Historical background and development

Electrochemical cells (electrolysers, batteries and fuel cells) require separators, which allow a flow of specific ionic charges but prevent the transfer of chemical species which remain located either in the cathodic or in the anodic compartment. Among the various separators of electrochemical cells, the ion permeable organic membranes are also used for separation processes such as dialysis and electrodialysis.

Ion permeable organic membranes are polymer films made from ion exchange material. Their thickness is between 50 and 200 um. The polymeric matrix contains fixed ionic groups (the functional sites) the charges of which are compensated by mobile ions (the counter-ions) which can be exchanged with adjoining media. In contact with an aqueous electrolyte solution, ion permeable membranes contain also water and sorbed electrolytes. Monofunctional membranes are ion permselective. The fixed sites of cation permeable membranes are sulphonic or carboxylic groups; those of anion permeable membranes are amine or quaternary ammonium groups.

Among the cation permeable membranes, the perfluorinated membranes which have been developed as separators for fuel cells and chlor-alkali electrolysers show the characteristic features of superselectivity, very high thermal stability and chemical resistance, which are not obtained by the other classes of polymeric ion permeable membranes. Three commercial forms of cation permeable perfluorinated membranes have been proposed: