Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T16:15:58.606Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - The Supreme Court of India – An Institutional Overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2019

Edited by
Gerald N. Rosenberg ,
Sudhir Krishnaswamy  and
Shishir Bail
Gerald N. Rosenberg
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Sudhir Krishnaswamy
Affiliation:
Azim Premji University, Bangalore
Shishir Bail
Affiliation:
Azim Premji University, Bangalore
Get access

Summary

The Indian Supreme Court sits in panels and can have up to 31 judges. This chapter explores how the Indian Supreme Court developed its current structure and the impact of this structure on its functioning. It argues that the Supreme Court’s structure has a range of inter-related effects that includes increasing access to the Court, producing a “polyvocal” jurisprudence that destabilizes stare decisis, spurring experimentation among judges, fostering a “Chief Justice dominant” Court, and reducing the perceived partisanship of judges. Mapping the structure of the Court, as well as the Court’s relationship with the rest of the judiciary, helps us appreciate how judges ultimately interpret the law and the Constitution not in isolation, but within a larger judicial architecture.

Keywords

Indian Supreme Courtjudicial structurejudicial processIndiaSupreme Courtempiricaldataopinionscasesjudgeslitigantsstatisticsoverviewpublic interest litigationPILIndiaSupreme Courtbeneficiary inequalityPIL usesuo motuSupreme Court of Indiapublic interest litigationjudicial activismBirbhumjudiciaryIndiatrustsocial transformationcounter-majoritarian hypothesisSupreme Courtlegitimacy
Type
Chapter
Information
A Qualified Hope
The Indian Supreme Court and Progressive Social Change
 , pp. 21 - 148
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Alexander, Gregory, The Global Debate Over Constitutional Property: Lessons for American Takings Jurisprudence ( 2006 ).Google Scholar
Chandrachud, Abhinav, An Empirical Study of the Supreme Court’s Composition, 46(1) Ec. Pol. Weekly ( 2011 ).Google Scholar
Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra Community v. State of Maharasthra 2 SCC 673 (2005).Google Scholar
Child Rapist Deserves Death Penalty: Retd Justice, Times of India, Dec. 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Cross, Frank B., Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals (2007).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, Justice on Trial: The Supreme Court Today (1980).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, The Supreme Court Under Strain – The Challenge of Arrears 5 (1978).Google Scholar
Fertilizer Corpn. Kamgar Union v. Union of India 1 SCC 568 (1981).Google Scholar
Fischer, Alexander, Higher Lawmaking as a Political Resource, in Sovereignty and Diversity 186, ed. Miodrag Jovanović & Kristin Henrard 2008).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Indian Judicial Behaviour, 3(5) Ec. Pol. Weekly 149 (1970).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989 (2011).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc and Robinson, Nick, India’s Grand Advocates: A Legal Elite Flourishing in an Age of Globalization, 20(3) Int’l J. Legal Profession (2013).Google Scholar
Government of India Act, 1935Google Scholar
India Constituent Assembly Debates (1946– 1948).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report, No. 14 (1958).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report No. 229 (Aug. 2009).Google Scholar
In re Special Reference 1 of 1998, AIR 1999 SC 1.Google Scholar
Khaitan, Tarunabh, Justice Sinha’s Legacy: Strict Scrutiny, Death Penalty, Counter-majoritarianism, Law and Other Things, Aug. 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Kumar, Raj, Essays on Legal Systems in India 110 (2003).Google Scholar
Mahajan, Mehr Chand, Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India ( 1963 ).Google Scholar
Mahapatra, Dhananjay, Adam’s Bridge Was NDA Decision: Govt, Times of India, Sept. 11, 2007.Google Scholar
Massey, I. P., Administrative Law (2008).Google Scholar
Mehta, , Manu, Pratap Bhanu, India’s Judiciary: The Promise of Uncertainty in Public Institutions in India (Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta eds, 2005).Google Scholar
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).Google Scholar
P.N. Kumar v. Municipal Corpn of Delhi, 4 SCC 609 (1987).Google Scholar
Posner, Richard, The Federal Courts: Challenges and Reform (1999).Google Scholar
Pound, Roscoe, The Courts and the Crown in The Spirit of the Common Law (1921).Google Scholar
Pylee, M. V., The Federal Court of India 68 (1996).Google Scholar
Rajamani, Lavanya and Arghya, Sengupta, The Supreme Court of India: Power, Promise, and Overreach in The Oxford Companion to Politics in India (2010).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Expanding Judiciaries: India and the Rise of the Good Governance Court, 8 Wash. Univ. Global Studies L. Rev. 1 (2009).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Too Many Cases, Frontline, Jan. 3–16, 2009.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Hard to Reach, Frontline, Jan. 30–Feb. 12, 2010.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick et al., Interpreting the Constitution: Supreme Court Constitution Benches Since Independence, XLVI(9) Ec. Pol. Weekly 27 (2011).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Structure Matters: The Impact of Court Structure on the Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts, 61(1) Am. J. Comp. Law 173 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload, 10(3) J. Empirical Legal Studies 570, 599 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Judicial Architecture and Capacity, in The Oxford Handbook on Indian Constitutional Law , ed. Sujit, Choudhry, Madhav, Khosla, & Pratap, Mehta (2016).Google Scholar
Sen, Shreeja, Supreme Court Sets up New Benches for Tax, Criminal Cases, Mint, Feb. 24, 2015.Google Scholar
Singh, Justice B. P., Supreme Court – As I Saw It Then, in The Annual Report of The Supreme Court of India 2006–07.Google Scholar
SP Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149.Google Scholar
State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (1979) 3 SCC 634.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. et al., Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (2006).Google Scholar
