Abiad, Abdul, Detragiache, Enrica, and Tressel, Thierry. 2010. “A new database of financial reforms.” IMF Staff Papers 57(2): 281–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James. 2001. “The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation.” American Economic Review 91(5): 1369–1401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, and Robinson, James. 2002. “Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4): 1231–1294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Acosta Peña, Brasil Alberto. 2008. “Cambios en la tenencia de la tierra y la productividad del maíz en México.” Revista Mexicana de Economía Agrícola y de los Recursos Naturales 1(1): 57–68.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2013. “Vote buying with multiple distributive goods.” Comparative Political Studies 46(9): 1082–1111.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2015a. Autocracy and Redistribution: The Politics of Land Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2015b. “The role of subnational politicians in distributive politics: Political bias in Venezuela’s land reform under Chávez.” Comparative Political Studies 48(13): 1667–1710.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2015c. “Explaining patterns of redistribution under autocracy: The case of Peru’s revolution from above.” Latin American Research Review 50(2): 107–134.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2017. “Landowners and democracy: The social origins of democracy reconsidered.” World Politics 69(2): 233–276.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2019. “The effect of commodity price shocks on public lands distribution: Evidence from Colombia.” World Development 113: 294–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2020. “Land reform and civil conflict: Theory and evidence from Peru.” American Journal of Political Science 64(2): 256–274.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael, Magaloni, Beatriz, Weingast, Barry, and Diaz-Cayeros, Alberto. 2016. “Authoritarian survival and poverty traps: Land reform in Mexico.” World Development 77: 154–170.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael and Kaplan, Oliver. 2013. “Land reform as a counterinsurgency policy: Evidence from Colombia.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57(2): 198–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albertus, Michael, Brambor, Thomas, and Ceneviva, Ricardo. 2018. “Land inequality and rural unrest: Theory and evidence from Brazil.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(3): 557–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Albertus, Michael and Menaldo, Victor. 2018. Authoritarianism and the Elite Origins of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto and Rodrik, Dani. 1994. “Distributive politics and economic growth.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109: 465–490.Google Scholar

Alexander, Robert. 2007. History of Organized Labor in Peru and Ecuador. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar

Alston, Lee, Libecap, Gary, and Schneider, Robert. 1996. “The determinants and impact of property rights: Land titles on the Brazilian frontier.” The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 12(1): 25–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alston, Lee, Libecap, Gary, and Mueller, Bernardo. 1999. Titles, Conflict, and Land Use. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alvarez, José. 2004. Cuba’s Agricultural Sector. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.Google Scholar

Anderson, Leslie. 1990. “Alternative action in Costa Rica: Peasants as positive participants.” Journal of Latin American Studies 22 (1–2): 89–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, Kym and Valenzuela., E 2008. Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives, 1955 to 2007. Washington, DC: World Bank, Dataset available at www.worldbank.org/agdistortions.Google Scholar

Ansell, Ben and Samuels, David. 2014. Inequality and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Arce, Moisés. 2014. Resource Extraction and Protest in Peru. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Arriola, Carlos. 1976. “Los grupos empresariales frente al Estado (1973–1975).” Foro internacional 16(4): 449–495.Google Scholar

Ashton, Basil, Hill, Kenneth, Piazza, Alan, and Zeitz., Robin 1984. “Famine in China, 1958–61.” Population and Development Review 10(4): 613–645.Google Scholar

Astorga, Enrique. 1985. Mercado de trabajo rural en México. Mexico, DF: Ediciones Era.Google Scholar

Auerbach, Adam, LeBas, Adrienne, Post, Aliso, and Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2018. “State, society, and informality in cities of the Global South.” Studies in Comparative International Development 53(3): 261–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baer, Werner. 1972. “Import substitution and industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and interpretations.” Latin American Research Review 7(1): 95–122.Google Scholar

Bai, Chong‐En, Lu, Jiangyong, and Tao, Zhigang. 2006. “Property rights protection and access to bank loans: Evidence from private enterprises in China.” Economics of transition 14(4): 611–628.Google Scholar

Baland, Jean Marie and Robinson, James. 2008. “Land and power: Theory and evidence from Chile.” American Economic Review 98(5): 1737–65.Google Scholar

Bandeira, Pablo, Sumpsi, José María, and Falconi, Cesar. 2010. “Evaluating land administration systems: A comparative method with an application to Peru and Honduras.” Land Use Policy 27(2): 351–363.Google Scholar

Barbier, Edward. 2010. Scarcity and Frontiers. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Barnett, A. Doak. 1953. “China’s road to collectivization.” Journal of Farm Economics 35(2): 188–202.Google Scholar

Barraclough, Solon, ed. 1973. Agrarian Structure in Latin America. Lexington: D.C. Heath.Google Scholar

Barreto, António. 1987. Anatomia de uma Revolução: A reforma agrária em Portugal 1974–1976. Mem Martins: Publicaçōes Europa-América.Google Scholar

Bartra, Roger. 1993. Agrarian Structure and Political Power in Mexico. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Barzel, Yoram. 1997. Economic Analysis of Property Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Baten, Joerg and Juif, Dácil. 2014. “A story of large landowners and math skills: Inequality and human capital formation in long-run development, 1820–2000.” Journal of Comparative Economics 42(2): 375–401.Google Scholar

Bates, Robert. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Bates, Robert. 1989. Beyond the Miracle of the Market: The Political Economy of Agrarian Development in Kenya. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Becker, Lawrence. 1977. Property Rights: Philosophic Foundations. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Becker, Jasper. 1998. Hungry Ghosts: Mao’s Secret Famine. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar

Berg, Ronald. 1992. “Peasant responses to Shining Path in Andahuaylas.” In Palmer, David Scott, ed., The Shining Path of Peru, pp. 83–104. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Bermeo, Nancy. 1986. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers’ Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Berry, Albert, and Cline, William. 1979. Agrarian Structure and Productivity in Developing Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Besley, Timothy and Burgess, Robin. 2000. “Land reform, poverty reduction, and growth: Evidence from India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 115 (2): 389–430.Google Scholar

Besley, Timothy and Persson, Torsten. 2009. “The origins of state capacity: Property rights, taxation, and politics.” American Economic Review 99(4): 1218–44.Google Scholar

Bhattacharya, Prasad and Ulubasoglu, Mehmet. 2010. “How do legal systems affect land distribution? A long-run disaggregated analysis.” Working paper.Google Scholar

Bhattacharya, Prasad, Mitra, Devashish, and Mehmet, Ulubaşoğlu. 2019. “The political economy of land reform enactments: New cross-national evidence (1900–2010).” Journal of Development Economics 139: 50–68.Google Scholar

Binswanger-Mkhize, Hans, Bourguignon, Camille, and van den Brink, Rogier, eds. 2009. Agricultural Land Redistribution: Toward Greater Consensus. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.Google Scholar

Bird, Richard Miller and Slack, Naomi Enid, eds. 2004. International Handbook of Land and Property Taxation. Northampton, Mass: Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boix, Carles, Miller, Michael, and Rosato, Sebastian. 2013. “A complete data set of political regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46(12): 1523–1554.Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 2014. Property and Political Order: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine. 2018. “Shifting visions of property under competing political regimes: Changing uses of Côte d’Ivoire’s 1998 Land Law.” Journal of Modern African Studies 56(2): 189–216.Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine, Dyzenhaus, Alex, Manji, Ambreena, Gateri, Catherine, Ouma, Seth, Owino, James Kabugu, Gargule, Achiba, and Klopp, Jacqueline. 2019a. “Land law reform in Kenya: Devolution, veto players, and the limits of an institutional fix.” African Affairs 118(471): 215–237.Google Scholar

