Index

Gregory A. Daddis

doi:10.1017/9781108655774.009

Index

Abrams, Creighton, 154

absenteeism, 54

Action for Men (magazine), 12–13, 117

Adler, Renata, 138

Adventure (magazine), 11, 110

Adventure Life (article), 127–128

adventure magazines, 3–6, 79, 87

combat portrayed in, 235

as cultural phenomenon, 4

dualisms in, 98

masculinity portrayed in, 5, 216–217, 235–236

misogyny in, 12–13

postwar, 12

on POWs, 161

sales of, 4

sexism in, 99–101

sexual violence perpetuated by, 176–177

in socialization process, 225

transmission of values through, 96

veterans portrayed by, 223

Vietcong portrayed by, 146

in Vietnam War, 5–6

advertisements, 60

in macho pulps, 37, 40–42, 45–46

masculinity portrayed in, 38–40

AEF. See American Expeditionary Force

African Americans, 35–36

in macho pulps, 159

radicalization of, 171

sexuality of, 36, 118–119

women, 111–112

Afrika Korps, 90

aggression, pornography and, 26–27

Albanese, Lewis, 191–192

Ali, Muhammad, 161–162

All Man (magazine), 114–115, 135–167

All-Volunteer Force (AVF), 221–222

Amazon women, 127–129

“Amazon’s Captive Girl Pen” (article), 92–93

Ambrose, Stephen, 75

American Expeditionary Force (AEF), 11–12

American Manhood (magazine), 18–20, 36, 40

American Red Cross, 57

American Warrior (Bahnsen), 175, 233

American warriors, 152–164

antimilitarism, 78–79

antiwar movement, 162–164

anxieties

about Asian women, 214

in Cold War, 29–37

about gender, 20

masculinity and, 4, 229

over femmes fatales, 102–103

over sex, 60–61

over women’s liberation, 60

Anzio, 89–90

Appy, Christian, 22–23, 241

Ard, William, 55

The Argosy (magazine), 10–13

Armstrong, Louis, 35

Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), 148–151, 178–179, 190, 214, 302

Arnesen, Arne, 196–197

Arnett, Peter, 182–183

artwork, 165–167, 171, 213–214. See also cover art

ARVN. See Army of the Republic of Vietnam

Asian Americans, 35–36

Asian women

American views on, 181–183

anxieties about, 214

cinema depicting, 111

commodification of, 110–111

constructs of, as children, 109

depictions of, 180–181

duplicity of, 213

exoticism of, 108–115

macho pulp depictions of, 110

in popular culture, 209

as prostitutes, 109–110

as seductresses, 113–114

as warriors, 208–217

Atlas, Charles, 40

Audit Bureau Circulation data, 138–139

AVF. See All-Volunteer Force

Baez, Joan, 161–162

Bahnsen, John, 175–176, 233

Bailey, Beth L., 249, 256

Baker, Mark, 206–207

Baldwin, James, 35

“The Ballad of Rodger Young” (Loesser), 84

“The Ballad of the Green Berets” (Sadler), 222–223

Ballinger, William, 295

Band of Brothers (Ambrose), 75

“Baptism of Fire” (article), 67–68

Barber, Bill, 94–95

Bardot, Brigitte, 45–46

“Barracks Beauty,” 51

Barrow, Robert, 233–234

Bataan Death March, 77

“Battalion of Nymphs” (article), 127–128

Battle Attack (magazine), 88–90, 272–273

Battle Cry (magazine), 15, 20–21, 24, 41, 44–45, 49, 70–71, 73–74, 78–79, 84, 86, 99, 144, 252