Supreme But Not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India (B.N. Kirpal et al. eds., 2001).Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association vs Union of India AIR 1994 SC 268.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Annual Report 2015–2016.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Calendar – 2017, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/calendar.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India website, Chief Justice & Judges, Supreme Court of India, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges.Google Scholar
Supreme Court judge Pasayat Retires, The Hindu, May 10, 2009.Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates on Record Ass’n vs. Union of India (AIR 1994 SC 258).Google Scholar
Vendhan, Paari, What Lady Justice Can’t See, Tehelka, May 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Venkatesan, J., Supreme Court Again Says ?No? to Regional Benches, The Hindu, February 21, 2010.Google Scholar
Vishwanath, Apurva, What Are the Lessons Learnt from the Right to Food Case?, Mint, March 20, 2017.Google Scholar
Cross, Frank B., Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals (2007).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, Justice on Trial: The Supreme Court Today (1980).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, The Supreme Court Under Strain – The Challenge of Arrears 5 (1978).Google Scholar
Fertilizer Corpn. Kamgar Union v. Union of India 1 SCC 568 (1981).Google Scholar
Fischer, Alexander, Higher Lawmaking as a Political Resource, in Sovereignty and Diversity 186, ed. Miodrag Jovanović & Kristin Henrard 2008).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Indian Judicial Behaviour, 3(5) Ec. Pol. Weekly 149 (1970).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989 (2011).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc and Robinson, Nick, India’s Grand Advocates: A Legal Elite Flourishing in an Age of Globalization, 20(3) Int’l J. Legal Profession (2013).Google Scholar
Government of India Act, 1935Google Scholar
India Constituent Assembly Debates (1946– 1948).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report, No. 14 (1958).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report No. 229 (Aug. 2009).Google Scholar
In re Special Reference 1 of 1998, AIR 1999 SC 1.Google Scholar
Khaitan, Tarunabh, Justice Sinha’s Legacy: Strict Scrutiny, Death Penalty, Counter-majoritarianism, Law and Other Things, Aug. 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Kumar, Raj, Essays on Legal Systems in India 110 (2003).Google Scholar
Mahajan, Mehr Chand, Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India ( 1963 ).Google Scholar
Mahapatra, Dhananjay, Adam’s Bridge Was NDA Decision: Govt, Times of India, Sept. 11, 2007.Google Scholar
Massey, I. P., Administrative Law (2008).Google Scholar
Mehta, , Manu, Pratap Bhanu, India’s Judiciary: The Promise of Uncertainty in Public Institutions in India (Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta eds, 2005).Google Scholar
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).Google Scholar
P.N. Kumar v. Municipal Corpn of Delhi, 4 SCC 609 (1987).Google Scholar
Posner, Richard, The Federal Courts: Challenges and Reform (1999).Google Scholar
Pound, Roscoe, The Courts and the Crown in The Spirit of the Common Law (1921).Google Scholar
Pylee, M. V., The Federal Court of India 68 (1996).Google Scholar
Rajamani, Lavanya and Arghya, Sengupta, The Supreme Court of India: Power, Promise, and Overreach in The Oxford Companion to Politics in India (2010).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Expanding Judiciaries: India and the Rise of the Good Governance Court, 8 Wash. Univ. Global Studies L. Rev. 1 (2009).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Too Many Cases, Frontline, Jan. 3–16, 2009.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Hard to Reach, Frontline, Jan. 30–Feb. 12, 2010.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick et al., Interpreting the Constitution: Supreme Court Constitution Benches Since Independence, XLVI(9) Ec. Pol. Weekly 27 (2011).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Structure Matters: The Impact of Court Structure on the Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts, 61(1) Am. J. Comp. Law 173 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload, 10(3) J. Empirical Legal Studies 570, 599 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Judicial Architecture and Capacity, in The Oxford Handbook on Indian Constitutional Law , ed. Sujit, Choudhry, Madhav, Khosla, & Pratap, Mehta (2016).Google Scholar
Sen, Shreeja, Supreme Court Sets up New Benches for Tax, Criminal Cases, Mint, Feb. 24, 2015.Google Scholar
Singh, Justice B. P., Supreme Court – As I Saw It Then, in The Annual Report of The Supreme Court of India 2006–07.Google Scholar
SP Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149.Google Scholar
State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (1979) 3 SCC 634.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. et al., Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (2006).Google Scholar
Supreme But Not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India (B.N. Kirpal et al. eds., 2001).Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association vs Union of India AIR 1994 SC 268.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Annual Report 2015–2016.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Calendar – 2017, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/calendar.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India website, Chief Justice & Judges, Supreme Court of India, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges.Google Scholar
Supreme Court judge Pasayat Retires, The Hindu, May 10, 2009.Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates on Record Ass’n vs. Union of India (AIR 1994 SC 258).Google Scholar
Vendhan, Paari, What Lady Justice Can’t See, Tehelka, May 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Venkatesan, J., Supreme Court Again Says ?No? to Regional Benches, The Hindu, February 21, 2010.Google Scholar
Vishwanath, Apurva, What Are the Lessons Learnt from the Right to Food Case?, Mint, March 20, 2017.Google Scholar

