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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2019

Jean-Christophe Graz
Jean-Christophe Graz
Affiliation:
Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
Type
Chapter
Information
The Power of Standards
Hybrid Authority and the Globalisation of Services
 , pp. 246 - 258
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Acheraïou, Amar, 6, 34, 40
ACORD. See Association for Cooperative Operations Research and Development
Afnor
distinctiveness of standards and, 97–100
sectorial specificity and, 97–98
AIG, 122, 168–208
Akerlof, George, 63
Allen, Woody, 114
ambiguity. See also transnational hybrid authority
Best on, 53
governance and, 19, 26, 32–33
hybrid power based on, 2–3, 25–26, 36, 52–53, 113, 210, 213–217
myths and, 36
as substantive attribute, 19, 25, 34–35, 52, 210
ambiguity of standards, 3, 16, 81, 210–211, 217–218
internationalisation of standards and, 12
self-regulation and, 10, 26–28, 217
social contestability and, 216–217
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 100–103, 110, 209
NAFTA and, 218
American Society for Testing and Materials. See ASTM International
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 101–103
Amin, Ash, 215
annuities, 150
life insurance and, 124, 144
UK and, 144
ANSI. See American National Standards Institute
Apple, 61
artificial intelligence, 185, 220
ASEAN. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASME. See American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Association for Cooperative Operations Research and Development (ACORD), 153–154, 159–160, 171
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 103–104
ASTM International, 102–103
authority. See also private international authority; transnational hybrid authority
diffusion of, 44
power versus, 4
technical, 47
transnational private, 4–6, 42
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 39, 213
Banerjee, Sudeep, 184
Bank for International Settlement (BIS), 132–133
Barry, Dean, 120
Bartley, Tim, 24, 217
Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, 132–133
Beck, Ulrich, 13, 36–37
Bell, Daniel, 60
Benari, Gideon, 122, 127
Berle, Adolf, 30
Bermuda, sustainable reporting standards and, 168–169
Best, Jacqueline, 6, 53, 214, 216
Beverley, Jane, 129
Bhabha, Homi K., 39
Bhathnagar, Raju, 203
big data, 220–221
BIS. See Bank for International Settlement; Bureau of Indian Standards
Blake, David, 123–124, 147, 150
Blind, Knut, 7, 73–74
Blinder, Alan, 54–55
Boden, Mark, 61
body-shopping, India, service offshoring in, and, 179–180, 182–183
Bolkestein Directive (Directive 2006/123/EC), 95–96
boundary objects, standards as, 219
BPM. See business process management
BPO. See business process outsourcing
Brahmankar, Manoj, 197
Bratton, Benjamin H., 221
Brexit, 103–104
Brinkhoff, Jeroen, 130
British Empire, governance and, 30
British Standard Institution (BSI), 96, 186, 212
Bryson, John R., 60–61, 72
BSI. See British Standard Institution
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), 195–197, 203, 208
Busch, Lawrence, 9, 80–81, 83, 219, 221–222
business process management (BPM), 175
business process outsourcing (BPO), 15, 173–174, 213
India and, 22–23, 183–184, 188–191, 196–198, 202–206
business services, consumer services versus, 17
Büthe, Tim, 45, 91
call centres, 17–18, 27–28, 40, 60
India in, 188–191
Callon, Michel, 38, 64–65
Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), 3, 104–105, 211
mutual recognition of standards and, 108
regulatory chill effect and, 106
regulatory convergence and, 48
regulatory cooperation and, 106–107
Capability Maturity Model Integration in the field of services (CMMI for Services), 6–7, 190
Capability Maturity Model Integration Institute (CMMI Institute), 187–190, 194–195
capability maturity models, India, service offshoring in, and, 18, 187–190
capital requirements, insurance regulation and supervision in
BCR as, 133
extrapolation in, 131
IAIS and, 132–135
internal models for, 136, 139
matching adjustments and, 128–130
MCR as, 126
SCR as, 124–128
in Solvency II, 125–132
US and, 135
volatility adjustments in, 122–131
Castells, Manuel, 58
Catastrophe Risk Evaluating and Standardizing Target Accumulation (Cresta), 156–158, 171
CEN. See Comité européen de normalisation
CEN Horizontal European Service Standardization Strategy (CHESSS), 96–97
CENELEC. See Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
CETA. See Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement
Chamberlin, Edward Hastings, 64–65
Chandler, David, 221
Chanteau, Jean-Pierre, 64
CHESS. See CEN Horizontal European Service Standardization Strategy
chimeras, 35
China, 195
Chowdhury, J Roy, 196
civil society, 42–44, 217
INTERNORM project and, 19, 33–47
preferential trade agreements and, 106
standardisation and, 3, 99, 110, 217
US and, 101
cloud computing, service offshoring and, 62
CMMI for Services. See Capability Maturity Model Integration in the field of services
CMMI Institute. See Capability Maturity Model Integration Institute
COBIT. See Control objectives for information and related technology
Codex Alimentarius, 106
codification, service offshoring and, 74
Colàs, Alejandro, 44
colonialism, hybridity and, 39–40
Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), 90–100
CHESSS and, 96–97
formal standards and, 7, 51, 90
Regulation on European Standardisation (1025/2012) and, 96, 99, 110
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique (CENELEC), 90–100
Commission on Global Governance, 31
commodification of standards, 218
Common Framework (ComFrame), in IAIS, 133
Commons, John, 9, 64
Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), 4, 104
regulatory cooperation and, 106
consent, transnational hybrid authority and, 45, 216
consortium standards, 7, 84–85, 133–134
Consumer Policy Committee (COPOLCO), 92
consumer protection
insurance and, 131, 137–138
mutual recognition and, 106–108
standards and, 11–12, 46–47, 56, 64–65, 88–89, 91, 194–196
consumer services, business services versus, 17
Control objectives for information and related technology (COBIT), 190–191
COPOLCO. See Consumer Policy Committee
corporate governance, 30–31
management and, 30
corporate social responsibility, 162–164
AIG and, 168–208
compariing EU and US, 163–164
Coughlan, Guy, 147–148
Cox, Robert W., 9, 40, 52, 214
CPTPP. See Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership
Cresta. See Catastrophe Risk Evaluating and Standardizing Target Accumulation
CSP standard. See Customer Service Provider standard
customer centres. See call centres
Customer Experience standard (CX standard), 190
Customer Service Provider standard (CSP standard), 190
Cutler, A. Claire, 42–43, 45
CX standard. See Customer Experience standard
Daniels, Peter W., 60–61, 72
data exchange standards, 160, 170–171
ACORD and, 153–154, 159–160, 171
Cresta and, 156–158, 171
eEG7 and, 153–154
GTDI as, 153
institutional continuum and, 160
material continuum and, 160–161, 211
natural catastrophe insurance and, 156–162, 171
spatial continuum and, 161
SWIFT as, 153
UN/CEFACT as, 153–154
UN/EDIFACT as, 153
UNICEDE and, 158
UNTDID as, 153
US and, 161
W3C and, 152–153
XML as, 152
Data Security Council of India (DSCI), 200
defence industry, India, service offshoring in, and, 178
denationalization, 4
depolitisation, hybrids and, 5, 26, 28–29
developed countries
FDI and, 67–69
GRI and, 165
75/25 puzzle and, 66–67, 70
developing countries
FDI and, 67–69
GRI and, 165
75/25 puzzle and, 66–67, 70