Boone, Catherine, Bado, Arsene Brice, Dion, Aristide Mah, and Irigo, Zibo. 2019b. “Regional dynamics and complexities of land certification in Côte d’Ivoire.” London School of Economics. 9/27/2019. Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2019/09/27/regional-dynamics-and-complexities-of-land-certification-in-cote-divoire/.Google Scholar

Booth, John. 2007. “Political parties in Costa Rica: Democratic stability and party system change in a Latin American context.” In Paul, Webb, and White, Stephen, eds., Party Politics in New Democracies, pp. 305–344. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Borras Jr, Saturnino and Franco, Jennifer. 2012. “Global land grabbing and trajectories of agrarian change: A preliminary analysis.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12(1): 34–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boserup, Ester. 1965. The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of agrarian change under population pressure. New Brunswick, NJ: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bottazzi, Patrick and Rist, Stephan. 2012. “Changing land rights means changing society: The sociopolitical effects of agrarian reforms under the government of Evo Morales.” Journal of Agrarian Change 12(4): 528–551.Google Scholar

Bowles, Samuel. 1971. “Cuban education and the revolutionary ideology.” Harvard Educational Review 41 (November): 472–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brasselle, Anne-Sophie, Gaspart, Frederic, and Platteau, Jean-Philippe. 2002. “Land tenure security and investment incentives: Puzzling evidence from Burkina Faso.” Journal of Development Economics 67(2): 373–418.Google Scholar

Bromley, Daniel. 1989. Economic Interests and Institutions: The Conceptual Foundations of Public Policy. New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar

Bromley, Daniel, Mckean, Margaret, Gilles, Jere, Oakerson, Ronald, and Runge, Fordcoed. 1992. Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.Google Scholar

Bruno, Regina Angela Landim. 2003. “Nova República: A violència patronal rural como prática de classe.” Sociologias 10 (July/December): 284–310.Google Scholar

Bucheli, Marcelo. 2008. “Multinational corporations, totalitarian regimes and economic nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899–1975.” Business History 50(4): 433–454.Google Scholar

Bunker, Stephen. 1988. Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Caballero, José María. 1981. “From Belaúnde to Belaúnde: Peru’s Military Experiment in Third-Roadism.” Cambridge: Centre of Latin American Studies, Cambridge University. Working Paper no. 36.Google Scholar

Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. 1978. “Agrarian structures and recent rural movements in Portugal.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 5(4): 411–445.Google Scholar

Calonico, Sebastian, Cattaneo, Matias, and Titiunik, Rocío. 2014. “Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression‐discontinuity designs.” Econometrica 82(6): 2295–2326.Google Scholar

Cant, Anna. 2012. “‘Land for those who work It’: A visual analysis of Agrarian reform posters in Velasco’s Peru.” Journal of Latin American Studies 44(1): 1–37.Google Scholar

Cantuarias, Fernando and Delgado, Miguel. 2004. “Peru’s urban land titling program.” Paper presented at conference entitled “Scaling up poverty reduction: A global learning process and Conference.” Shanghai, May 25–27. 2004.Google Scholar

Cardoso, António Lopes. 1977. Luta Pela Reforma Agraria. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte.Google Scholar

Carter, David and Signorino, Curtis. 2010. “Back to the future: Modeling time dependence in binary data.” Political Analysis 18(3): 271–292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carter, Michael and Alvarez, Elena. 1989. “Changing paths: The decollectivization of Agrarian reform agriculture in coastal Peru.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed., Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 156–87. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Casanova, Pablo Gonzalez. 1965. “Internal colonialism and national development.” Studies in Comparative International Development 1(4): 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casanova, Pablo González. 1985. Historia Politica de los Campesinos Latinoamericanos, Vol. 2. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la U.N.A.M.Google Scholar

Cattaneo, Matias, Idrobo, Nicolas, and Titiunik, Rocío. 2018. A Practical Introduction to Regression Discontinuity Designs. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

CEPAL. 1986. Antecentes Estadísticas de la Distribución del Ingreso, Costa Rica, 1958–1982. United Nations: Santiago.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi and Nordhaus, William. 2011. “Using luminosity data as a proxy for economic statistics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(21): 8589–8594.Google Scholar

Chilcote, Ronald. 2012. The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Cinnirella, Francesco and Hornung, Erik. 2016. “Landownership concentration and the expansion of education.” Journal of Development Economics 121: 135–152.Google Scholar

Cho, Chae-hong. 1964. Post-1945 land reforms and their consequences in South Korea. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar

Cleaves, Peter and Scurrah, Martin. 1980. Agriculture, Bureaucracy, and Military Government in Peru. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Coatsworth, John. 2008. “Inequality, institutions and economic growth in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 40(3): 545–569.Google Scholar

Cockburn, Julio Calderón. 1987. “Luchas por la tierra, contradicciones sociales y sistema político: El caso de las zonas ejidales y comunales en la ciudad de México (1980–1984).” Estudios demográficos y urbanos 2(2): 301–324.Google Scholar

Colburn, Forrest. 1993. “Exceptions to urban bias in Latin America: Cuba and Costa Rica.” Journal of Development Studies 29(4): 60.Google Scholar

Collier, David. 1976. Squatters and Oligarchs: Authoritarian Rule and Policy Change in Peru. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación (CVR). 2004. Informe Final. Lima, Peru. www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/.Google Scholar

Commons, John. 1968. Legal Foundations of Capitalism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Consejo Nacional de Reforma Agraria (CNRA). 1987. Reorientación de la Reforma Agraria. La Paz: CNRA.Google Scholar

Coppedge, Michael. 2000. “Venezuelan parties and the representation of elite interests.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed., Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America, pp. 110–36. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Corrales, Javier and Penfold-Becerra, Michael. 2011. Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar

Corvalán, Javier. 2006. “Educación para la población rural en siete países de América Latina. Síntesis y análisis global de resultados por países.” Revista colombiana de educación 51: 40–79.Google Scholar

Crabtree, John. 2002. “The impact of neo-liberal economics on Peruvian peasant agriculture in the 1990s.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 29(3–4): 131–161.Google Scholar

Cui, Ernan, Tao, Ran, Warner, Travis, and Yang, Dali. 2015. “How do land takings affect political trust in rural China?” Political Studies 63: 91–109.Google Scholar

D’Arcy, Michelle and Nistotskaya, Marina. 2017. “State first, then democracy: Using cadastral records to explain governmental performance in public goods provision.” Governance 30(2): 193–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, Diane. 1994. Urban Leviathan: Mexico City in the Twentieth Century. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

de Almeida, Maria Pires, Antónia. 2016. “The agrarian reform under the Portuguese revolution, 1974–76: Its roots and reversal.” Studies in People’s History 3(2): 185–196.Google Scholar

de Almeida, Maria Pires, Antónia. 2007. “Memory and trauma of the Portuguese agrarian reform: A case study.” Portuguese Journal of Social Science 6(2): 63–76.Google Scholar

de Barros, Afonso. 1979. A Reforma Agrária em Portugal: Das Ocupaçōes de terras à formação das novas unidades de produção. Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência.Google Scholar

de Barros, Afonso. 1980. “Portuguese agrarian reform and economic and social development.” Sociologia ruralis 20(1–2): 82–96.Google Scholar

de Celis, Emma Rubin. 1977. Las CAPS de Piura y sus contradicciones. Piura: CIPCA.Google Scholar

de Ita, Ana. 2006. “Land concentration in Mexico after PROCEDE.” In Rosset, Peter, Patel, Raj, Courville, Michael, eds., Promised Land: Competing Visions of Agrarian Reform, pp. 148–164. Oakland, CA: Food First Books.Google Scholar

De Janvry, Alain. 1981 . The Agrarian Question and Reformism in Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

De Janvry, Alain, Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco, and Sadoulet, Elisabeth. 2014. “Are land reforms granting complete property rights politically risky? Electoral outcomes of Mexico’s certification program.” Journal of Development Economics 110: 216–225.Google Scholar

de Janvry, Alain, Emerick, Kyle, Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco, and Sadoulet, Elisabeth. 2015. “Delinking land rights from land use: Certification and migration in Mexico.” American Economic Review 105(10): 3125–3149.Google Scholar

De Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Deere, Carmen. 1992. “Markets, markets everywhere? Understanding the Cuban anomoly.” World Development 20: 825–839.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus. 2003. Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. Washington DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus, et al. 2004. Land Policy Research Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus, Ali, Daniel Ayalew, and Yamano, Takashi. 2008. “Legal knowledge and economic development: The case of land rights in Uganda.” Land Economics 84(4): 593–619.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus, and Bresciani, Fabrizio. 2001. Mexico’s Second Agrarian Reform: Implementation and Impact. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus and Bresciani, Fabrizio. 2009. Mexico’s “Second Agrarian Reform”: Implementation and Impact. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar

Deininger, Klaus, Jin, Songqing, Liu, Shouying, and Xia, Fang. 2019. “Property rights reform to support China’s rural–urban integration: household‐level evidence from the Chengdu experiment.” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 59: 1–25.Google Scholar

Delahaye, Olivier. 2003. La Privatización de la Tierra Agrícola en Venezuela, desde Cristóbal Colón: La Titulación (1492–2001). Caracas: Fondo Editorial Tropykos.Google Scholar

Dell, Melissa. 2010. “The persistent effects of Peru’s mining mita.” Econometrica 78(6): 1863–1903.Google Scholar

Demsetz, Harold. 1967. “Toward a theory of property rights.” American Economic Review 57(2): 347–359.Google Scholar

Dincecco, Mark. 2017. State Capacity and Economic Development: Present and Past. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Do, Quy-Toan and Iyer, Lakshmi. 2008. “Land titling and rural transition in Vietnam.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 56(3): 531–579.Google Scholar

Domínguez, Jorge. 1978. Cuba: Order and Revolution. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Domínguez Rascón, Alonso. 2003. La política de reforma agraria en Chihuahua, 1920–1924. México: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Plaza y Valdés.Google Scholar

Doner, Richard, Ritchie, Bryan, and Slater, Dan. 2005. “Systemic vulnerability and the origins of developmental states: Northeast and Southeast Asia in comparative perspective.” International Organization 59(2): 327–361.Google Scholar

Dong, Yingying, Lee, Ying-Ying, and Michael Gou, . 2018. “Regression discontinuity designs with a continuous treatment.” Unpublished ms., UC Irvine. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3167541.Google Scholar

Drain, Michel. 1982. Occupations de Terres et Expropriations dans les Campagnes Portugaises. Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar

Dugas, John. 2000. “The Conservative Party and the crisis of political legitimacy in Colombia.” In Middlebrook, Kevin, ed. Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America. pp. 80–109. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Echevarría, Julio Anibal. 1978. A Development Programming Model for the Peruvian Agricultural Sector. PhD Dissertation, Iowa State University.Google Scholar

Eckstein, Salomón. 1968. El Marco Macroeconómico del Problema Agrario Mexicano. Mexico: Centro de Investigaciones Agrarias.Google Scholar

Eckstein, Susan. 1982. “The impact of revolution on social welfare in Latin America.” Theory and Society 11(1): 43–94.Google Scholar

Edelman, Marc. 1992. The Logic of the Latifundio: The Large Estates of Northwestern Costa Rica since the Late Nineteenth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Edelman, Marc. 1999. Peasants against Globalization: Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Edelman, Marc. 2008. “Transnational organizing in agrarian Central America: Histories, challenges, prospects.” Journal of Agrarian Change 8 (2/3): 229–57.Google Scholar

El-Ghonemy, Mohamad Riad. 1992. The Political Economy of Rural Poverty: The Case for Land Reform. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Elbers, Chris, Lanjouw, Jean, and Lanjouw, Peter. 2003. “Micro-level estimation of poverty and inequality.” Econometrica 71(1),355–364.Google Scholar

Ellickson, Robert. 1993. “Property in Land.” Yale Law Journal 102(6): 1315–1400.Google Scholar

Ellis, Frank. 1983. Las transnacionales del banano en Centroamérica. San José, Costa Rica: FLACSO.Google Scholar

Ellis, Frank. 1992. Agricultural Policies in Developing Countries. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ellner, Steve. 2020. “Class strategies in Chavista Venezuela: Pragmatic and populist policies in a broader context.” In Ellner, Steve, ed., Latin America’s Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings, pp. 163–192. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Encinas, Alejandro and Fernando, Rascón. 1983. Reporte y cronología del movimiento campesino e indígena. Vol. 5. México: Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo.Google Scholar

Engerman, Stanley and Sokoloff, Kenneth. 2002. “Factor endowments, inequality, and paths of development among new world economics.” Economia 3(1): 41–88.Google Scholar

Esquivel, Gerardo. 2011. “The dynamics of income inequality in Mexico since NAFTA.” Economía 12(1): 155–188.Google Scholar

Esteva, Gustavo. 1980. La batalla en el México rural. México: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar

FAO, IFAD, UNCTAD and the World Bank Group. 2010. “Principles for responsible agricultural investment that respects rights, livelihoods and resources.” Discussion Note, 25 January 2010.Google Scholar

Fausto, Jordán. 2004. “Reforma Agraria en el Ecuador.” In Vega, John Vargas, ed., Proceso agrario en Bolivia y América Latina, pp. 285–320. La Paz: Plural editores.Google Scholar

Feder, Gershon and Feeny, David. 1991.“Land tenure and property rights: Theory and implications for development policy.” World Bank Economic Review 5(1): 135–153.Google Scholar

Feeny, David. 1988. “The development of property rights in land: A comparative study.” In Bates, Robert, ed., Toward a Political Economy of Development, pp. 272–299. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Feeny, David, Berkes, Fikret, McCay, Bonnie, and Acheson, James. 1990. “The tragedy of the commons: Twenty-two years later.” Human Ecology 18(1): 1–19.Google Scholar

Felix, David. 1977. “Income inequality in Mexico.” Current History (pre-1986) 72(000425): 111–116.Google Scholar

Fergusson, Leopoldo. 2013. “The political economy of rural property rights and the persistence of the dual economy.” Journal of Development Economics 103: 167–181.Google Scholar

Fernandes, Blasco Hugo. 1973. Portugal atraves de alguns numeros. Lisbon: Prelo Press.Google Scholar

Fernández, Angel and González, Alberto, eds. 1990. La reforma agraria peruana: 20 años después. Chiclayo, Perú: Centro de Estudios Sociales Solidaridad.Google Scholar

Fernández y Fernández, Ramón. 1964. Notas sobre la reforma agraria mexicana. Serie Monografías No. 2, Centro de Economía Agrícola, Escuela Nacional de Agricultura. Mexico, D.F.Google Scholar

Ferreira, Hugo Gil and Marshall, Michael. 1986. Portugal’s Revolution: Ten Years On. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Fields, Gary. 1988. “Employment and economic growth in Costa Rica.” World Development 16(12): 1493–1509.Google Scholar