Constitution of India

Cross, Frank B., Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals (2007).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, Justice on Trial: The Supreme Court Today (1980).Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev, The Supreme Court Under Strain – The Challenge of Arrears 5 (1978).Google Scholar
Fertilizer Corpn. Kamgar Union v. Union of India 1 SCC 568 (1981).Google Scholar
Fischer, Alexander, Higher Lawmaking as a Political Resource, in Sovereignty and Diversity 186, ed. Miodrag Jovanović & Kristin Henrard 2008).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Indian Judicial Behaviour, 3(5) Ec. Pol. Weekly 149 (1970).Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. Jr., Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989 (2011).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc and Robinson, Nick, India’s Grand Advocates: A Legal Elite Flourishing in an Age of Globalization, 20(3) Int’l J. Legal Profession (2013).Google Scholar
Government of India Act, 1935Google Scholar
India Constituent Assembly Debates (1946– 1948).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report, No. 14 (1958).Google Scholar
India Law Commission, Report No. 229 (Aug. 2009).Google Scholar
In re Special Reference 1 of 1998, AIR 1999 SC 1.Google Scholar
Khaitan, Tarunabh, Justice Sinha’s Legacy: Strict Scrutiny, Death Penalty, Counter-majoritarianism, Law and Other Things, Aug. 6, 2009.Google Scholar
Kumar, Raj, Essays on Legal Systems in India 110 (2003).Google Scholar
Mahajan, Mehr Chand, Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan, Former Chief Justice of India ( 1963 ).Google Scholar
Mahapatra, Dhananjay, Adam’s Bridge Was NDA Decision: Govt, Times of India, Sept. 11, 2007.Google Scholar
Massey, I. P., Administrative Law (2008).Google Scholar
Mehta, , Manu, Pratap Bhanu, India’s Judiciary: The Promise of Uncertainty in Public Institutions in India (Devesh Kapur and Pratap Bhanu Mehta eds, 2005).Google Scholar
New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262 (1932).Google Scholar
P.N. Kumar v. Municipal Corpn of Delhi, 4 SCC 609 (1987).Google Scholar
Posner, Richard, The Federal Courts: Challenges and Reform (1999).Google Scholar
Pound, Roscoe, The Courts and the Crown in The Spirit of the Common Law (1921).Google Scholar
Pylee, M. V., The Federal Court of India 68 (1996).Google Scholar
Rajamani, Lavanya and Arghya, Sengupta, The Supreme Court of India: Power, Promise, and Overreach in The Oxford Companion to Politics in India (2010).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Expanding Judiciaries: India and the Rise of the Good Governance Court, 8 Wash. Univ. Global Studies L. Rev. 1 (2009).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Too Many Cases, Frontline, Jan. 3–16, 2009.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Hard to Reach, Frontline, Jan. 30–Feb. 12, 2010.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick et al., Interpreting the Constitution: Supreme Court Constitution Benches Since Independence, XLVI(9) Ec. Pol. Weekly 27 (2011).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Structure Matters: The Impact of Court Structure on the Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts, 61(1) Am. J. Comp. Law 173 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload, 10(3) J. Empirical Legal Studies 570, 599 (2013).Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Judicial Architecture and Capacity, in The Oxford Handbook on Indian Constitutional Law , ed. Sujit, Choudhry, Madhav, Khosla, & Pratap, Mehta (2016).Google Scholar
Sen, Shreeja, Supreme Court Sets up New Benches for Tax, Criminal Cases, Mint, Feb. 24, 2015.Google Scholar
Singh, Justice B. P., Supreme Court – As I Saw It Then, in The Annual Report of The Supreme Court of India 2006–07.Google Scholar
SP Gupta v. Union of India AIR 1982 SC 149.Google Scholar
State of Rajasthan v. Union of India (1979) 3 SCC 634.Google Scholar
Sunstein, Cass R. et al., Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (2006).Google Scholar
Supreme But Not Infallible: Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India (B.N. Kirpal et al. eds., 2001).Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates-on Record Association vs Union of India AIR 1994 SC 268.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Annual Report 2015–2016.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India Calendar – 2017, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/calendar.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India website, Chief Justice & Judges, Supreme Court of India, www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges.Google Scholar
Supreme Court judge Pasayat Retires, The Hindu, May 10, 2009.Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates on Record Ass’n vs. Union of India (AIR 1994 SC 258).Google Scholar
Vendhan, Paari, What Lady Justice Can’t See, Tehelka, May 23, 2011.Google Scholar
Venkatesan, J., Supreme Court Again Says ?No? to Regional Benches, The Hindu, February 21, 2010.Google Scholar
Vishwanath, Apurva, What Are the Lessons Learnt from the Right to Food Case?, Mint, March 20, 2017.Google Scholar

References

Anand, Utkarsh. 2014. Allocate More Time to Social Justice Bench, Say Experts. Indian Express. Dec. 13. Accessed Aug. 29, 2018. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/allocate-more-time-to-social-justice-bench-say-experts/.Google Scholar
Andhyarujina, T. R. 2012. The Age of Judicial Reform. The Hindu. September 1. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/the-age-of-judicial-reform/article3845041.ece.Google Scholar
Central Board of Dawoodi Bohra v. State of Maharashtra. 2005. 2 SCC 673 (Supreme Court of India).Google Scholar
Chandra, Aparna, Hubbard, William H. J., and Kalantry, Sital. 2017. The Supreme Court of India: A People’s Court? Indian L. Rev. 1(2):145–181.Google Scholar
Chandrachud, Abhinav. 2012. Supreme Court’s Seniority Norm: Historical Origins. Econ. & Pol. Weekly 47(8):26–30.Google Scholar
Dhavan, Rajeev. 1986. Litigation Explosion in India. N.M. Tripathi.Google Scholar
Fischer, Alexander. 2008. Higher Lawmaking as a Political Resource. In Sovereignty and Diversity, Jovanović, Miodrag and Henrard eds, Kristin. Eleven International Publishing.Google Scholar
Gadbois, George H. 1970. The Supreme Court of India: A Preliminary Report of an Empirical Study. J. Const. & Parliamentary Stud. 4:34.Google Scholar
Gadbois, George. 1974. Supreme Court Decision Making. Banaras L. J. 10:1–49.Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, and Robinson, Nick. 2013. India’s Grand Advocates: A Legal Elite Flourishing in the Era of Globalization. November. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. file:///Users/sumridhikaur/Downloads/SSRN-id2348699.pdf.Google Scholar
Gopal, G. Mohal. 2016. Justice and the Two Ideas of India. Frontline. May 27. Accessed Aug. 29, 2018. www.frontline.in/cover-story/justice-and-the-two-ideas-of-india/article8581178.ece.Google Scholar
Iyer, V. R. Krishna. 1987. Our Courts on Trial. B.R. Publishing Corporation.Google Scholar
Kumar, Alok Prasanna. 2015. The True Worth of a Senior Advocate. Sept. 16. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.livemint.com/Politics/FFgFOFnzN8rqvRNWTTgugM/The-true-worth-of-a-senior-advocate.html.Google Scholar
Kumar, Alok Prasanna, Faiza, Rahman, and Jauhar, Ameen. 2015. Vidhi Ctr. for Legal Pol’y, Consultation Paper: The Supreme Court of India’s Burgeoning Backlog Problem and Regional Disparities in Access to the Supreme Court. 2015. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/551ea026e4b0adba21a8f9df/t/560cf7d4e4b092010fff89b1/1443690452706/29092015_Consultation+Paper+on+the+Supreme+Court%27s+Burgeoning+Backlog+Problem.pdf.Google Scholar
Law Commission of India. 2009. 229th Law Commission Report. Indiankanoon. August. Accessed Aug. 29, 2018. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/24442307/.Google Scholar
Masoodi, Ashwaq, and Monalisa, . 2014. Supreme Court sets up social justice bench. Live Mint. Dec. 4. Accessed Aug. 31, 2018. www.livemint.com/Politics/vUH4B7kKPH4WcSFbnfhRKP/SC-sets-up-social-justice-bench-to-deal-with-social-issues.html.Google Scholar
Moti Ram & Ors. v. State of M.P. 1978. 4 SSC 47 (Supreme Court of India, Aug. 24).Google Scholar
Nariman, Fali. 2014. Abolish Two Judge Benches. Indian Express. Apr. 10.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick. 2013. A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload. J. Empirical Legal Stud. 10(3):570–601.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick. 2013. A Court Adrift. Frontline. May 03. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.frontline.in/cover-story/a-court-adrift/article4613892.ece.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick. 2013. Structure Matters: The Impact of Court Structure on the Indian and U.S. Supreme Courts. Am. J. Comparative L. 61(1):173–208.Google Scholar
Robinson, Nick, Agarwal, Anjana, Bhandari, Vrinda, Goel, Ankit, Kakkar, Karishma, Muthalaly, Reeba, Shivakumar, Vivek, Sreekumar, Meera, Sreenivasan, Surya, and Viswanathan, Shruti. 2011. Interpreting the Constitution: Supreme Court Constitution Benches since Independence. Econ. & Pol. Weekly 46(9):27–31.Google Scholar
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India. 1982. AIR 1982 SC 149 (Supreme Court of India).Google Scholar
Shankar, Shylashri. 2010. India’s Judiciary: Imperium in Imperio. In Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics, ed. Brass, Paul R.. Routledge.Google Scholar
Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar. 2014. Update: A Guide to India’s Legal Research and Legal System. GlobaLex. April. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/India_Legal_Research1.html.Google Scholar
Special Reference No. 1 of 1998. 1998. 7 SCC 739 (Supreme Court of India).Google Scholar
Supreme Court Advocates on Record Association v. Union of India. 1993. 4 SCC 441 (Supreme Court of India).Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India. 2014. Annual Report 2014. New Delhi: Supreme Court of India. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.sci.gov.in/pdf/AnnualReports/annualreport2014-15.pdf.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India. 2010. Practice and Procedure: A Handbook of Information. Supreme Court of India.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India. n.d. List of Senior Advocates Designated by Supreme Court (as on 23/04/2015). Accessed Aug. 20, 2016. www.sci.nic.in/outtoday/List%20of%20Sr.%20Advocates%20 Designated%20by%20Supreme%20Court%20as%20on%2023%2004%202015.pdf.Google Scholar
Supreme Court of India. n.d. Supreme Court of India. Accessed Aug. 30, 2018. www.sci.gov.in/.Google Scholar

References

Brinks, D. M. and Gauri, V. (2014), “The Law’s Majestic Equality? The Distributive Impact of Judicializing Social and Economic Rights.” Perspectives on Politics, 12(2), 375–393.Google Scholar
Chitalkar, P. and Gauri, V. (2016), “India – Compliance with Orders on the Right to Food” in Langford, M., Garavito, C. R., and Rossi, J. (eds.), Making It Stick: Social Rights Judgments and the Politics of Compliance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 288–314.Google Scholar
Edwards, S. and Marin, A. G. (2015), “Constitutional Rights and Education: An International Comparative Study.” Journal of Comparative Economics, 43(4), 938–955.Google Scholar
Gauri, V. (2011), “Fundamental Rights and Public Interest Litigation in India: Overreaching or Underachieving?.” Indian Journal of Law and Economics, 1(1), 71–93.Google Scholar
Thiruvengadam, A. K. (2009), “Evaluating Contemporary Criticisms of ‘Public Interest Litigation’: A Progressive Conception of the Role of the Judge,” Paper presented at the 2009 Lassnet Conference, New Delhi, India.Google Scholar