battle fatigue, 88

Battle of the Bulge, 78

Battle Stories (magazine), 11–12

Battlefield (magazine), 38, 71, 91, 118, 121, 127–128

de Beauvoir, Simone, 106

Beckwith, Charles, 148–149

Beidler, Philip, 228

Bender, James, 38–40

The Best Years of Our Lives (film), 87–88

B-girls, 323

Big Adventure (magazine), 20–21, 47, 196–198

Black Mask, 11

Black Power movement, 171

Blackjack Flier (magazine), 191

“Blood Feast in the Hürtgen Forest” (article), 186–187

Bluebook (magazine), 11, 60, 73, 87, 144–145, 149–150, 162–164, 199, 219–220

Bly, Robert, 330

Bodnar, John, 270

bodybuilding, 40

Bolton, Cecil, 89–90

booby traps, 143–144, 323

Books, Matt, 289

boomer generation, 22

Born on the Fourth of July (Kovic), 168

Bourke, Joanna, 243, 284, 331

Brands, H. W., 251

Brennan, Joan, 4–5

Brenton, Myron, 20

Brett, Devol, 154–155

Bridge, Nellie, 220–221

Brigade (magazine), 34, 105, 140

Bristol, Iris, 51

Britt, Maurice, 81

Browne, Malcolm, 14, 140–141, 143–144, 148–149, 164–165

Brownmiller, Susan, 241, 292

Broyles, William, 227, 230–231

Bui Thi Me, 208–209

Burke, Lloyd, 154–155

Butler, Judith, 98

Calley, William L., 187–188, 202–203

Cam Ranh Bay, 175

Campbell, D’Ann, 55

Canby, Vincent, 221

capitalism, 32

democracy and, 179–180

sex and, 183

Caputo, Philip, 17, 86, 164–165, 185

Carlisle, Sam, 197–198

cartoons, 44

Casino Royale (Fleming), 125–126

castaway stories, 116–117, 290

castration, 91, 205–206

“Castration of the American Male” (Petersen), 34

Casualties of War (Lang), 203–204

Cavalcade (magazine), 15, 31

Century Magazine (magazine), 30

Challenge (magazine), 31, 40–42, 91

Chandler, Raymond, 14

Channon, R. C., 88–89

Charlie Company (Goldman and Fuller), 225–227

cheesecake photography, 52–54, 139–140

Chennault, Claire, 78–79

Chicom forces, 94–95

China, 48–49

Chipyong-ni, 94–95

Chosin Reservoir, 94

citizen heroes, 80

citizenship, 18–19

civil rights, 35

Clavell, James, 74–75

von Cleef, Monique, 106–107

Clodfelter, Micheal, 16

Cold War, 3–6, 10, 14–16

anxieties in, 29–37

family in, 258

gender portrayals during, 20, 110–111, 219–220

macho pulps and, 28–29

misogyny during, 44–45

nuclear weapons and, 51

patriotism in, 31

popular culture during, 17, 174–175

Red menace during, 48–52

sexuality and, 30–52, 103–104, 199

traditionalism during, 31

women as villains in, 28–29

combat, 245, 284. See also war

adventure magazine portrayal of, 235

macho pulp portrayals of, 8, 134–135

nationalism and, 162–163

popular cultural portrayals of, 188

in Vietnam War, 8

women in, 210, 233–234, 270

comic books, 4, 17, 124–125, 248–249

communism, 16, 18, 22–23, 48–52, 141–142, 151–152, 203, 212–214, 251

homosexuality and, 63–64

prostitution and, 102

seductresses, 102–108

sexuality and, 103–104, 107–108

spread of, 18

threat of, 107

as villain, 29–30

war and, 18

comradeship, 86

Confessions of a Young Man (Moore, G.), 196–197

consumerism, masculinity and, 261

Cooper, James Fenimore, 32

Copelon, Rhonda, 184–185

counterculture movement, 219

cover art, 91–94, 133

narrative and, 93–94

cowardice, 30–31

cowboys, 243

Crist, Judith, 221

Crusade in Europe (television), 66–67

Cuba, 49–50, 102–103

cultural phenomena, adventure magazines as, 4

Damiano, Gerard, 221

Davis, Mark, 50

Dawson, William Forrest, 278

“The Day I Cried,” 84

“The Day the Kids Went to War” (article), 67–68

D-Day, 71–72, 74–75, 91

death, in macho pulps, 228–229

“Death Wore a Tight Bikini” (article), 55

Deep Throat (film), 221

dehumanization, rape and, 202

Del Vecchio, John, 225–227

Delta Dragon (magazine), 191

demilitarized zone, 163

democracy, 32

capitalism and, 179–180

Dengler, Dieter, 160, 169–170

Department of Defense, 142

depersonalization, in war, 86

The Desert Fox (book), 67–68

desire, fear and, 44

Dien Bien Phu, 141, 209–210

Dillon, Steven, 96–97

discourse, 243

disposable time, 37–38

diversity, in military, 35–36

Dolski, Michael, 75

