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5a - Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents

from Section II - Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 May 2010

By
David Marks ,
Joey Trampush  and
Anil Chacko
Edited by
Jacobus Donders  and
Scott J. Hunter
Jacobus Donders
Affiliation:
Mary Free Bed Rehabilitation Hospital
Scott J. Hunter
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
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Summary

ADHD Phenomenology

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex psychiatric syndrome characterized by developmentally excessive manifestations of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity which have their onset prior to age 7 and are associated with impairments in at least two domains of psychosocial functioning (e.g. scholastic achievement, family interactions, peer relations) [1]. Widely considered to be the most common psychiatric disorder of childhood, ADHD affects approximately 5% of school-aged children worldwide [2], with diagnostic rates in males exceeding those of females by 4:1 in non-referred investigations and 9:1 in clinically referred samples [3].

Comorbidity profiles in children with ADHD

Upwards of two-thirds of children and adolescents with the disorder meet criteria for one or more comorbid psychiatric conditions. In particular, approximately 50–60% meet criteria for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 30–50% meet criteria for conduct disorder (CD), 25% meet criteria for one or more anxiety disorders, and 15–25% have a comorbid mood disorder [4]. Relative to same-aged peers, children with ADHD are also at heightened risk for tic disorders, learning disabilities, and substance use disorders [4]. The high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity among youth with ADHD may reflect common etiological mechanisms and/or temperamental features (e.g. impulsivity), as well as associated psychosocial consequences of the disorder (e.g. demoralization stemming from impaired social functioning). ADHD is also considered a significant risk factor for adverse outcomes during adolescence and adulthood [5]; however, the relative contributions of ADHD vs. psychiatric comorbidity to subsequent outcomes have been difficult to isolate.

Type
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Principles and Practice of Lifespan Developmental Neuropsychology , pp. 83 - 96
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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