References

Abhinandan Jha v. Dinesh Mishra, 1968 AIR 117.Google Scholar
Agrawala, S. K., Public Interest Litigation in India: A Critique (New Delhi: Indian Law Institute, 1985).Google Scholar
Almitra Patel v. Union of India, (2000) 8 SCC 19.Google Scholar
Archer, W. G., Tribal Law and Justice: A Report on the Santal (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company: 1984).Google Scholar
Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India (1984) 3 SCC 161.Google Scholar
Bavinck, Maarten, Marine Resource Management: Conflict and Regulation in the Fisheries of the Coromandel Coast (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001).Google Scholar
Baxi, Upendra, “Taking Suffering Seriously: Social Action Litigation in the Supreme Court of India,” Third World Legal Stud. 107, 114 (1985).Google Scholar
Baxi, Upendra, and Galanter, Marc, “Panchayat Justice: An Indian Experiment in Legal Access,” in Cappelletti, M. and Garth, B. (eds.), Access to Justice: Vol. III: Emerging Issues and Perspectives (Milan: Guiffre; Alphen aan den Rijn: Sijthoff and Noordhoff, 1979), 341–386.Google Scholar
Beveridge, Henry, ed., The Tuzuk-I-Jehangir; Memoirs of Jahangir (trans. Alexander Roberts), available at http://archive.org/stream/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft_djvu.txt.Google Scholar
Bhagwati, Justice P. N., ‘Judicial Activism and Public Interest Litigation’, Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 23, 561, 570–571 (1984–1985).Google Scholar
Bhim Singh v. State of J & K, AIR 1986 SC 494.Google Scholar
Bhuwania, Anuj, Courting the People: Public Interest Litigation in Post-Emergency India (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2017).Google Scholar
Bose, Nirmal Kumar, ed., Data on Caste, Orissa. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Memoir No. 7 (1960).Google Scholar
Chairman, Railway Board v. Chandrima Das, AIR 2000 SC 988.Google Scholar
Chakraborty, Snehamoy, “Envy Becomes Savagery,” The Telegraph, Jan. 24, 2014.Google Scholar
Cheema, M. H. and Gilani, I. S., eds., The Politics and Jurisprudence of the ‘Chaudhry Court’ 2005–2013 (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973.Google Scholar
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013.Google Scholar
Darling, Linda T., “‘Do Justice, Do Justice, for That is Paradise’: Middle Eastern Advice for Indian Muslim Rulers,” 22 (1&2) Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East (2002).Google Scholar
Desai, Ashok H. and S. Muralidhar, , ‘Public Interest Litigation: Potential and Problems’ in Kirpal, B. N., et al., eds., Supreme But Not Infallible: Essays in Honor of the Supreme Court of India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002) 151–192.Google Scholar
Dhagamwar, Vasudha, Role and Image of Law in India: The Tribal Experience (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2006).Google Scholar
Divine Retreat Center v. State of Kerala, AIR 2008 SC 1614.Google Scholar
Eckert, Julia, “Urban Governance and Emerging Forms of Pluralism in Mumbai,” Journal of Legal Pluralism 50, 29–60 (2004).Google Scholar
Falerio, Sonia, 13 Men (Deca Stories, 2015).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc, Palen, Frank S., and Thomas, John, “The Crusading Judge: Judicial Activism in Urban Trial Courts,” Southern California Law Review 52, 699–741 (1979).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc and Krishnan, Jayanth, “Bread for the Poor: Access to Justice for the Needy in India,” Hastings Law Journal 55, 789–834 (2004).Google Scholar
Galanter, Marc and Krishnan, Jayanth, “Debased Informalism: Lok Adalats and Legal Rights in Modern India,” in Jensen, Erik G. & Heller, Thomas C., eds., Beyond Common Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), 76–121.Google Scholar
Guruswamy, Menaka and Singh, Aditya, “Accessing Justice: The Gram Nyayalayas Act,” Economic & Political Weekly 45(43) (Oct. 23, 2010).Google Scholar
Hart, Henry M. and Sacks, Albert M., The Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and Application of Law (tent. ed., 1958) 312.Google Scholar
High Court of Karnataka v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1998 Kant 327.Google Scholar
Hoque, Ridwanul, Judicial Activism in Bangladesh: A Golden Mean Approach (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011).Google Scholar
Indian Penal Code, 1960.Google Scholar
“Indian woman says gang-raped on orders of village court,” Business and Financial News, Reuters.com, Jan 23, 2014.Google Scholar
In Re: Indian Woman says gang-raped on orders of Village Court published in Business & Financial News dated 23.01.2014, Suo Motu Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 24 of 2014.Google Scholar
In Re: The Chief Election Commissioner, AIR 2011 Mad 103.Google Scholar
Kannabiran, Kalpana and Singh, Ranbir, Challenging the Rule(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2008).Google Scholar
Khatri (II) v. State of Bihar (1981) 1 SCC 627.Google Scholar
Krishnan, Jay, et al., “Grappling at the Grassroots: Litigant Efforts to Access Economic and Social Rights in India,” Harvard Human Rights Journal 27, 151 (2014).Google Scholar
Law Commission of India, 226th Report, July 2009.Google Scholar
Laxmi v. Union of India (W.P. (C) 129 of 2006).Google Scholar
Mandhani, Apoorva, Madras HC Judge Justice Karnan stays Supreme Court’s order transferring him to Calcutta HC and directs CJI to submit his reply, LiveLaw.in, www.livelaw.in/madras-hc-judge-justice-karnan-stays-supreme-courts-order-transferring-him-to-calcutta-hc-sc-directs-the-cj-not-to-assign-any-works-to-him/.Google Scholar
Mendelsohn, Oliver, Life and Struggles in the Stone Quarries of India: A Case Study in Law and Social Transformation in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014).Google Scholar
Meschievitz, Catherine S. and Galanter, Marc, “In Search of Nyaya Panchayats: The Politics of a Moribund Institution,” in Abel, R. (ed.), The Politics of Informal Justice: Comparative Studies (New York: Academic Press, 1982), 47–77.Google Scholar
Ministry of Tribal Affairs (Xaxa Committee), Report of the High Level Committee on Socio-Economic, Health and Educational Status of Tribal Communities of India, May, 2014.Google Scholar
Mody, Zia, “Death in Custody: The Breach of Trust and Its Price,” in 10 Judgments that Changed India (New Delhi: Penguin, 2013), 159.Google Scholar
National Commission for Women Act, 1990.Google Scholar
Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.Google Scholar
Qazi, Asher A., “Suo Motu: Choosing Not to Legislate Chief Justice Chaudhry’s Strategic Agenda,” in Cheema, Mohan and Gilani, Ijaz eds., The Politics and Jurisprudence of the Chaudhry Court (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2015), 281–321, 284–285.Google Scholar
Robinson, N., “A Quantitative Analysis of the Indian Supreme Court’s Workload,” Journal of Empirical Legal Studies 10, 570–601 (2013).Google Scholar
Rudul Shah v. State of Bihar, AIR 1983 SC 1086.Google Scholar
Sangwan, K. S., “Khap Panchayats in Haryana: Sites of Legal Pluralism,” in Kalpana Kannabiran and Ranbir Singh, Challenging the Rule(s) of Law: Colonialism, Criminology and Human Rights in India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2008), pp. 331–353.Google Scholar
Sathe, S. P., Judicial Activism in India: Transgressing Borders and Enforcing Limits (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002).Google Scholar
Sheela Barse v. Union of India (1988) 4 SCC 226 at 246.Google Scholar
Siddique, Osama, “The Judicialization of Politics in Pakistan: The Supreme Court after the Lawyers’ Movement,” in Tushnet, Mark and Khosla, Madhav, eds., Unstable Constitutionalism: Law and Politics in South Asia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).Google Scholar
State of West Bengal v. Jolha Maddi and Ors., Sessions Case No. 51 of 2014 at Bolpur, judgment dated September 19, 2014.Google Scholar
Thiruvengadam, Arun, “Swallowing a Bitter PIL? Reflections on Progressive Strategies for Public Interest Litigation in India,” in The Shifting Scales of Justice: The Supreme Court in Neo-Liberal India (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2014).Google Scholar
Vatuk, Sylvia, “The ‘Women’s Court’ in India: An Alternative Dispute Resolution Body for Women in Distress,” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 45(1), 76–103 (2013).Google Scholar
Venkatesan, V., “SC Intervention in Gujjar Violence: A Few Questions,” Law and Other Things, June 6, 2007, available at http://lawandotherthings.blogspot.in/2007/06/scs-intervention-in-gujjar-violence-few.html.Google Scholar
Vineet Narain v. Union of India, (1998) 1 SCC 226.Google Scholar
Weber, Max, Economy and Society, Vol. 3 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).Google Scholar
West Bengal Commission for Women Act, 1992.Google Scholar
Wilson, H. H., A Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms and Useful Words Occurring in Official Documents Relating to the Administration of Government of British India (London: W. H. Allen, 1855).Google Scholar