domesticity, 105

Donovan, David, 229–230

Dorr, Robert F., 14

Drabik, Al, 228–229

drug use, of veterans, 224

dualisms, in adventure magazines, 98

Duke (magazine), 35

Earle, David, 73

Ebony (magazine), 35, 119

ecocide, 216

education, of working-class, 46–48

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 60–61

Ehrhart, Bill, 65–66, 142, 172

Elliott, Mai, 197–198

Ellison, Ralph, 35

Ellsberg, Daniel, 299

Emerson, Henry, 153

escape-from-captivity narratives, 75–76

espionage, 48, 104–105, 286, 326

Esquire (magazine), 11–12, 227

Evers, Medgar, 35

exoticism, 13–14

of Asian women, 108–115

sexuality and, 99–101

Fall, Bernard, 105–106

fear, 164

desire and, 44

The Federalist (magazine), 233–234

The Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 10, 58

femininity, 30, 57–58

Noel on, 218

in popular culture, 10

rejection of, 103–104

as social construction, 15

war and, 221–222

feminism, 13–14, 58, 60

masculinity critiqued by, 219

feminization, 32–33

femmes fatales, 28–29

anxieties over, 102–103

Fields of Fire (Webb), 124

Fisher, Bernard, 155–156

Fleming, Ian, 59, 125–126

Fonda, Jane, 161–162

For Men Only (magazine), 3–4, 12–13, 49–50, 85, 123, 129, 132, 204–205, 212–213

fragging, 171

France, 20–21

Frankenheimer, John, 111

Fraterrigo, Elizabeth, 246–247

French-Indochina War, 209–210

Friedan, Betty, 10, 32, 58

Friedman, Andrea, 63–64

frontier hero, 11

Fulbright, J. William, 176

Fuller, Tony, 225–227

Gallagher, Richard, 91–92

gang rape, 194–195, 316–319

Gardner, Leland, 108–109

Gavin, Jim, 78

Gay, George H., 81

Geer, Andrew, 95–96

geisha, 109

gender, 9

anxieties about, 20

clichés, 210–211

Cold War portrayals of, 20, 110–111, 219–220

defining, 16–17

equality, 216

inequalities, 234

in macho pulps, 98–99

narratives about, 105–106

Playboy and portrayals of, 14–15

as political and symbolic system, 16–17

power and, 98, 131

pulp portrayals of, 11–12, 16–17

sexual fantasies and, 115–124

as social construction, 245

stratification, 216

traditional roles, 55–56

work and, 38

Geneva Conventions, 319

Gestapo, 104–105

GI Bill, 32–33

Gibson, Mel, 228

Gilbert, James, 243–244

Gilmore, David, 274

The Godfather (Puzo), 220

Goldfinger (Fleming), 59

Goldman, Peter, 225–227

Good Housekeeping (magazine), 10

Goodman, Martin, 12–13

Gottschall, Jonathan, 245

Grable, Betty, 52–53

Granville, Christine, 125–126

Gray, J. Glenn, 24

Great Depression, 11, 38

Great War, 11–12

greatest generation, 78, 224

Green Berets, 78, 130, 139–140, 148–149, 165, 168–169, 179

The Green Berets (film), 138, 142, 230

Griffin, Susan, 194

Grunt Free Press (magazine), 229

guerre sale, 189–190

Guevara, Che, 49

guilt, 230–233

Haber, Larry, 75–76

Hackworth, David, 157–158, 190

Hagelin, Timon, 193–194

Hagopian, Patrick, 332

Haining, Peter, 241

Halberstam, David, 30–31

Hanks, William, 191–192

harems, 112–113

Harmon, Roy, 79–80

Harper’s (magazine), 10–11, 68–69

Hathaway, Bo, 227

Haut, Woody, 52

Hayworth, Rita, 52–53

Hefner, Hugh, 14, 52–53, 161, 249

Heinemann, Larry, 124, 227

“Hell on No-Name Hill,” 94

Hellman, Lillian, 277

heroes and heroism, 2, 5, 9, 22–23, 36, 87

citizen, 80

frontier, 11

in Korean War, 95

in macho pulps, 11

masculinity and, 223

in popular culture, 228

veterans as, 220

in Vietnam War, 159–160, 220

Herr, Michael, 191, 206

heterosexuality, 1, 5–6

Hitler, Adolf, 2, 75–76, 123, 126, 170–171

Ho Chi Minh, 136–137, 146–147, 163–164

Hofstadter, Richard, 29

Hogan’s Heroes, 122–123

Hollywood, 1

homophobia, 61

homosexuality, 20, 60–62, 273

communism and, 63–64

masculinity and, 61

military and, 62

as pathology, 62–63

as threat, 219–220

Honey, Maureen, 241

Hoover, J. Edgar, 54

hotsie-totsie, 14

“Hottest Tease in Town” (article), 168–169

Howard, Jimmie E., 156–157

Hue massacre, 151

Huhndorf, Shari M., 291

Hustler (magazine), 221

“I Was a Commando Raider!” (article), 79

“I Was a Filing Tiger” (article), 78–79

Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS (film), 292

imperialism, 109

impotence, 60, 88–89, 130–131

infidelity, 244

Infield, Glenn, 154

“Inside a Communist All-Women Penal Camp” (article), 119–120

International Correspondence Schools, 38

“The Island of the Sea Nymphs Who Lived with PT-Boat 629,” 91–92

Japan, sex in culture of, 110–111

Japanese American internment camps, 62–63

Jayne, William, 136

Jenkins, Henry, 241

Joel, Lawrence, 158–159

Johnson, Jack, 36

Johnson, Lyndon B., 51–52, 137–138, 158–159

Johnson, Roy, 154

Jorgensen, George, 61–62

Kaltenbaugh, Clark, 185, 187–188

Karch, Frederick J., 304

Karel, Inga, 121–122

Kasserine Pass, 90, 121–122

Kaylin, Walter, 69–70, 126, 231–232

Kearns, Doris, 30–31

Kefauver, Estes, 34

Kennedy, John F., 42, 78

Kessler, Patrick L., 87

Ketwig, John, 86, 205

King Philip’s War, 119–120

King Rat (Clavell), 74–75

Kingston, Caleb, 157–158

Kinsey Reports, 60–61

Kit Carson Scouts, 149

Klay, Philip, 227–228

Klusmann, Charles F., 159–160, 169–170

Knightley, Phillip, 147

Koch, Ilse, 121

Kok Quong, 174

Kones, Frank J., 42

Korean Regional Exchange (KRE), 139–140

Korean War, 2, 18–19, 35, 80, 93–94, 131, 144, 247

aftermath of, 252

end of, 66

films on, 95–96

heroism in, 95

Puzo on, 90–91

racism and, 144

veterans, 17, 32–33, 70, 88–89, 186–187

Kovic, Ron, 168–169

KRE. See Korean Regional Exchange

Kremlin, as weapon, 102

Krulak, Victor, 154

Kubert, Joe, 220

Künstler, Mort, 91–93, 133, 165–167, 220–221

Ladies’ Home Journal (magazine), 10, 20

Lady Trieu, 209

Lang, Daniel, 203–204

Langford, Sam, 36

Larsen, Gary, 168

Lasco, Jack, 87

Latin America, 49–50

Latinos, 35–36

in macho pulps, 159

lavender scare, 63–64

Lawton, Shailer, 3–6, 240

Le Ly Hayslip, 182–183

Lea, Homer, 84–85

Leatherman, Janie L., 245

LeBlanc, Maurice, 262–263

Leckie, Robert, 74

LeMay, Curtis, 51–52

Leningrad, 127–128

lesbianism, 61–62

“Let’s Scrap the Geneva Convention” (article), 49

letters to the editor, 4–5

Licursi, Kimberly J. Lamay, 247

Life (magazine), 15–16, 84

Loesser, Frank, 84

Look (magazine), 31–32

“The Love Slave of Hadramut” (article), 114–115

Lunt, Ray, 162

Luzon, 109–110

MacCloskey, Monro, 85

macho pulps, 1, 10–11, 172, 246. See also adventure magazines

advertisements in, 37, 40–42, 45–46

African Americans in, 159

artwork in, 165–167, 171, 213–214

Asians depicted in, 110

audiences of, 14, 66–68, 246–248

circulation of, 247

Cold War and, 28–29

combat portrayed in, 8, 134–135

cover art of, 91–94, 133

death in, 228–229

defining, 239

engagement with, 242

gender portrayals in, 11–12, 16–17, 98–99

heroes in, 11

Latinos in, 159

masculinity portrayed in, 2, 11

misogyny in, 26, 99

narratives of, 66, 237

Nazis as villains in, 22

on sex, 38

sex advice in, 42–43

sexual fantasies in, 131

sexuality in, 98–99

superiority inspired by, 190–191

veterans and, 66

Vietcong portrayed by, 146

Vietnam War portrayed by, 164, 172, 223, 237

war portrayed in, 6–7, 233

women as constructs in, 101

working-class and, 38

working-class readership of, 15–16

MACV. See Military Assistance Command in Vietnam

Madame Nhu, 213–214

Mailer, Norman, 74

Male (magazine), 2–6, 15, 19–20, 36, 44, 49–50, 61–62, 76–78, 89, 91–94, 107, 113–114, 116–117, 139, 141, 145, 151–155, 157, 162, 165, 168, 178, 189–190, 200, 204, 232, 278

“Male Call” section, 6

mama’s boys, 20

The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit (film), 32

Manchester, William, 109–110

The Manchurian Candidate (film), 42, 111, 192

Man’s Action (magazine), 33–34, 110, 189, 197–198

Man’s Adventure (magazine), 50

Man’s Book (magazine), 12

Man’s Conquest (magazine), 3–4, 12, 106, 114–115, 153, 157–158, 200–201

Man’s Day (magazine), 34, 53, 110, 223–224

Man’s Epic (magazine), 3–4, 53–54, 68, 165–167

Man’s Illustrated (magazine), 4–5, 60, 74, 102–103, 130, 150, 154, 162, 167–168, 190–191

Man’s Life (magazine), 87, 123, 156, 166

Man’s Magazine (magazine), 39, 56–59, 61, 154–155, 158, 181–182, 234

Man’s World (magazine), 12–13, 24–25, 126–127, 167–168, 204–205

Mao Zedong, 48–50

Marcinko, Richard, 151–152

marijuana, 159, 224

Marine Corps, 19–20, 154

Marks, Ted, 282–283

Marnais, Philip, 183

marriage problems, 88–89, 263–264

“Mars Attacks” (trading cards), 93

Marshall, S. L. A., 95

Marvel Comics, 12–13

masculinity, 107, 177, 230, 241, 259, 272, 274

adventure magazines portrayal of, 5, 216–217, 235–236

advertisement portrayal of, 38–40

anxiety and, 4, 229

consumerism and, 261

defining, 219, 243

dominance, 38–40

expectations of, 251

feminist critiques of, 219

heroism and, 223

homosexuality and, 61

ideals of, 1

macho pulp portrayals of, 2

maturity and, 14

military and, 80–81, 152–153, 162–163, 225

narratives about, 234

normal male behavior and, 234

physical culture and, 30

in popular culture, 1, 17, 221

postwar conceptions of, 12–14

power and, 16–17, 188–189

proof of, 8

pulp portrayals of, 11

race and, 35–36

rape and, 194

redefining, 230–237

sexual conquest and, 78, 124

sexuality and, 3–6, 11–12

as social construction, 15, 243, 245

spectatorship, 243–244

of veterans, 225

war and, 11–12, 16, 18–23

of women, 295

working-class and, 4, 32–33

mass murder, 22

mass production, 11

maturity, masculinity and, 14

Mauldin, Bill, 223–224

May Act, 56

Mayhas, Elaine Tyler, 258

McCarran Act, 29–30

McCarthy, Joseph, 48

McCarthyism, 50

McClenahan, Linda, 206–207

McDonough, James, 185, 188

McDowell, Robert, 80

McEnaney, Laura, 252

McFadden, Herchel, 81–82

Medford, Kay, 76–77

Mekong Delta, 151–152, 157

memorialization, 159–160

Men (magazine), 7, 33, 44, 89–90, 126, 160, 220–221

Men in Adventure (magazine), 231–232

Mengele, Josef, 2

“The Mental Castration of Husbands” (Pearson), 34

mercenaries, 222

veterans as, 222–223

meritocracy, war as, 83–88

middle class, 36–37

Miles, Paul L., 179

militarism, sentimental, 71

military

diversity in, 35–36

homosexuality and, 62

masculinity and, 80–81, 152–153, 162–163, 225

Military Assistance Command in Vietnam (MACV), 134, 178, 184–185, 203

Miller, Arthur, 32

Miller, Hugh Barr, 81

Millett, Lewis L., 80

Mills, Billy, 36

Mills, C. Wright, 37–38

mines, 143–144

Minh, Maria, 180–181

Minney, Bruce, 92–93

misogyny

in adventure magazines, 12–13

during Cold War, 44–45

in macho pulps, 26, 99

promiscuity and, 43

violence and, 5–6

mistresses, 99–101, 208

Mitchell, Jonathan, 243

momism, 20

Montoya, Mickiela, 227–228

Moore, George, 196–197

Moore, Harold G., 153, 228–229

Morris, Madeline, 184–185

Mosse, George L., 241

moxie, 42

Muller, Robert, 228–229

Mullins, Christopher W., 244

Mundey, Lisa, 85

Munsey, Frank, 10–11

murder, 8–9, 242

mass, 22

power and, 186–187

Murphy, Audie, 15, 84, 86

My Lai massacre, 187–188, 202–203, 220

Myers, Stafford, 155–156

Nam (Baker), 206–207

Nappi, Rudy, 93

narratives

cover art and, 93–94

escape-from-captivity, 75–76

about gender, 105–106

of macho pulps, 66, 237

about masculinity, 234

on war, 23, 98

narratives about, war, 230–233

National Liberation Front (NLF), 135–168, 172–173, 178–179, 215

nationalism, 16

combat and, 162–163

power and, 16–17

Native Americans, 35–36, 119–120

Navy, 44–45, 151–152, 154

Nazis, 2, 54, 75, 123

as pulp villains, 22

rape and, 121

New American man, 37–48

The New Breed (film), 95–96

New Caledonia, 110

New York Times, 222

Newman, Paul, 42

Newsweek (magazine), 139–140, 231

Ngo Dinh Diem, 137, 183, 213

Nguyen Thi Dinh, 215

Nguyen Van Thieu, 207–208

Nixon, Richard, 161

NLF. See National Liberation Front

Noel, Chris, 191–192, 218, 229

on femininity, 218

“The Nordic Nymphs Who Almost Killed Hitler,” 104–105

Norem, Earl, 2

nuclear weapons, 51

Cold War and, 51

“Nude Tribe Caper” (article), 2

nurses, 57

objectification, of women, 114

Olds, Robin, 155

Oleck, Howard L., 70–71

Olive, Milton, 36, 143–144

“The One-Man Army of Bataan” (article), 223–224

Operation Attleboro, 143

Operation Market Garden, 279

Orientalism, 101, 180–182, 201–202, 234, 289

Oui (magazine), 220–221

Pacific Stars and Stripes (magazine), 192

pacification, 190

Paco’s Story (Heinemann), 124

Paine, George, 36

Palmer, Harold T., 138

paper quotas, 12

paranoia, 29

paratroopers, 153

Paris, 20–21, 123

“The Passionate Widow Who Seduced a B-17 Pilot” (article), 104

Pathet Lao, 159–160

patriarchy, 17

patriotism, in Cold War, 31

Patterson, Floyd, 36

Peaceniks, 250

Pearl Harbor, 272–273

Pearson, Joe, 34

Pechan, Albert R., 18

Peck, Gregory, 95

Peleliu, 89–90

Pentagon, 16

Penthouse (magazine), 220–221

People’s Army, 210

People’s Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam (PLAF), 137–138

People’s Self-Defense Forces, 215–216

Perez, Manuel J., 158–159

Pershing, John J., 77–78

Petersen, Andrew, 34

Peterson, George, 86

Petrovskaya, Kyra, 127–128

Phan Thi Mao, 203–204

physical culture, masculinity and, 30

physical injury, 89–90

pilots, 155

pin-ups, 11–12, 52–54, 191–192, 234

PLAF. See People’s Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam

Playboy (magazine), 14, 33, 52–53, 138–139

audience of, 14–15

gender portrayals in, 14–15

on Vietnam War, 161

Pleasure Primer, The, 45

Pocahontas, 115–116

Pollen, Samson, 93, 127, 220–221

Ponte Rotto, 87

popular culture, 5, 124–125, 240

Asian women in, 209

during Cold War, 17, 174–175

combat portrayed by, 188

defining, 241

femininity in, 10

heroes and heroism in, 228

low brow, 237

masculinity in, 1, 17, 221

race in, 260

revolutions in, 219–220

television and, 17

Vietnam War portrayed by, 164–165, 170

war in, 6, 170

popular fiction, 12

Popular Mechanics (magazine), 139–140

Pork Chop Hill (film), 95

pornography, 45, 220–221

aggression and, 26–27

sexual freedom and, 221

post exchange system (PX), 138–139

in Vietnam, 4–5

post-traumatic stress (PTS), 88

power

gender and, 98, 131

masculinity and, 16–17, 188–189

murder and, 186–187

nationalism and, 16–17

rape and, 120

sex and, 101–102, 106–107

sexuality and, 98

violence and, 186–187

of women, 106–107

POWs. See prisoners of war

pregnancy, 233–234, 263–264

teen, 54–55

print magazine culture, 10

prisoners of war (POWs), 159–160, 169–170, 224

adventure magazines on, 161

promiscuity, misogyny and, 43

propaganda posters, 106

prostitution and prostitutes, 56–57, 78, 216

in Asia, 109–110

communists, 102

male fears and, 102–103

as threat, 106

PTS. See post-traumatic stress

Puller, Lewis B., 188–189

pulps. See macho pulps

Puzo, Mario, 14, 73, 76–77, 92–93, 102, 124, 231–232, 236

on Korean War, 90–91

on Vietnam War, 220

PX. See post exchange system

Pyle, Ernie, 74–75, 86

Quang Tri, 65

race

masculinity and, 35–36

in popular culture, 260

sexual fantasies and, 36, 112, 119

sports and, 36

racism, 136

Korean War and, 144

sexism and, 73

sexuality and, 101

Vietnam War and, 144, 147

in World War II, 81–82

The Rack (film), 42

“The Ranger Raid to Save 512 Dying Yanks” (article), 77

rape, 8–9, 109–110, 180, 204, 312. See also sexual violence

consensual sex conflated with, 181–182, 201–202

dehumanization and, 202

entitlement, 182

gang, 194–195, 316–319

legal issues surrounding, 320

masculinity and, 194

Nazis and, 121

power and, 120

statutory, 199

threat of, 331

in Vietnam War, 184–193, 195–208

in war, 184–193

Rasmus, Robert, 83

Rather, Dan, 333

Reagan, Ronald, 172

on Vietnam War, 172–173

Real (magazine), 53–54, 210

Real Combat Stories (magazine), 28–29, 88–89

Real Men (magazine), 50, 72–73, 90–91, 121–122

Real War (magazine), 51, 57, 203

rear echelon mother fucker (REMF), 145, 206–207

Red Cross, 218

Red Guards, 48–49

Red menace, 48–52

Redeployment (Klay), 227–228

REMF. See rear echelon mother fucker

Revolutionary Road, 32

Rich, Adrienne, 322

“Riding Shotgun in Helicopter Hell” (article), 134–135

Risner, Robbie, 161

The River and the Gauntlet (film), 95

Roberts, Mary Louise, 20–21, 244

Roberts, Wess, 233

Rogue Warrior series, 151–152

role playing, 114–115

Rommel, Erwin, 90, 250

Rooney, Andy, 14

Roosevelt, Teddy, 30

Rossi, Al, 213–214

Rowlandson, Mary, 119–120

Russell, Harold, 88

Russell, Tina, 220–221

Russia, 48

Saber, W. J., 133

SAC. See Strategic Air Command

Sadler, Barry, 222–223

sadomasochism, 106–107, 123

Saga (magazine), 12, 18–19, 84–85, 89–90, 143, 159–160, 162, 164, 231

Sage, Jerry, 75–76

Said, Edward, 101. See also Orientalism

“Saigon’s Queen of the Assassin Angels” (article), 213

Sanderson, Marley, 51

Sands of Iwo Jima (film), 1, 95, 254

Sarlat, Noah, 69, 220–221

Saunders, Norman, 69–70, 93

savages, 3–4, 117

women, 130–131

Schell, Jonathan, 165

Schlafly, Phyllis, 221–222

Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr., 32

Schoenhild, Efrem, 59, 170–171

Schwalberg, Bob, 67–68

Scott, Joan, 16–17

“The Seduction of Private Nurse Griffith” (Puzo), 124

seductresses, 101, 200–201

Asian women as, 113–114

communist, 102–108

in war, 212–213

in World War II, 104

self-reliance, 32–33

self-sacrifice, 86

Sensation (magazine), 113, 196–197

Seversky, Alexander P. de, 34

sex

anxieties about, 60–61

capitalism and, 183

destruction and, 231

education, 45

guides, 43

in Japanese culture, 110–111

macho pulp advice on, 42–43

macho pulps on, 38

power and, 101–102, 106–107

as threat, 106

violence and, 5, 8, 194

war and, 5, 17, 20, 123–132, 192–193, 200, 212–213

as weapon, 102, 107–108

Sex and Exercise (book), 42–43

“Sex Revolt of Young Society Girls,” 55–56

sexism, 99, 234

in adventure magazines, 99–101

racism and, 73

sexual conquest, 8–10, 23, 40, 117, 285–286

masculinity and, 78, 124

war as, 23–27

sexual fantasies

gendering of, 115–124

in macho pulps, 131

race and, 36, 112, 119

violence and, 130–131

sexual freedom, 58–60, 115, 219

pornography and, 221

sexual violence, 120, 235–236, 317, 333

acceptability of, 216–217

adventure magazines and perpetuation of, 176–177

toward Asian women, 178–184

insecurity and, 216

legitimizing, 196–216

victims of, 216

in Vietnam War, 178–184

war and, 174–177

sexuality, 240

of African Americans, 36, 118–119

Cold War and, 30–52, 103–104, 199

communism and, 103–104, 107–108

exoticism and, 99–101

heterosexuality, 1, 5–6

in macho pulps, 98–99

masculinity and, 3–6, 11–12

power and, 98

racism and, 101

unbounded, 101

of women, 291

Sheehan, Neil, 155–156, 316

“Sheer Hell in Vietnam” (article), 148

Sheperd, Lemuel C., 71

Sherman, Carl, 174

Sherrod, Robert, 145–146

Silver Star, 65–66

Sir! (magazine), 34, 51

Sledge, Eugene B., 81–82, 89–90

slicks, 10–11

Smith, Erin A., 241

Smith, George E., 169–170

Smith, John, 115–116

Smith, Wally, 91

Smith, Winnie, 178

social construction

femininity as, 15

gender as, 245

masculinity as, 15, 243, 245

Soldier of Fortune (magazine), 222–223

Sorrell, Buddy, 246

Spillane, Mickey, 14, 242

sports, race and, 36

Sports Illustrated (magazine), 42

Springsteen, Bruce, 67–68, 161–162

Stag (magazine), 2, 6, 12–13, 16, 20, 33, 35–36, 49–54, 57–58, 65–67, 69, 79–82, 106–107, 110, 112–115, 127, 129–130, 133–134, 140–141, 143–144, 147–148, 154–155, 163–164, 168–169, 188, 201–202, 207, 214, 220–221, 234, 249

new direction of, 220–221

Stalin, Joseph, 3–6

Stallone, Sylvester, 224

Star Far East, 297–298

statutory rape, 199

STDs, 36, 43

Stover, George, 172

“The Strange Case of the Stagecoach Rapist” (magazine), 197–198

Strategic Air Command (SAC), 18–19

Street Without Joy (Fall), 105–106

subcultures, 54–55

submissiveness, 110–111, 288

Sudarski, Leon, 210

Sueyoshi, Amy, 109

Summersill, Clinton, 85–86

Swank (magazine), 220–221

Takei, George, 62–63

Taylor, Liz, 82–83

Taylor, Maxwell, 155

Taylor Topper, 40–42

television, popular culture and, 17

Terkel, Studs, 83

Tet offensive, 65, 157–159, 164, 172, 218

Thach Thi Hung, 175

The 13th Valley (Del Vecchio), 225–227

Thirty Seconds over Tokyo (book), 67–68

Thuong Kinh, 149

To Hell and Back (film), 171

Tobar, Magnin, 135–167

totalitarianism, 3–6

Towle, James, 279

Towne, Kenneth, 198–199

traditionalism, 13–14

in Cold War, 31

gender and, 55–56

Tran Le Xuan, 213–214

transgender people, 61–62

trauma, 216

war and, 164

Travis, Laird, 278

Tregaskis, Richard, 74

Triangle Hill, 282–283

Trieu Thi Trinh, 209

Tropic Lightning News (magazine), 191

True (magazine), 12–13, 35, 164–165

True Action (magazine), 58–59, 77, 120, 146–147, 158–159, 170–171, 179–180, 185, 190–191

True Men (magazine), 123

True War (magazine), 62–63, 73–74, 78, 198–199

Trung Nhi, 209

Trung Trac, 209

Turner, Fred, 319

Turner, Karen Gottschang, 209–210

Tuyet Huong, 192

“25 Keys to Female Response” (article), 170–171

UCMJ. See Uniform Code of Military Justice

Under Fire (magazine), 11–12

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 195–216

U.S. Lady (magazine), 119

vagina dentata, 205

Valor (magazine), 79, 112, 196–197, 226

Varga, Lisa, 53–54

veterans, 67–68, 218–225

adventure magazine portrayals of, 223

civilian life of, 223–224

drug use of, 224

as heroes, 220

Korean War, 17, 32–33, 70, 88–89, 186–187

macho pulps and, 66

masculinity of, 225

as mercenaries, 222–223

postwar struggles of, 223–224

returning of, 223

Vietnam War, 16, 70, 222–223

World War II, 17, 32–33, 68–77, 325–326

Victory at Sea (television), 66–67

Victory Girls, 56

Viet Minh, 105–106, 136–137

Vietcong, 151–152, 157, 160, 165–168, 170–171, 174, 189, 191, 200–201, 230–233, 304

adventure magazine portrayal of, 146

defectors, 149–150

macho pulp portrayals of, 146

Vietnam Underside (Gardner), 108–109

Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), 162–163

Vietnam War, 2, 133–145

adventure magazines in, 5–6

ambushes in, 174–175

combat in, 8

disillusionment with, 175

draft, 17–19

Ellsberg on, 299

heroes in, 159–160, 220

macho pulps on, 164, 172, 223, 237

minority soldiers in, 158–159

myths about, 220

narratives about, 23

Playboy on, 161

popular culture portrayal of, 164–165, 170

post exchange system in, 4

public support for, 8

Puzo on, 220

racism and, 144, 147

rape in, 184–193, 195–208

Reagan on, 172–173

rural population in, 178–184

sexual violence in, 178–184

veterans, 16, 70, 222–223

Vietnamese women in, 174–175

withdrawal from, 219

women in, 208–217

World War II compared with, 220

Vietnamese Heroic Mothers, 216

Vietnamese women

degradation of, 200

in Vietnam War, 174–175

villains, 22

violence, 305. See also sexual violence

misogyny and, 5–6

power and, 186–187

sex and, 5, 8, 194

sexual fantasies and, 130–131

virginity, 43

virility, 40–43

Vitasafe, 60

Vo Thi Sau, 209–210

VVAW. See Vietnam Veterans Against the War

WAFC. See Women’s Armed Forces Corps

Wallace, William H., 158

Walt, Lewis W., 154

Walter Reed Hospital, 85–86

war

as adventure, 164–173

brutality of, 88–97

communism and, 18

crimes, 316

critical thinking about, 234

culture of, 184–193

depersonalization in, 86

femininity and, 221–222

glorification of, 220–221

macho pulp portrayals of, 6–7, 233

masculinity and, 11–12, 16, 18–23

as meritocracy, 83–88

narratives about, 23, 98, 230–233

news coverage of, 135

in popular culture, 6, 170

rape in, 184–193

redefining adventure of, 230–237

seductresses in, 212–213

sex and, 5, 17, 20, 123–132, 192–193, 200, 212–213

as sexual conquest, 23–27

storytelling and, 225–230

trauma and, 164

women in, 126–127, 221–222

War (magazine), 80

War Aces (magazine), 11–12

War and Peace, 227

The Washingtonian (magazine), 221–222

Waterhouse, Charles, 93

Wayne, John, 1–2, 5, 23–24, 89, 95, 138, 142, 230–233

We Were Soldiers Once (film), 228

We Were Soldiers Once (Moore, H., and Galloway), 228

Webb, James, 124, 141, 221–222

Weider, Joe, 40

welfare programs, 32–33

Wermuth, Arthur W., 223–224

Wertham, Fredrick, 124–125, 248–249

westerns, 17

Westmoreland, William, 157–160

Wharton, Bill, 118

Williams, Esther, 82–83

With the Old Breed (Sledge), 81–82

Wolff, Tobias, 220

women

African American, 111–112

as aggressor, 219–220

Amazon, 127–129

as children, 109

as Cold War villains, 28–29

in combat, 210, 233–234, 270

commodification of, 110–111, 200

femmes fatales, 28–29, 102–103

macho pulp constructions of, 101

masculinity of, 295

objectification of, 114

as others, 131

power of, 106–107

as savages, 98–132

seductresses, 101–108, 113–114, 200–201, 212–213

sexuality of, 291

social gains of, 210

as threat, 105

in Vietnam War, 208–217

Vietnamese, 174–175, 200

voices of, 114

in war, 126–127, 221–222

as warriors, 124–132

in World War II, 85

“Women Can’t Fight” (article), 221–222

“Women in Uniform” (article), 210

Women’s Armed Forces Corps (WAFC), 215–216

Women’s Battalion (Ballinger), 295

women’s liberation, 60

anxieties about, 60

Women’s Liberation Association, 215

Women’s Paramilitary Corps, 213

Women’s Union, 212–213

Woolridge, Bill, 154–155

work

gender and, 38

pensions, 37

working-class, 36–37, 172, 196, 235

education of, 46–48

macho pulps on, 38

masculinity and, 4, 32–33

as pulp readership, 15–16

World War I, 12

World War II, 2–6, 13–14, 22, 24, 28, 45, 85, 119, 154, 160, 247

racism in, 81–82

seductresses in, 104

veterans, 17, 32–33, 68–77, 325–326

Vietnam War compared with, 220

volunteers in, 44–45

women in, 85

World War II, 1

Wyler, William, 87

Wylie, Philip, 31–33, 57–58, 259

Yarborough, Bill, 154

York, Alvin, 77–78, 117

Young, Rodger, 84

“Young Legal Mistress for Every Man, A” (article), 33

Yunck, Mike, 168

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Index

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Index

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Index

Summary

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