In the conclusion, I link the story I tell in this book to the present, by considering in particular the genesis of the current Italian citizenship law, its disputed principles and controversial modalities of inclusion. By privileging ius sanguinis (“the right of blood”), this law has resulted in the creation of second-class citizens, as a large number of residents of foreign origins and their children have been excluded from the benefits of citizenship. This legal framework and the persisting linkage between Italianness and whiteness continues to generate exclusion and discrimination in a society that has become much more diverse than it was in the postwar period examined in the book.