References

Almond, G., and Verba, S.. (1963). The Civic Culture. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Baxi, U. (1980). The Indian Supreme Court and Politics. New Delhi: Eastern Book Co.Google Scholar
Bradford, B., Jackson, J., and Hough, M.. (2015). “Trust in Justice.” In Uslaner, E. (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caldeira, G. A. (1986). “Neither the Purse Nor the Sword: Dynamics of Confidence in the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Political Science Review 80(4): 1209–1226.Google Scholar
Caldeira, G. A., and Gibson, J. L.. (1992). “The Etiology of Public Support for the Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science 36(3): 635–664.Google Scholar
Catterberg, G., and Moreno, A.. (2005). “The Individual Bases of Political Trust.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 18(1): 31–48.Google Scholar
Center for Study of Developing Societies. (2008). State of Democracy in South Asia (SDSA). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Center for Study of Developing Societies. (2017). State of Democracy in South Asia (SDSA), Report II. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Citrin, J. (1974). “Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government.” American Political Science Review 68(3): 973–988.Google Scholar
Citrin, J., and Green, D.. (1986). “Presidential Leadership and the Resurgence of Trust in Government.” British Journal of Political Science 16(4):431–453.Google Scholar
Dalton, R. J. (1996). Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.Google Scholar
Dhavan, R. (1980). Justice on Trial: The Supreme Court Today. New Delhi: Wheeler.Google Scholar
Diamond, L. (1999). Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Gibson, J. L., and Caldeira, G. A.. (1992). “Blacks and the United States Supreme Court: Models of Diffuse Support.” Journal of Politics 54(4): 1120–1145.Google Scholar
Gibson, J. L., Caldeira, G. A., and Spence, L. K.. (2005). “Why Do People Accept Public Policies They Oppose? Testing Legitimacy Theory with a Survey-Based Experiment.” Political Research Quarterly 58(2): 187–201.Google Scholar
Giddens, A. (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Gilley, B. (2006). “The Meaning and Measure of State Legitimacy: Results for 72 Countries.” European Journal of Political Research 45: 499–525.Google Scholar
Grosskopf, A., and Mondak, J.. (1998). “Do Attitudes Toward Specific Supreme Court Decisions Matter? The Impact of Webster and Texas v. Johnson on Public Confidence in the Supreme Court.” Political Research Quarterly 51(3): 633–654.Google Scholar
Hetherington, M. J. (1998). “The Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Political Science Review 92 (4): 791–808.Google Scholar
Hutchison, M. and Johnson, K.. (2011). “Capacity to Trust? Institutional Capacity, Conflict, and Political Trust in Africa, 2000–2005.” Journal of Peace Research 48(6): 737–752.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 41 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Inglehart, R., Basanez, M., and Moreno, A.. (1998). Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
March, J. G. (1988). Decisions and Organizations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mate, M. (2015). “The Rise of Judicial Governance in the Supreme Court of India.” Boston University International Law Journal 33: 169.Google Scholar
Mattes, R., and Moreno, A.. (2018). “Social and Political Trust in Developing Countries: Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.” In Uslaner, E. (ed.), Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mehta, P. B. 2004. “The Inner Conflict of Constitutionalism: Judicial Review and the Basic Structure.” In Hassan, Z., Sridharan, E., and Sudarshan, R. (eds.,) India’s Living Constitution: Ideas, Practices, Controversies. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.Google Scholar
Mehta, P. B. (2007). “India’s Unlikely Democracy: The Rise of Judicial Sovereignty.” Journal of Democracy 18(2): 70–83.Google Scholar
Miller, A., and Listhaug, O.. (1990). “Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States.” British Journal of Political Science 20(3): 357–386.Google Scholar
Mishler, W., and Rose, R.. (2001). “What Are the Origins of Political Trust? Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-communist Societies. Comparative Political Studies 34(1): 30–62.Google Scholar
Mondak, J. (1991). “Substantive and Procedural Aspects of Supreme Court Decisions as Determinants of Institutional Approval.” American Politics Quarterly 19: 174–188.Google Scholar
Mondak, J. (1992). “Institutional Legitimacy, Policy Legitimacy, and the Supreme Court.” American Politics Quarterly 20: 457–477.Google Scholar
Newton, K. (2001). “Trust, Social Capital, Civil Society, and Democracy.” International Political Science Review 22(2): 201–214.Google Scholar
Newton, K. and Norris, P.. (2000). “Confidence in Public Institutions: Faith, Culture, or Performance?” In Pharr, S. and Putnam, R. (eds.), Disaffected Democracies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Politics and Society Between Elections. (2017). Azim Premji University and Lokniti, CSDS.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Przeworski, A., et al. (2000). Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, N. 2009. “Expanding Judiciaries: India and the Rise of the Good Governance Court.” 8 Washington University Global Studies Law Review 1.Google Scholar
State of Democracy in South Asia (2008, 2017). Lokniti, CSDS.Google Scholar
Uslaner, E. 2017. Oxford Handbook of Social and Political Trust. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weatherford, M. S. (1992). “Measuring Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review 86(1): 149–166.Google Scholar
Zaller, J. (1992). The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×