers (New York: Free Press, 2007).Google Scholar

p. 58. MacElroy, M. H., Work and Play in Colonial Days (New York: MacMillan, 1917).Google Scholar

p. 58. Cross, G., Kid’s Stuff: Toys and the Changing World of American Childhood (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 59. Piaget, J., The Moral Judgment of the Child (Gabain, Marjorie, translator) (New York: Free Press, 1932/1965).Google Scholar

p. 60. Lancy, D. F., The Anthropology of Childhood: Cherubs, Chattel, Changelings, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar

p. 60. Opie, I. and Opie, P., Children’s Games with Things (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).Google Scholar

p. 60. Piaget, , The Moral Judgment of the Child.Google Scholar

p. 61. Ibid.Google Scholar

p. 61. Ibid.Google Scholar

p. 61. Schwartzman, H. B., Transformations: The Anthropology of Children’s Play (New York: Plenum, 1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 61. Gaskins, S., Haight, W., and Lancy, D. F., “The cultural construction of play.” In Göncü, A. and Gaskins, S., eds., Play and Development: Evolutionary, Sociocultural, and Functional Perspectives (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2007).Google Scholar

p. 62. Smith, B., “Of marbles and (little) men: Bad luck and masculine identification in Aymara boyhood,” Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 20, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 62. Lancy, , The Anthropology of Childhood.Google Scholar

p. 62. Goodwin, M. H., The Hidden Life of Girls: Games of Stance, Status, and Exclusion (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 62. Hogbin, H. I., “A New Guinea childhood: From weaning till the eighth year in Wogeo,” Oceania, 16, 1946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 62. Burridge, K. O., “A Tangu game,” Man, 57, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

pp. 62, 63. Draper, P., “Social and economic constraints on child life among the !Kung.” In Lee, R. B. and DeVore, I., eds., Kalahari Hunter-Gatherers: Studies of the !Kung San and Their Neighbors (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976).Google Scholar

p. 63. Boyette, A. H., “Children’s play and culture learning in an egalitarian forager society,” Child Development, 87, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 63. Opie, I. and Opie, P., Children’s Games in Street and Playground (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969).Google Scholar

p. 63. Byrne, R., The Thinking Ape (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1995).Google Scholar

p. 63. Lancy, D. F. and Grove, M. A., “Marbles and Machiavelli: The role of game play in children’s social development,” American Journal of Play, 3, 2011.Google Scholar

pp. 63, 64. Fine, G. A., With the Boys: Little League Baseball and Preadolescent Culture (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

p. 65. Gaskins, , Haight, , and Lancy, , “The cultural construction of play.”Google Scholar

p. 65. Marano, H. E., A Nation of Wimps (New York: Broadway Books, 2008).Google Scholar

p. 65. Marcom, R. A., “Moving up the grades: Relationship between preschool model and later school success.” Early Childhood Research and Practice, 4(1), 2002.Google Scholar

p. 65. Hu, W., “Forget goofing around: Recess has a new boss,” New York Times, March 15, 2010. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/15/education/15recess.html.Google Scholar

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