Rabies is a viral zoonosis of mammals, which is occasionally transmitted to humans, usually through the bite of an infected dog. Rabies is in all continents except Antarctica. Genotype 1, classic rabies, infects terrestrial mammalian reservoir species. In Africa bat rabies is caused by rabies-related lyssaviruses (see below). A few places, usually islands and peninsulas, are claimed to be rabies-free but imported rabies is possible anywhere. The epizootiology is constantly changing, but domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the principal reservoir species overall, causing > 99 per cent of human deaths. Dogs may transmit the virus to other mammals, commonly cats (which may become vectors).

The problem in Africa

Dog rabies is widespread and largely uncontrolled in Africa where dog bites are common, especially in young males. Children are more vulnerable to exposure to rabies infection, as they fail to recognize the danger or to report animal contact. They are unable to escape attack by running away and are more likely to be severely bitten, especially on the head. Rabies among domestic animals, especially cattle, can impose an economic burden. An estimate of the annual rabies mortality in Asia and Africa is 55 270 (90 per cent CI: 24 000–93 000).