Findley, Roger. 1972. “Ten years of land reform in Colombia.” Wisconsin Law Review 3: 880–923.Google Scholar

Firmin-Sellers, Kathryn and Sellers, Patrick. 1999. “Expected failures and unexpected successes of land titling in Africa.” World Development 27(7): 1115–1128.Google Scholar

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 1981. 1970 World Census of Agriculture: Analysis and International Comparison of the Results. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.Google Scholar

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2000. Irrigation in Latin American and the Caribbean in Figures. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization.Google Scholar

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2000b. “Peru.” In Agriculture, Trade, and Food Security. Vol. 2: Country Case Studies. Geneva: Commodities and Trade Division (FAO).Google Scholar

Forster, Nancy. 1981. “Cuban agricultural productivity: A comparison of state and private farm sectors.” Cuban Studies 11(2): 105.Google Scholar

Fort, Ricardo. 2008. “Assessing the impact of rural titling in Peru: The case of the PETT program.” Paper presented at World Bank Conference on New Challenges for Land Policy and Administration, 14–15 February, 2008, Washington D.C.Google Scholar

Frank, André Gunder. 1969. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar

Frymer, Paul. 2014. “‘A rush and a push and the land is ours’: Territorial expansion, land policy, and US state formation.” Perspectives on Politics 12(1): 119–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fu, Teng Margaret. 2005. “Unequal primary education opportunities in rural and urban China.” China Perspectives 60: 1–9.Google Scholar

Galiani, Sebastian and Schargrodsky, Ernesto. 2010. “Property rights for the poor: Effects of land titling.” Journal of Public Economics 94(9–10): 700–729.Google Scholar

Gall, Norman. 1971. “Peru: The master is dead.” Dissent 18: 281–320.Google Scholar

Galor, Oded, Moav, Omer, and Vollrath, Dietrich. 2009. “Inequality in landownership, the emergence of human-capital promoting institutions, and the great divergence.” Review of Economic Studies 76: 143–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

García, Antonio. 1970. “Perú: Una reforma agraria radical.” Revista de Comercio Exterior 5: 390–93.Google Scholar

Garrido, José, ed. 1988. Historia de la Reforma Agraria en Chile. Santiago: Editorial Universitaria.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara, Wright, Joseph, and Frantz, Erica. 2014. “Autocratic breakdown and regime transitions: A new data set.” Perspectives on Politics 12(2): 313–331.Google Scholar

Ghai, Dharam, Kay, Cristóbal, and Peek, Peter. 1988. Labour and Development in Rural Cuba. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Gil, Margarita F. 1999. Security of Land Ownership in the Dominican Republic: A Legal and Historical Analysis. PhD Dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison.Google Scholar

Gilbert, Dennis. 2017. The Oligarchy and the Old Regime in Latin America, 1880–1970. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Gill, Anthony. 1998. Rendering unto Caesar: The Catholic Church and the State in Latin America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Giugale, Marcelo, Newman, John, and Fretes-Cibils, Vicente. 2007. An Opportunity for a Different Peru: Prosperous, Equitable, and Governable. Washington D.C: World Bank.Google Scholar

Glavin, Guro, Stokke, Kristian, and Wiig, Henrik. 2013. “The impact of women’s mobilisation: Civil society organisations and the implementation of land titling in Peru.” Forum for Development Studies 40(1): 129–152.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede and Ward, Michael. 2006. “Diffusion and the international context of democratization.” International Organization 60(4): 911–933.Google Scholar

Göbel, Christian and Ong, Lynette. 2012. “Social unrest in China.” Europe China Research and Academic Network. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2173073Google Scholar

Goldstein, Markus and Udry, Christopher. 2008. “The profits of power: Land rights and agricultural investment in Ghana.” Journal of Political Economy 116(6): 981–1022.Google Scholar

Goodman, David and Redclift, Michael. 1982. From Peasant to Proletarian: Capitalist Development and Agrarian Transitions. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Gooneratne, Wilbert and Samad, M. 1979. “Experiences of group production in Sri Lanka.” In Wong, John, ed., Group Farming in Asia: Experiences and Potentials. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar

Gordillo, Gustavo, de Janvry, Alain, and Sadoulet, Elisabeth. 1998. “Between political control and efficiency gains: The evolution of agrarian property rights in Mexico.” Cepal Review 66: 151–169.Google Scholar

Graham, Lawrence and Wheeler, Douglas, eds. 1983. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution & Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Greenhalgh, Susan. 2008. Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Griffin, Charles. 1949. “Economic and social aspects of the era of Spanish-American independence.” The Hispanic American Historical Review 29(2): 170–187.Google Scholar

Grindle, Merilee. 1986. State and Countryside: Development Policy and Agrarian Politics in Latin America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Haber, Stephen. 2002. Crony Capitalism and Economic Growth in Latin America: Theory and Evidence. Stanford, CA: Hoover Press.Google Scholar

Haber, Stephen, Razo, Armando, and Maurer, Noel. 2003. The Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876–1929. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan. 1990. Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert. 1995. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert. 2008. Development, Democracy, and Welfare States: Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Hall, Linda. 1995. Oil, Banks, and Politics: The United States and Postrevolutionary Mexico, 1917–1924. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Hao, Lingxin, Alfred, Hu and Jamie, Lo. 2014. “Two aspects of the rural–urban divide and educational stratification in China: A trajectory analysis.” Comparative Education Review 58(3): 509–536.Google Scholar

Handelman, Howard. 1980. “Ecuadorian agrarian reform: The politics of limited change.” Reports, American Universities Field Staff No. 49.Google Scholar

Jr. Haney, Emil and Haney, Wava. 1987. “Transformation of the agrarian structure in Ecuador with specific reference to the province of Chimborazo.” Land Tenure Center Research Paper 86: 1–130.Google Scholar

Hansing, Katrin. 2017. “Race and inequality in the New Cuba: Reasons, dynamics, and manifestations.” Social Research 84(2): 331–349.Google Scholar

Henisz, Witold. 2002. “The institutional environment for infrastructure investment.” Industrial and Corporate Change 11(2): 355–389.Google Scholar

Henry, James. 2003. The Blood Bankers: Tales from the Global Underground Economy. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Hetherington, Kregg. 2009. “Privatizing the private in rural Paraguay: Precarious lots and the materiality of rights.” American Ethnologist 36(2): 224–241.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert. 1968. “The political economy of import-substituting industrialization in Latin America.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 82(1): 1–32.Google Scholar

Hirschman, Albert. 1973. Journeys Toward Progress: Studies of Economic Policy-making in Latin America. New York: WW Norton.Google Scholar

Ho, Peter. 2001. “Who owns China’s land? Policies, property rights and deliberate institutional ambiguity.” China Quarterly 166: 394–421.Google Scholar

Ho, Peter. 2005. Institutions in Transition: Land Ownership, Property Rights, and Social Conflict in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Holland, Alisha. 2017. Forbearance as Redistribution: The Politics of Informal Welfare in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Honig, Lauren. 2017. “Selecting the state or choosing the chief? The political determinants of smallholder land titling.” World Development 100: 94–107.Google Scholar

Hou, Yue. 2019. The Private Sector in Public Office: Selective Property Rights in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huang, Yiping. 1998. Agricultural Reform in China: Getting Institutions Right. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huber, Evelyne and Safford, Frank, eds. 1995. Agrarian Structure Political Power: Landlord and Peasant In The Making Of Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Huber, Evelyne, Stephens, John, Mustillo, Thomas, and Pribble, Jennifer. 2012. Latin America and the Caribbean Political Dataset, 1945–2008. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.Google Scholar

Hunefeldt, Christine. 2014. A Brief History of Peru. New York: Lexington Associates.Google Scholar

Hunefeldt, Christine. 1997. “The rural landscape and changing political awareness: Enterprises, agrarian producers and peasant communities, 1969–1994.” In Cameron, Maxwell and Mauceri, Philip. eds., The Peruvian Labyrinth: Polity, Society, Economy, pp. 107–133. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel. 1968. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hurst, Willard. 1964. Law and Economic Growth: The Legal History of the Lumber Industry in Wisconsin, 1836–1915. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ibarra Mendivil, Julio. 1989. Propiedad Agraria y Sistema Político en Mexico. Mexico: M.A. Porrúa.Google Scholar

International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). 2001. “Assets and the rural poor.” In Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Imbens, Guido and Lemieux, Thomas. 2008. “Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice.” Journal of Econometrics 142: 615–635.Google Scholar

Janowitz, Morris. 1977. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, Chalmers. 1962. Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Kaimowitz, David. 1989. “The role of decentralization in the recent Nicaraguan agrarian reform.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed. Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 384–407. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Kain, Roger and Baigent, Elizabeth. 1992. The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kammann, Peter. 1982. Movimientos campesinos en el Peru: 1900–1968. Lima: Universidad Mayor de San Marcos.Google Scholar

Kapstein, Ethan. 2017. Seeds of Stability: Land Reform and US Foreign Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kay, Cristobal. 1974. “Comparative development of the European manorial system and the Latin American hacienda system.” Journal of Peasant Studies 2(1): 69–98.Google Scholar

Kay, Cristóbal. 1985. “Achievements and contradictions of the Peruvian agrarian reform.” Journal of Development Studies 18(2):141–70.Google Scholar

Kay, Cristóbal. 1998. “Latin America’s agrarian reform: Lights and shadows.” Land Reform 2: 8–31.Google Scholar

Kearney, Michael. 1996. Reconceptualizing the Peasantry: Anthropology in Global Perspective. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Keele, Luke and Titiunik, Rocío. 2015. “Geographic boundaries as regression discontinuities.” Political Analysis 23: 127–155.Google Scholar

Keswell, Malcolm and Carter, Michael. 2014. “Poverty and land redistribution.” Journal of Development Economics 110: 250–261.Google Scholar

King, Russell. 1978. “Shifting progress in Portugal’s land reform.” Geography: Journal of the Geographical Association 63(2): 118–119.Google Scholar

Klaus, Kathleen. 2020. Political Violence in Kenya: Land, Elections, and Claim-Making. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth. 2006. Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia: The Rural Settlement of Refugees 1922–1930. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kopas, Jacob. 2020. Legitimizing the State or a Grievance? Property Rights and Political Engagement. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Kourí, Emilio. 2015. “La invención del ejido.” Nexos 37(445): 54–61, January 2015.Google Scholar

Kraus, Richard. 1981. Class Conflict in Chinese Socialism. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Kruijt, Dirk. 1994. Revolution by Decree: Peru 1968-1975. Amsterdam: Thela Publishers.Google Scholar

Kung, James Kai-Sing and Chen, Shuo. 2011. “The tragedy of the nomenklatura: Career incentives and political radicalism during China’s Great Leap famine.” American Political Science Review 105(1): 27–45.Google Scholar

Labarca, José Tomás. 2016. “Cooperativas Y Estado Subsidiario En El Chile Posdictadura, 1990–2015.” Revista Idelcoop 218: 135–53.Google Scholar

Ladejinsky, Wolf. 1977. The Collected Papers of Wolf Ladejinsky. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lamartine Yates, Paul. 1981. Mexico’s Agricultural Dilemma. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar

Landesa, . 2012. “Findings from Landesa’s survey of rural China published” [online]. Landesa. Available from: www.landesa.org/news/6th-china-surveyGoogle Scholar

Lapp, Nancy. 2004. Landing Votes. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Larreguy, Horacio, Marshall, John, and Trucco, Laura. 2018. “Breaking clientelism or rewarding incumbents? Evidence from an urban titling program in Mexico.” Working paper, Harvard University.Google Scholar

Larson, Bruce and Bromley, Daniel. 1990. “Property rights, externalities, and resource degradation: Locating the tragedy.” Journal of Development Economics 33(2): 235–262.Google Scholar

Lastarria-Cornhiel, Susana. 1989. “Agrarian reforms of the 1960s and 1970s in Peru.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed., Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 156–87. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

LeGrand, Catherine. 1986. Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Colombia, 1850–1936. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar

Lehmann, David. 1986. “Two paths of agrarian capitalism, or a critique of Chayanovian Marxism.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 28(4): 601–27.Google Scholar

Lenin, Vladimir. 1964 [1899]. The Development of Capitalism in Russia. Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar

Levi, Margaret. 1989. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Lewis, Paul. 1980. Paraguay under Stroessner. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Li, Huaiyin. 2018. “Institutions and work incentives in collective farming in Maoist China.” Journal of Agrarian Change 18(1): 67–86.Google Scholar

Li, Wei, and Yang, Dennis Tao. 2005. “The Great Leap Forward: Anatomy of a central planning disaster.” Journal of Political Economy 113(4): 840–877.Google Scholar

Li, Xiubin. 2011. “Farmland grabs by urban sprawl and their impacts on peasants’ livelihood in China: An overview.” Paper presented at the Global Land Grabbing, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.Google Scholar

Libecap, Gary. 1978. “Economic variables and the development of the law: The case of western mineral rights.” The Journal of Economic History 38(2): 338–362.Google Scholar

Libecap, Gary. 1993. Contracting for Property Rights. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Libecap, Gary and Smith, James. 2002. “The economic evolution of petroleum property rights in the United States.” Journal of Legal Studies 31(S2): S589-S608.Google Scholar

Lin, Justin Yifu. 1990. “Collectivization and China’s agricultural crisis in 1959–1961.” Journal of Political Economy 98(6): 1228–1252.Google Scholar

Lipton, Michael. 1977. Why Poor People Stay Poor: A Study of Urban Bias in World Development. London: Temple Smith.Google Scholar

Lipton, Michael. 2009. Land Reform in Developing Countries. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Locher, Uli. 2000. “Are the rural poor better off than the urban poor?” Labour, Capital and Society 33: 108–35.Google Scholar

Lowenthal, Abraham. 1974. “Armies and Politics in Latin America.” World Politics 27 (1): 107–30.Google Scholar

Lucena, Manuel. 1977. “A revolução portuguesa: Do desmantelamento da organização corporativa ao duvidoso fim do corporativismo.” Análise Social 13(51): 541–592.Google Scholar

Machado, Absalón. 1994. Transformaciones en la Estructura Agraria. Bogotá: TM Editores.Google Scholar

Machado, Absalón. 2009. Ensayos para la historia de la política de tierras en Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.Google Scholar

Machovec, Frank. 1995. Perfect Competition and the Transformation of Economics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

MacEwan, Arthur. 1981. Revolution and Economic Development in Cuba. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Mailer, Phil. 1977. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity Press.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott and Aníbal, Pérez-Liñan. 2014. Democracies and Dictatorships in Latin America: Emergence, Survival, and Fall. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mangonnet, Jorge. 2020. Maps of Illegibility: “The politics of land (mis)registration in Brazil.” Working paper, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. 1984. “The autonomous power of the state: Its origins, mechanisms and results.” European Journal of Sociology 25(2): 185–213.Google Scholar

