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from Section 4 - Cardiovascular Emergencies
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 02 November 2023
Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome marked by elevated filling pressures to maintain acceptable cardiac output. Current guidelines use left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to distinguish between reduced (HFrEF; LVEF < 40%), preserved (HFpEF; LVEF > 50%) and midrange ejection fractions (HFmrEF; LVEF between 40–49%).
Beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), sodium-glucose transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and cardiac resynchronization therapy, among other therapies, improve outcomes in HFrEF. HFpEF management focuses on comorbidity management with recent data showing benefit from SGLT-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin.
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