development, good governance and, 31
Dezalay, Yves, 33–34
Dholakia, N., 200
diffusion of authority, 28, 44, 213
digitability, service offshoring and, 71
digital, India, service offshoring in, 184–185
Dingwerth, Klaus, 165
direct participation
EU and, 112
US and, 89, 110, 112, 193–194
distinctiveness of service standards, 111. See also sectorial specificity
Afnor and, 97–100
EU and, 96–97
ISO and, 93–94
Djelic, Marie-Laure, 33–34, 45
domestic services, 75/25 puzzle and, 69–70
Dossani, Rafiq, 177, 183
Doyle, Aaron, 114, 120
DSCI. See Data Security Council of India
du Tertre, Christian, 75–76, 161, 219–220
Dudouet, François-Xavier, 79–80
Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), 153
education, service offshoring and, 71–72, 181–182
eEG7, 153–154
Egan, Michelle, 24
Egyedi, Tineke, 91–100
Eicher, Lawrence D., 92
Eichinger, Margot, 165
EIOPA. See European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority
energy standards, 111–112
Epstein, Steven, 9
Ericson, Richard, 114, 120
eSourcing Capability Model (eSCM), India, service offshoring in, and, 197–198, 204
ETSI. See European Telecommunications Standards Institute
EU. See European Union
European Court of Justice, 95
European Directive Solvency II (Solvency II), 14, 22, 117, 122–123, 125–132, 138–139. See also Omnibus II Directive
capital requirements in, 126–132
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35 and, 125, 131–132
extrapolation in, 131
IAIS and, 22, 132–135
ICAS versus, 122–123
ITS in, 125–126, 131–132
life insurance and, 128–129
long term guarantee measures, 127–132
matching adjustments in, 128–130
MCR in, 126
ORSA and, 126
pension funds and, 129, 137
QIS5 for, 127, 131
SCR in, 124–128
Solvency II Framework Directive in, 125
three pillars of, 126
volatility adjustments in, 122–131
European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), 125–126, 129, 220
ITS of, 125–126, 131–132
QIS5 published by, 127, 131
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), 90
European Union (EU), 21. See also Comité européen de normalisation; European Directive Solvency II; European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority; Omnibus II Directive
Bolkestein Directive and, 95–96
corporate social responsibility and, 163–164
direct participation and, 112
energy standards and, 111–112
EU Mandate M/340 and, 96
EU Mandate M/371 and, 96
food safety and, 104
as institutional environment, 86–87, 89–91, 94–99, 110–113
Lisbon Agenda and, 95
multi-level governance and, 32
mutual recognition of standards and, 85
national participation and, 90, 110, 112
New Approach and, 21, 90, 94–95, 99
quality in, 96
self-regulation and, 95
service standards, distinctiveness of, and, 96–97
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance and, 32
evolutionary political economy, 177
exclusion principle, ISO And, 93, 96
Extensible Markup Language (XML), 152
extensive hypothesis, 12, 16, 212
on service offshoring, 56–58, 78–79, 85, 173, 205–206, 211–212
FDI. See foreign direct investments
Federal Insurance Office, US (FIO), 134
financialisation, and insurance, 13–14, 21, 118–121
FIO. See Federal Insurance Office, US
Fisher, Paul, 122–123
food safety, EU and, 104
foreign direct investments (FDI) and internationalization of services, 55, 67
developing versus developed countries and, 67–69
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, in India, 178–179
formal standards, 7, 51
Foucault, Michel, 214–215
Foxconn, 61
Friedman, Thomas L., 15, 176, 182
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, 151
functional differentiation, 216
G20. See Group of Twenty
GAAP. See US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Gadrey, Jean, 58, 60, 75
Gandhi, Rajiv, 180
Garth, Bryant, 33–34
GATS. See General Agreement on Trade in Services
Gautier, Pascal, 98
gender equality, service industrialisation and, 75, 78
General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), 21, 59, 88–89
MFN and, 108–109
preferential trade agreements and, 108–109
Giegold, Sven, 132
global governance, 28–29, 31–34, 40–41, 214
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), 84–85, 152, 162, 164–169
developing versus developed countries and, 165
market creation and, 141
global systemically important insurers (G-SIIs), 133
globalisation, 1, 104, 175–176, 214–215. See also specific topics
governmental failures in, 1–2
Godin, Christian, 36
good governance, development and, 31
governance, 25
ambiguity of, 19, 26, 32–33
British Empire and, 30
corporate, 30–31
global, 28–29, 31–34, 40–41, 214
hybrids and, 28–34
insurance and, 120–122
multi-level, 32
power, as mode of exerting, 29
sovereignty and, 29
syncretic modes of, 6, 40
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance and, 32
Gramsci, Antonio, 216
Grande, Edgar, 45
GRI. See Global Reporting Initiative
Group of Twenty (G20), 209
G-SIIs. See global systemically important insurers
Guidelines for Trade Data Interchange (GTDI), 153
Gutner, Tamar, 31
Guzzini, Stefano, 29, 214
Hatzopoulas, Vassilis, 108
Hauert, Christophe, 9–10
Haufler, Virginia, 14, 120–121
Hausmann, Peter, 161
hegemony, 216
Heimer, Carol A., 120
Held, David, 28–29
Helleiner, Gerald K., 33
Hewitt de Alcántara, Cynthia, 29
Hibou, Béatrice, 5
Higgott, Richard, 4–5
Hill, Peter, 59–60
horizontal service standards, 95–96, 99, 111, 212
Howard, Philip N., 221
Hrubala, Bernard, 102
Hurt, Shelley, 5, 28
hybrid actors
CMMI Institute as, 194–195
institutional continuum spanned by, 44–45
transnational hybrid authority and, 43–46
hybrid fora, 38
qualification and, 65–66
hybrid objects
material continuum spanned by, 46–47, 52
transnational hybrid authority and, 46–48
hybrid power, 215–216. See also ambiguity, hybrid power based on; transnational hybrid authority
hybrid spaces
endogenous versus exogenous logics of, 49–51
spatial continuum spanned by, 49–52
transnational hybrid authority and, 48–51
hybridity
Bakhtin and, 39, 213
Bhabha and, 39
chimeras as, 35
colonialism and, 39–40
as default attribute, 5, 25–26, 34, 52
Latour and, 6, 36–38
modernity, crisis of, and, 6, 36–37
regime-, 28
regulation and, 26, 32
as substantive attribute, 25, 34, 210
territorial sovereignty and, 41
hybrids, 5–6, 19, 24–43
depolitisation and, 28–29
governance and, 28–34
innovation, 27–28
ISO and, 5
myths and, 5–6, 35–36
orthography of, 35
transnational hybrid authorities as, 53
IAIGs. See internationally active insurance groups
IAIS. See International Association of Insurance Supervision
IBM (International Business Machines Corporation), 178–179
ICAS. See Individual Capital Adequacy Standards
ICPs. See insurance core principles
ICS. See insurance capital standard
ICTs. See information and communication technologies
immateriality of services, 17
Implementing Technical Standards (ITS), of EIOPA, 125–126, 131–132
India. See also National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom)
BPO and, 22–23, 183–184, 188–191, 196–198, 202–206
DSCI in, 200
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act in, 178–179
IT Act in, 199
National Skill Registry in, 199–201
India, service offshoring in, 15–16, 55, 77–78, 173–208, 213
BIS and, 195–197, 203, 208
body-shopping and, 179–180, 182–183
capability maturity models and, 187–190
CMMI Institute and, 187–190, 194–195
COBIT and, 190–191
Computer Software Export, Software Development and Training Policy and, 181
CSP standard and, 190
CX standard and, 190
defence industry and, 178
digital and, 184–185
education and, 181–182
eSCM and, 197–198
IBM and, 178–179
institutional continuum and, 177, 192–196, 205, 207
ISO standards and, 193–194
ISO/IEC 30105 and, 202–208, 220
IT hardware industry and, 180
land access, Nasscom and, 200
liberalisation reforms and, 177, 181–182, 198
material continuum and, 185–192, 205, 207
origins of, 178–180
process standards and, 185–192
quality and, 182–191
Six Sigma method and, 191
spatial continuum and, 196–198, 205–208
STPs and, 181–182, 200
TCS and, 179
trade unions and, 200–201, 207
transnational hybrid authority and, 205–207
verticals and, 184
Individual Capital Adequacy Standards (ICAS), 122–123
industrialised services, intangible services relationship with, 56, 60–61
information and communication technologies (ICTs), 91
institutional specificity and, 77–78
ISO standards and, 77
service offshoring and, 62, 71, 77–78
information asymmetry, quality and, 63
information intensity, service offshoring and, 74
Information technology — IT Enabled Services/Business Process Outsourcing (ITESBPO) Lifecycle Processes. See ISO/IEC 30105
Infosys Technologies, 176
innovation hybrids, US and, 27–28
institution, quality as, 64
institutional continuum, 44, 46, 52, 110–111, 211
data exchange standards and, 160
hybrid actors spanning, 44–45
insurance regulation and, 135–137
life insurance and, 149–150
Nasscom and, 199, 207–208
service offshoring and, 57, 81–83
India and, 177, 192–196, 205, 207
sustainable reporting standards and, 169
institutional environments, 7–8, 86–91
EU as, 86–87, 89–91, 94–99, 110–113
ISO as, 87, 90–94, 110–113
preferential trade agreements as, 103–107, 110–113
US as, 86–87, 89–91, 99–103, 110–113
institutional specificity
ICTs and, 77–78
service offshoring hindered by, 72–73, 76–77
insurance, 13–14, 18, 21–22, 114–139, 212–213. See also European Directive Solvency II; European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority; International Association of Insurance Supervision; longevity risk; natural catastrophe insurance; Omnibus II Directive; reinsurance
accumulation control and, 155
AIG and, 122, 168–208
basic capital requirements (BCR) and, 133
consumer protection and, 137–138
FIO and, 134
governance and, 120–122
institutional continuum and, 135–137
market creation and, 22, 116–117, 140–172
material continuum and, 135, 137–138
micro-, 72
OECD countries and, 114–115
private insurers, self-regulatory power of, and, 44–45
regulation and, 116–139
risk-based regulation and, 123–125
service offshoring and, 72
sovereignty, as alternate form of, 14
spatial continuum and, 135, 138–139
spending on, 13
sustainable reporting standards and, 162–169, 171
US and, 114, 133–135, 138
insurance capital standard (ICS), IAIS and, 139
insurance core principles (ICPs), 133, 136
insurance premiums, 117–118
expenditure on, 114–116
life insurance and, 143
intangible services, 59
industrialised services relationship with, 56, 60–61
integrated production networks, 61
interest rates, life insurance and, 142–143
internal models, 126
capital requirements and, 136, 139
risk-based regulation and, 124
International Association of Insurance Supervision (IAIS), 24, 117, 137–139
BCR in, 133
ComFrame in, 133
G-SIIs in, 133
IAIGs in, 133
ICPs in, 133, 136
ICS and, 139
Solvency II and, 22, 132–135
International Business Machines Corporation. See IBM
International Financial Reporting Standards, 49–50
International Organisation of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), 50
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1–2, 21, 41, 61–62. See also ISO standards
COPOLCO and, 92
exclusion principle and, 93, 96
formal standards and, 51
hybrids and, 5
as institutional environment, 87, 90–94, 110–113
nanotechnology and, 47
service standards, distinctiveness of, and, 93–94
spatial continuum and, 84
standardization of services and, 88–94
internationalisation of services, 10–13. See also service offshoring
internationally active insurance groups (IAIGs), 133
Internet, qualification and, 65
INTERNORM, 18–19, 33–47
interoperability standards, 117, 140
IOSCO. See International Organisation of Securities Commissions
ISO. See International Organization for Standardization
ISO 9000, 103, 186, 198
ISO 14000, 8
ISO 45001, 12
ISO standards, 77, 92–94
ICTs and, 77
India, service offshoring in, and, 193–194
MSS in, 93–94
national participation and, 193
service related, percentage of, 92
ISO/IEC 20000, 203
ISO/IEC 30105 (Information technology — IT Enabled Services/Business Process Outsourcing (ITESBPO) Lifecycle Processes), 204–205
India, service offshoring in, and, 202–208, 220
IT Act, in India, 199
IT hardware industry, India, service offshoring in, and, 180
IT-enabled services (ITeS), 15, 173–174, 188–191, 196–198
ITESBPO. See ISO/IEC 30105
ITS. See Implementing Technical Standards
Japan
European Union Economic Partnership Agreement, 104–105
Jasanoff, Sheila, 219
Jegen, Maya, 213
JP Morgan, 122
Kalra, Rajesh, 183, 202
Kapur, D., 201
Karpik, Lucien, 58
Kenney, Martin, 177, 183
Kessler, Oliver, 216
Kilbreth, Jeff, 158
Kjaer, Poul, 26–27
Knafo, Samuel, 215
Knight, Franck H., 62–63
Koppell, Jonathan G., 27, 194–196
KPMG, 164
outsourcing and, 54, 174
Kraidy, Marwan, 40
Kshetri, N., 200
Kumar, Punit, 193
labour costs, service offshoring driven by, 10–11, 15, 52–55, 71, 173–174, 179
labour intensity of services, 17
language skills, service offshoring driven by, 71–72
Latour, Bruno, 37–38, 215–216
hybridity and, 6, 36–38
quasi-objects and, 6, 37–39, 47
law, private international authority and, 42
Lawsky, Benjamin, 134–135
Leander, Anna, 35
legitimacy, 4
Levi-Faur, David, 27
Lezon, Catherine, 138
liberalisation reforms, India, service offshoring in, and, 177, 181–182, 198
Life and Longevity Markets Association (LLMA), 148–149
life insurance
annuities and, 124, 144
institutional continuum and, 149–150
insurance premiums for, 143
interest rates and, 142–143
Lifemetrics and, 148–149
LLMA and, 148–149
longevity risk and, 141, 143–151, 170
longevity standard and, 146–151
market creation and, 140–170
material continuum and, 150
natural catastrophe insurance versus, 118
reinsurance and, 119
risk-based regulation and, 124, 142
securitisation and, 118–121, 142–151, 170
Solvency II and, 128–129
spatial continuum and, 150–151
Lifemetrics, 148–149
Lim, Alwyn, 165
Lipschutz, Ronnie, 5, 28
Lisbon Agenda, 95
LLMA. See Life and Longevity Markets Association
Lobo-Guerrero, Luis, 14, 121
long term guarantee measures, in Omnibus II, 127–132
longevity risk
life insurance and, 141, 143–151, 170
LLMA and, 148–149
OECD on, 149
UK and, 145–146
Xpect - Club Vita Indice and, 149
longevity standard, 146–151
institutional continuum and, 149–150
Lifemetrics and, 148–149
material continuum and, 150
spatial continuum and, 150–151
Lukes, Steven, 4
Macron, Emanuel, 213
Magnette, Paul, 105
Mallard, Grégoire, 213–214
Malmström, Cecilia, 103
management
BPM and, 175
corporate governance and, 30
service offshoring viewed via, 73–74
value-based, 30
management system standards (MSS)
China and, 195
India in, 186, 203, 205–206
ISO standards and, 77, 92–94, 186
mandatory standards, voluntary specifications versus, 7, 79
manufactured goods, service-content of, 69–70
market creation
GRI and, 141
insurance and, 22, 116–117, 140–172
life insurance and, 140–170
natural catastrophe insurance and, 141, 154–162
pension funds and, 140–151
uncertainty and, 63, 120–121
matching adjustments, in Solvency II, 128–130
material continuum, 83–84, 111–112, 211, 220–221
data exchange standards and, 160–161, 211
hybrid objects spanning, 46–47, 52
insurance regulation and, 135, 137–138
life insurance and, 150