Mares, Isabela. 2015. From Open Secrets to Secret Voting: Democratic Electoral Reforms and Voter Autonomy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mares, Isabela and Queralt, Didac. 2015. “The non-democratic origins of income taxation.” Comparative Political Studies 48(14): 1974–2009.Google Scholar

Marsh, Robin and Runsten, David. 1996. “Del traspatio a la exportación: potencial para la produccion campesina de frutas y hortalizas en Mexico.” In Lara Flores, Sara María and Michelle, Chauvet, eds., La sociedad rural mexicana frente al nuevo milenio, Volumen 1, pp. 167–212. Mexico: Inst. Nacional de Antropología e Historia.Google Scholar

Marx, Karl. 1967 [1867]. Capital. Vols I-III. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar

Mason, David. 1986. “Land reform and the breakdown of clientelist politics in El Salvador.” Comparative Political Studies 18(4): 487–516.Google Scholar

Mason, David. 1998. “‘Take two acres and call me in the morning’: Is land reform a prescription for peasant unrest?” Journal of Politics 60(1): 199–230.Google Scholar

Masterson, Daniel. 1991. Militarism and Politics in Latin America. NY: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Matos Mar, José and Mejía, José Manuel. 1980. La reforma agraria en el Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar

Mattheis, Ross and Raz, Itzchak Tzachi. 2019. “There’s no such thing as free land: The Homestead Act and economic development.” Working paper. Available at: https://scholar.harvard.edu/iraz/publications/homestead-act-and-development-american-westGoogle Scholar

Mattingly, Daniel. 2016. “Elite capture: How decentralization and informal institutions weaken property rights in China.” World Politics 68(3): 383–412.Google Scholar

Mayer, Enrique. 2009. Ugly Stories from the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

McClintock, Cynthia. 1981. Peasant Cooperatives and Political Change in Peru. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

McClintock, Cynthia. 1983. “Velasco, officers, and citizens: The politics of stealth.” In McClintock, Cynthia and Lowenthal, Abraham, eds., The Peruvian Experiment Reconsidered, pp. 275-308. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

McClintock, Cynthia. 1984. “Why peasants rebel: The case of Peru’s Sendero Luminoso.” World Politics 37(1): 48–84.Google Scholar

McElhinny, Vincent. 2006. Inequality And Empowerment: The Political Foundations Of Post-War Decentralization And Development In El Salvador, 1992–2000. PhD Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar

McNamee, Lachlan. 2018. “Mass resettlement and political violence: Evidence from Rwanda.” World Politics 70(4): 595–644.Google Scholar

Mellor, John Williams. 1986. “Agriculture on the road to industrialization.” In Lewis, John and Kallab, Valeriana, eds., Development Strategies Reconsidered, pp. 67–89. New Brunswick: Transaction Books.Google Scholar

Meltzer, Allan and Richard, Scott. 1981. “A rational theory of the size of government.” Journal of Political Economy 89: 914–927.Google Scholar

Meyer, Carrie. 1989. “Agrarian reform in the Dominican Republic: An associative solution to the collective/individual dilemma.” World Development 17(8): 1255–1267.Google Scholar

Meyer, Lorenzo. 1972. Mexico and the United States in the Oil Controversy, 1917–1942. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Migdal, Joel. 1988. Strong Societies and Weak States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Migot-Adholla, Shem, Hazell, Peter, Blarel, Benoit, and Place, Frank. 1991. “Indigenous land rights systems in sub-Saharan Africa: A constraint on productivity?.” The World Bank Economic Review 5(1): 155–175.Google Scholar

Ministerio de Agricultura. 1971a. Modalidad de Adjudicación del Proyecto Integral de Asentamiento Rural Valle Santa. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura.Google Scholar

Ministerio de Agricultura. 1971b. Seminario Nacional de Reform Agraria para Directores de Zonas Agrarias del Ministerio de Agricultura. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura.Google Scholar

Montgomery, John, ed. 1984. International Dimensions of Land Reform. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Moreno, Julio. 1994. Los gremios rurales: Rol de las organizaciones rurales en la década de los noventa. Lima: Fundación Friedrich Ebert.Google Scholar

Morett, Jesús Carlos. 1992. Alternativas de modernización del ejido. México: Instituto de Proposiciones Estratégicas.Google Scholar

Morgan, Lynn. 1990. “International politics and primary health care in Costa Rica.” Social Science & Medicine 30(2): 211–219.Google Scholar

Morley, Samuel. 1995. “Structural adjustment and the determinants of poverty in Latin America,” in Lustig., N, ed., Coping with Austerity: Poverty and Inequality in Latin America, pp. 42–70. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Municipio, de Cayambe. 1970. Cayambe: En la mitad del mundo. Editorial Santo Domingo: Quito, Ecuador.Google Scholar

Muñoz, Jorge. 2017. “VGGT: The global guidelines to secure land rights for all.” World Bank Blogs, October 5, 2017. Available at: https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/vggt-global-guidelines-ensure-secure-land-rights-for-allGoogle Scholar

Muñoz-Mora, Juan Carlos, Tobón, Santiago, and Willem d’Anjou, Jesse. 2018. “The role of land property rights in the war on illicit crops: Evidence from Colombia.” World Development 103: 268–283.Google Scholar

Munzer, Stephen. 1990. A Theory of Property. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

National Land Commission. 1937. Summary Report of the Land Survey in China. Nanjing: National Land Commission.Google Scholar

Netting, Robert. 1976. “What alpine peasants have in common: Observations on communal tenure in a Swiss village.” Human Ecology 4: 135–146.Google Scholar

Netting, Robert. 1981. Balancing on an Alp. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nordlinger, Eric. 1977. Soldiers in Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

North, Douglass. 1981. Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

North, Douglass. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

North, Douglass and Thomas, Robert Paul. 1973. The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Nun, José. 1976. “The middle-class military coup revisited.” In Lowenthal, Abraham, ed., Armies and Politics in Latin America, pp. 49–86. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers.Google Scholar

Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas (ONE). 2018. Anuario Estadístico de Cuba 2017. Havana, Cuba: Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean. 1999. Rural China Takes Off. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Oi, Jean and Walder, Andrew, eds. 1999. Property Rights and Economic Reform in China Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, democracy, and development.” American Political Science Review 87: 567–76.Google Scholar

Onoma, Ato Kwamena. 2009. The Politics of Property Rights Institutions in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor, Schroeder, Larry, and Wynne, Susan. 1993a. “Analyzing the performance of alternative institutional arrangements for sustaining rural infrastructure in developing countries.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 3(1): 11–45.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor, Schroeder, Larry, and Wynne, Susan. 1993b. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development: Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 2003. “How types of goods and property rights jointly affect collective action.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 15(3): 239–270.Google Scholar

Otero, Gerardo. 1989. “Agrarian reform in Mexico: Capitalism and the state.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed., Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 276–304. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Paige, Jeffery. 1975. Agrarian Revolution. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Palacios, Marco. 2006. Between Legitimacy and Violence: A History of Colombia, 1875–2002. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Palma, Isela Ponce, Toral, José Nahed, Parra Vázquez, Manuel Roberto, Fonseca Fuentes, Norge, and Guevara Hernández, Francisco. 2015. “Historical changes in the process of agricultural development in Cuba.” Journal of Cleaner Production 96 (June): 77–84.Google Scholar

Palmer, David Scott. 1986. “Rebellion in rural Peru: The origins and evolution of Sendero Luminoso.” Comparative Politics 18(2): 127–146.Google Scholar

Paré, Luisa. 1977. El proletariado agrícola en México. Mexico City: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar

Pasara, Luis. 2015. “El proceso de Velasco y la organización campesina.” Apuntes: Revista de Ciencias Sociales 8: 59–80.Google Scholar

Payne, Leigh. 1992. Brazilian Business and the Democratic Transition: New Attitudes and Influence. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar

Perkins, Dwight and Yusuf, Shahid. 1984. Rural Development in China. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Huertas, Peña, del Pilar, Rocío, Parada Hernández, María Mónica, and Zuleta Ríos, Santiago. 2014. “La regulación agraria en Colombia o el eterno déjà vu hacia la concentración y el despojo: Un análisis de las normas jurídicas colombianas sobre el agro (1991–2010).” Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos 16(1): 123–167.Google Scholar

Peterson, Glen. 1997. The Power of Words: Literacy and revolution in South China, 1949–95. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar

Picado, Wilson and Silva, Margarita. 2002. De la colonización al desarrollo rural. San José: Instituto de Desarrollo Agrario.Google Scholar

Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Pop-Eleches, Grigore. 2008. From Economic Crisis to Reform: IMF Programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Powelson, John and Stock, Richard. 1990. The Peasant Betrayed: Agriculture and Land Reform in the Third World. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute.Google Scholar

Price, Ronald. 1975. Education in Communist China. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Prosterman, Roy and Riedinger, Jeffrey. 1987. Land Reform and Democratic Development. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Pryor, Frederic. 1992. The Red and the Green: The Rise and Fall of Collectivized Agriculture in Marxist Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam, Alvarez, Michael, Cheibub, Jose Antonio, and Limongi, Fernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Quijano, Anibal. 2000. “Coloniality of power and Eurocentrism in Latin America.” International Sociology 15(2): 215–232.Google Scholar

Radin, Margaret Jane. 1987. “Market-inalienability.” Harvard Law Review 100(8): 1849–1937.Google Scholar

Rajan, Raghuram and Ramcharan, Rodney. 2011. “Land and credit: A study of the political economy of banking in the United States in the early 20th century.” Journal of Finance 66(6): 1895–1931.Google Scholar

Rajan, Raghuram and Zingales, Luigi. 2003. “The great reversals: The politics of financial development in the twentieth century.” Journal of Financial Economics 69(1): 5–50.Google Scholar

Raven, George. 1988. “The development of the Portuguese agrarian reform.” Journal of Rural Studies 4(1): 35–43.Google Scholar

Redclift, M. R. 1978. Agrarian Reform and Peasant Organization on the Ecuadorian Coast. London: Athlone Press.Google Scholar

Restrepo, Juan Camilo and Bernal, M.A.. 2014. La cuestión agraria: Tierra y Posconflicto en Colombia. Bogotá: Penguin, Random House.Google Scholar

Rithmire, Meg. 2015. Land Bargains and Chinese Capitalism: The Politics of Property Rights under Reform. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rithmire, Meg. 2017. “Land institutions and Chinese political economy: Institutional complementarities and macroeconomic management.” Politics & Society 45(1): 123–153.Google Scholar

Rodriguez, Jose. 1987. “Agricultural policy and development in Cuba.” World Development 15 (1): 23–39.Google Scholar

Rodriguez, Adrian and Smith, Stephen. 1994. “A comparison of determinants of urban, rural and farm poverty in Costa Rica.” World Development 22(3): 381–397.Google Scholar

Rodrik, Dani. 1995. “Getting interventions right: How South Korea and Taiwan grew rich.” Economic Policy 10(20): 53–107.Google Scholar

Roney, Jennifer. 2000. Webs of Resistance in a Newly Privatized Polish Firm: Workers React to Organizational Transformation. New York: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar

Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 1985. “Inalienability and the theory of property rights.” Columbia Law Review 85(5): 931–969.Google Scholar

Rottenberg, Simon (ed.). 1993. A World Bank comparative study. Costa Rica and Uruguay – The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Growth. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rozman, Gilbert and Bernstein, Thomas. 1981. The Modernization of China. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, Stephens, Evelyn, and Stephens, John. 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Rutledge, Ian. 1977. “Land reform and the Portuguese revolution.” Journal of Peasant Studies 5(1): 79–98.Google Scholar

Saffon, Maria Paula. 2015. Dispossessions as a Cause of Redistributive Land Claims in 20^th Century Latin America. PhD Dissertation, Columbia University.Google Scholar

Sánchez, Gonzalo. 1991. Guerra y política en la sociedad colombiana. Bogotá: El Áncora Editores.Google Scholar

Sanderson, Susan Walsh. 1984. Land Reform in Mexico: 1910–1980. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Sanderson, Steven. 1986. The Transformation of Mexican Agriculture: International Structure and the Politics of Rural Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Arthur. 1965. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Scott, James. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Selden, Mark. 1979. The People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar

Seligmann, Linda. 1995. Between Reform and Revolution: Political Struggles in the Peruvian Andes, 1969–1991. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Seligson, Mitchell. 1979. “The impact of agrarian reform: A study of Costa Rica.” The Journal of Developing Areas 13(2): 161–74.Google Scholar

Seligson, Mitchell. 1980. Peasants of Costa Rica and the Development of Agrarian Capitalism. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Seligson, Mitchell. 1984. “Implementing land reform: The case of Costa Rica.” Managing International Development 1 (2): 29–46.Google Scholar

Servicio de Investigación y Promoción Agraria (SIPA). 1967. Organización, Funciones, Programación y Metas, Reparticiones y Dependencias. Lima: Ministerio de Agricultura.Google Scholar

Shouying, Liu. 2019. “The structure and changes of China’s land system.” China Agricultural Economic Review 11(3): 471–488.Google Scholar

Siclari, Paula. 2006. “Recolección y selección de información sobre programas de regularización del suelo e informalidad en Chile.” CEPAL, United Nations Documentos de Proyectos, No. 110.Google Scholar

Sikor, Thomas. 2006. “Politics of rural land registration in post-socialist societies: Contested titling in villages of Northwest Vietnam.” Land Use Policy 23(4): 617–628.Google Scholar

Silva, Ligia and Maria, Osório. 1996. Terras Devolutas e Latifúndio. Campinas, Brazil: Centro de Memoria Unicamp.Google Scholar

Silva Herzog, Jesus. 1959. El Agrarismo Mexicano y La Reforma Agraria. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica.Google Scholar

Simmons, Beth. 2009. Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Simpson, Eyler. 1937. The Ejido: Mexico’s Way Out. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan, Smith, Benjamin, and Nair, Gautam. 2014. “Economic origins of democratic breakdown? The redistributive model and the postcolonial state.” Perspectives on Politics 12(2): 353–374.Google Scholar

Smith, Peter. 1979. Labyrinths of Power: Political Recruitment in Twentieth-Century Mexico. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Soifer, Hillel. 2013. “State power and the economic origins of democracy.” Studies in Comparative International Development 48(1): 1–22.Google Scholar

Soifer, Hillel David. 2015. State Building in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Songwe, Vera and Deininger, Klaus. 2009. “Foreign investment in agricultural production: Opportunities and challenges.” Land Policy and Administration 45: 1–4.Google Scholar

Staiger, Douglas and Stock, James. 1997. “Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments.” Econometrica 65(3): 557–586.Google Scholar

Stanfield, J. David. 1989. “Agrarian reform in the Dominican Republic.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed., Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 305–37. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Stark, David. 1996. “Recombinant property in East European capitalism.” American Journal of Sociology 101(4): 993–1027.Google Scholar

Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. 1966. “Social aspects of agrarian structure in Mexico.” Social Research 33(3): 463–485.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 1997. “Democratic accountability and policy change: Economic policy in Fujimori’s Peru.” Comparative Politics 29(2): 209–226.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 2002. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan, Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria. 2013. Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Strasma, John. 1989. “Unfinished business: Consolidating land reform in El Salvador.” In Thiesenhusen, William, ed., Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America, pp. 408–428. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Sun, Wenyu. 1936. Yu E Wan Gan si sheng tu di fen lei zhi yan jiu. Nanjing: Jinling da xue nong ye jing ji xi.Google Scholar

Sun, Shengmin, Lopez, Rigoberto, and Liu, Xiaoou. 2017. “Property rights, labor mobility and collectivization: The impact of institutional changes on China’s agriculture in 1950–1978.” International Review of Economics & Finance 52: 345–351.Google Scholar

Swinnen, Johan. 1999. “The political economy of land reform choices in Central and Eastern Europe.” Economics of Transition 7(3): 637–664.Google Scholar

Tang, Chi-yu. 1924. An Economic Study of Chinese Agriculture. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney. 1994. Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tawney, Richard Henry. 1932. Land and Labour in China. London: George Allen and Unwin Limited.Google Scholar

Taylor, J. Edward, Mora, Jorge, Adams, Richard, and Lopez-Feldman, Alejandro. 2008. “Remittances, inequality and poverty: Evidence from rural Mexico.” In DeWind, Josh and Holdaway, Jennifer, eds., Migration and Development Within and Across Borders, pp. 101–130. New York: Social Science Research Council.Google Scholar

Thelen, Kathleen and Streeck, Wolfgang. 2005. “Introduction: Institutional change in advanced political economies.” In Streeck, Wolfgang and Thelen, Kathleen, eds., Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies, pp. 1–39. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Thiesenhusen, William, ed. 1989. Searching for Agrarian Reform in Latin America. Boston: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Thiesenhusen, William. 1995. Broken Promises: Agrarian Reform and the Latin American Campesino. Boulder: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Thomas, Hugh. 1971. Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Tobler, Hans Werner. 1990. “Los campesinos y la formación del Estado revolucionario, 1910–1940.” In Katz, Friedrich, ed., Revuelta, rebelión, y revolución. México, D.F.: Ediciones Era.Google Scholar

Trocki, Carl. 2006. Singapore: Wealth, Power, and the Culture of Control. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Tsebelis, George. 2002. Veto Players. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Unger, Jonathan. 1985. “The decollectivization of the Chinese countryside: A survey of twenty-eight villages.” Pacific Affairs 58(4): 585–606.Google Scholar

Urioste, Miguel. 2006. “The agrarian revolution of Evo Morales.” Cuarto Intermedio 80.Google Scholar

Van de Walle, Nicolas. 2001. African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Vanhanen, Tatu. 2009. Index of Power Resources. Tampere: Finnish Social Science Data Archive.Google Scholar

Viladeslau, Tomás Palau. 2003. “‘Políticas’ agrarias en el Paraguay: Instrumentos de la discriminación.” NovaPolis 2: 4–23.Google Scholar

Villagómez Ornelas, Paloma. 2019. Rural Poverty in Mexico: Prevalence and Challenges. Mexico City: National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy.Google Scholar

Villaveces, Juanita and Fabio, Sánchez. 2015. “Tendencias históricas y regionales de la adjudicación de baldíos en Colombia.” Universidad del Rosario, Serie No. 179. Available at: http://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10336/10933/12538.pdfGoogle Scholar

Walder, Andrew. 1986. Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew and Songhua, Hu. 2009. “Revolution, reform, and status inheritance: Urban China, 1949–1996.” American Journal of Sociology 114(5): 1395–1427.Google Scholar

Wallace, Jeremy. 2014. Cities and Stability: Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Walker, Kenneth. 1966. “A tenth aniversary appraisal: Collectivisation in retrospect: The ‘socialist high tide’ of Autumn 1955–Spring 1956.” The China Quarterly 26: 1–43.Google Scholar

Wang, Hui, Zhu, Pengyu, Chen, Xiao, and Swider, Sarah. 2017. “Land expropriation in urbanizing China: An examination of negotiations and compensation.” Urban Geography 38(3): 401–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2015. Tying the Autocrat’s Hands: The Rise of the Rule of Law in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ward, Peter. 1999. Colonias and Public Policy in Texas and Mexico: Urbanization by Stealth. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Warman, Arturo. 1979. Los campesinos: Hijos predilectos del régimen. México: Editorial Nuestro Tiempo.Google Scholar

Weyland, Kurt. 1996. Democracy Without Equity: Failures of Reform in Brazil. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Wiarda, Howard and Kryzanek, Michael. 1983. “The Dominican Republic.” Latin America and Caribbean Contemporary Record 1: 544–554(1981–1982).Google Scholar

Wolford, Wendy, Borras, Saturnino Jr., Hall, Ruth, Scoones, Ian, and White, Ben. 2013. “Governing global land deals: The role of the state in the rush for land.” Development and Change 44(2): 189–210.Google Scholar

Wong, John. 1973. Land Reform in the People’s Republic of China: Institutional Transformation in Agriculture. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

World Bank. 1978. Land Reform in Latin America: Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela. Staff Working Paper No. 275. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

World Bank. 1992. “Staff Appraisal Report: Chile Small Farmer Services Project.”Google Scholar

World Bank. 2013. Global Monitoring Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.Google Scholar

Yang, Dali. 1996. Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change Since the Great Leap Famine. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Yashar, Deborah. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Dennis Tao. 2008. “China’s agricultural crisis and famine of 1959–1961: A survey and comparison to Soviet famines.” Comparative Economic Studies 50(1): 1–29.Google Scholar

Yoo, Dongwoo and Steckel, Richard. 2016. “Property rights and economic development: The legacy of Japanese colonial institutions.” Journal of Institutional Economics 12(3): 623–650.Google Scholar

Yúnez-Naude, Antonio and Barceinas, Fernando. 2006. “The reshaping of agricultural policy in Mexico.” In Randall, Laura, ed., Changing Structure of Mexico: Political, Social, and Economic Prospects, pp. 213–235. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar

Zamosc, Léon. 1986. The Agrarian Question and the Peasant Movement in Colombia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zhang, Yongquan and Zhao, Quanjun. 1985. Zhongguo tu di gai ge shi. Wuhan: Wuhan da xue chu ban she : Xin hua shu dian Hubei fa xing suo fa xing.Google Scholar

Zhao, Yaohui. 1999. “Leaving the countryside: Rural-to-urban migration decisions in China.” American Economic Review 89(2): 281–286.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel. 2008. “Does landholding inequality block democratization?” World Politics 60(4),610–641.Google Scholar

Ziblatt, Daniel. 2009. “Shaping democratic practice and the causes of electoral fraud: The case of nineteenth-century Germany.” American Political Science Review 103(1): 1–21.Google Scholar

Zimbalist, Andrew and Eckstein, Susan. 1987. “Patterns of Cuban development: The first twenty-five years.” World Development 15(1): 5–22.Google Scholar

Ziegler, Melanie, and Vanderbush, Walt. 2015. “Necessity is the mother of invention: Cuba’s quest for food security in the twenty-first century.” In Davis, H. Louise, Karyn, Pilgrim, and Sinha, Madhu, eds., The Ecopolitics of Consumption: The Food Trade, pp. 139–157. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar