Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Kent State University, in particular the College of Arts and Sciences, the Department of History, and the University Research Council for their support of my research trips over the years. I would in particular like to thank the Dean’s Office of the College of Arts and Sciences, Cathy Lowe, who administered my internal grants, and Kay Dennis and Carla Weber in the history department, who processed my travel funds through the Department and College. I am grateful to the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum for a travel grant to visit the Ford Library, and, more recently, archivist Elizabeth Druga for her assistance with photographs from the Ford Library used in this book.
On the subject of thanking archivists and archives, I would like to thank the archivists in the United States at the National Archives II in College Park, MD, and the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. The same is true for the South African archives, including the National Archives, the Department of Foreign Affairs archives archivist Neels Muller, and the SADF Archives, where I received excellent assistance from archivist and military historian Evert Kleynhans. I would like to thank Peter Limb for letting me know about the George Houser papers at Michigan State University Library before Peter retired from his archivist role there, as well as Jessica Achberger, who made it possible for me to view the Houser papers located at Michigan State University. I would also like to thank Josh Pritchard and Jim Brennan for their help with key files.
In terms of academic colleagues who have helped me think of how to approach this topic, I would like to thank Joss Alexander, Terri Barnes, Hazel Cameron, Andy DeRoche, Shari Eppel, JoAnn McGregor, Jamie Miller, Sue Onslow, Brian Raftopoulos, Vladimir Shubin, Wendy Urban-Mead, Luise White, and others who have commented on previous journal articles and conference papers that were part of this research. I would especially like to thank Arrigo Pallotti for his discussions on the role of Julius Nyerere in the diplomacy over Rhodesia. Further thanks go to Arrigo, along with Mario Zamponi, Corrado Tornimbeni, and Anna Maria Gentili, for their hospitality toward me during my visits to the University of Bologna. I would also like to thank Arrigo and Corrado for permission to use some materials in Chapter 3 from two book chapters I published in their edited collections.Footnote 1
I would like to thank Kent State University graduate assistant Joe Bean for his professional editing help on an earlier draft. I would like to thank two very talented undergraduate honor students, David Austin and John Koleski, who spent much of their summer helping me make the text more readable and helping with footnotes. I am grateful to graduate student Sarah Zabic for providing me with materials from the archives of the former Yugoslavia that relate to ZANU and ZAPU. Thanks also to then graduate student Ben Allison for his help, especially in locating and translating two files from the Bukovsky Archives. In terms of my use of US and British FOIA sources, I have only cited US FOIA sources located in the US State Department’s digital FOIA library or the Digital National Security Archive. I have not cited any British FOIA files that were previously shared with me, and I personally photographed all the files cited from the British National Archives used in this book, aside from a few Ministry of Defence files that Allison Shutt kindly shared with me from the British National Archives in 2018.
I would also like to thank David B. Moore for his hospitality in Johannesburg and our many conversations about Zimbabwean politics and history. I appreciate all that David has done for me, especially in introducing me to many of his students and a younger generation of Zimbabwean politicians and scholars. I would like to thank Ibbo Mandaza for always providing informative and interesting discussions at his SAPES Trust headquarters, as well as good meals. I also want to thank Wilson Nharingo for his hospitality and introducing me to his colleagues, and for their perspectives on the history in which they participated. I have not made use of these interviews in this book, but hopefully the next book I write will do so. Thanks as well to Gerald Mazarire for his conversations in Harare, where he always makes me realize how much there is to learn from him about Zimbabwe’s war of liberation. I would like to thank Irene Stanton and Murray McCartney for their hospitality and accommodations while in Harare at their Weaver Cottages – always a peaceful place with great conversations. At the University of Zimbabwe, I would like to thank the Department of Economic History for their collegial hospitality, including Professors Pius Nyambara and Joseph Mtisi, who I have known for many years, and to the younger generation of professors for welcoming me there and allowing me to present some of my research to the department.
I would like to thank journal editors who have provided permissions to make use of some of the evidence and some sections from my previously published articles. These include the editors at Kronos,Footnote 2 the African Journal on Conflict Resolution,Footnote 3 Acta Academia,Footnote 4 the Journal of Southern African Studies,Footnote 5 and the Journal of Commonwealth and Imperial History.Footnote 6 I would like to thank Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni for permissions to make use of some evidence and sections for the two book chapters I wrote for his edited volumes on Mugabe and Nkomo.Footnote 7 I would also like to thank the CIA Public Affairs Office for permitting me to reproduce CIA maps from the early 1980s. They only request that I add the following statement here: “The Central Intelligence Agency has not approved or endorsed the contents of this publication.”
I would like to give an especially big thanks to Cambridge University Press editors Maria Marsh and Dan Brown for their hard work in helping to shepherd my book proposal and manuscript through to approval and then to production. I would also like to thank Atifa Jiwa and Natasha Whelan at Cambridge University Press for all of their work on the editing and production side of things. I would like to thank Joseph Shaw for his copyediting expertise, as well as the anonymous readers who helped me improve the book based on their insightful comments and suggestions.
Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their patience with me. Much thanks to Rita and Mira, and also to Sean for his help with editing and proofreading. I would also like to thank my father, Lewis Scarnecchia, for permitting me to use his montage artwork for the cover.
1 Timothy Scarnecchia, “Proposed Large-Scale Compensation for White Farmers as an Anglo-American Negotiating Strategy for Zimbabwe, 1976–1979,” in Arrigo Pallotti and Corrado Tornimbeni, eds., State, Land and Democracy in Southern Africa (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2015), 105–26; Timothy Scarnecchia and David Moore, “South African Influences in Zimbabwe: From Destabilization in the 1980s to Liberation War Solidarity in the 2000s,” in Arrigo Pallotti and Ulf Engel, eds., South Africa after Apartheid: Policies and Challenges of the Democratic Transition (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 175–202.
2 Timothy Scarnecchia, “Rationalizing ‘Gukurahundi’: Cold War and South African Foreign Relations with Zimbabwe, 1981–1983,” Kronos (November 2011), 87–103.
3 Timothy Scarnecchia, “The Congo Crisis, the United Nations, and Zimbabwean Nationalism, 1960–1963,” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 11, no. 1 (2011), 63–86.
4 Timothy Scarnecchia, “Catholic Voices of the Voiceless: The Politics of Reporting Rhodesian and Zimbabwean State Violence in the 1970s and the Early 1980s,” Acta Academica 47, no. 1 (2015), 182–207.
5 Timothy Scarnecchia, “Front Line Diplomats: African Diplomatic Representations of the Zimbabwean Patriotic Front, 1976–1978,” Journal of Southern African Studies 43, no. 1 (2017), 107–24.
6 Timothy Scarnecchia, “The Anglo-American and Commonwealth Negotiations for a Zimbabwean Settlement between Geneva and Lancaster, 1977–1979,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 45, no. 5 (2017), 823–43.
7 Timothy Scarnecchia, “Intransigent Diplomat: Robert Mugabe and His Western Diplomacy, 1963–1983,” in Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni, ed., Mugabeism? History, Politics and Power in Zimbabwe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 77–92; Timothy Scarnecchia, “Joshua Nkomo: Nationalist Diplomat: ‘Father of the Nation’ or ‘Enemy of the State,’” in Sabelo Ndlovu-Gatsheni, ed., Joshua Mqabuko Nkomo of Zimbabwe: Politics, Power, and Memory (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 173–92.
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