Nasscom and, 199, 207
service offshoring and, 57
India and, 185–192, 205, 207
Mathis, James, 109
Mattli, Walter, 99–100
Mazzaferro, Francesco, 130
MCR. See minimum capital requirements
Means, Gardiner, 30
Mérand, Frédéric, 213
Mercier, Delphine, 79–80
MFN. See most-favoured-nation
micro-insurance, 72
Miles, Ian, 61
minimum capital requirements (MCR), 126
model providers, natural catastrophe insurance and, 158–159, 171
modernity, crisis of, hybridity and, 6, 36–37
Modi, Narendra, 174
Mohan, Rama, 197
Mondou, Matthieu, 219
Montgomerie, Johnna, 215
Morgan, Katharine E., 102
most-favoured-nation (MFN), GATS and, 108–109
Mouhoud, El Mouhoub, 76
MSS. See management system standards
multi-level governance, EU and, 32
Murphy, Craig, 9, 29
Munich Re, 155–158, 171
mutual recognition of standards, 85
CETA and, 108
EU and, 85
preferential trade agreements and, 105–112
myths
ambiguity, power of, and, 36
hybrids and, 5–6, 35–36
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement
NAIC. See National Association of Insurance Commissioners
nanotechnology, ISO and, 47
Nasscom. See National Association of Software and Services Companies
National Association of Insurance Commissioners (NAIC), 133–134
National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom), 23, 174, 176, 185, 198–202, 206
BPM and, 175
DSCI and, 200
institutional continuum and, 199, 207–208
ISO/IEC 30105 and, 202–208, 220
IT Act and, 199
land access and, 200
material continuum and, 199, 207
National Skill Registry and, 199–201
spatial continuum and, 199
US and, 201–202
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100–102, 110
national participation
EU and, 90, 110, 112
ISO standards and, 193
National Skill Registry, in India, 199–201
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, 100
natural catastrophe insurance
accumulation control and, 155
Cresta and, 155–161
data exchange standards and, 156–162, 171
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and, 151
life insurance versus, 118
market creation and, 141, 154–162
model providers and, 158–159, 171
natural hazard models in, 155
reinsurance and, 119, 141, 151–152, 154–162
natural hazard models, 155
New Approach, EU (Council Resolution 85/C 136/01), 21, 90, 94–95, 99
Ní Mhurchú, Aoileann, 39
Nilekani, Nandan, 176
NIST. See National Institute of Standards and Technology
non-tariff measures, 71–73
service offshoring and, 72–73, 172
Swiss Federal Act on Technical Barriers to Trade as, 81
WTO on, 72–73, 81
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 218
Trump and, 104
OECD. See Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
offshoring. See also service offshoring
outsourcing versus, 54
Omnibus II Directive (Directive 2014/51/EU), 125, 127–128, 138
Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/35 and, 125, 131–132
long term guarantee measures in, 127–132
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 89
longevity risk and, 149
STRI by, 73
ORSA. See Own Risk and Solvency Assessment
orthography, of hybrids, 35
Osborne, George, 144
outsourcing, 15
death of, 54
KPMG on, 54, 174
offshoring versus, 54
Own Risk and Solvency Assessment (ORSA), 126, 134, 136
Palan, Ronen, 50
Parliament of Things, 37–38, 47
Parthasarathy, Balaji, 177, 219
Pauly, Louis W., 45
Payne, Anthony, 44–45
pension buy-ins, 145
pension buy-outs, 145
pension funds, 13, 116
buy-in arrangements in, 145
buy-out arrangements in, 145
market creation and, 140–151
OECD countries and, 114–115
securitisation and, 119–120, 142–151
Solvency II and, 129, 137
US and, 144
Petit, Pascal, 74–75
Phillips, Nicola, 44–45
Pijl, Kees van der, 40–41
platforms, service offshoring and, 3–4, 61–62, 159–160, 184–185, 221
post-colonial studies, 6, 35, 39–41, 53, 215
Potoski, Matthew, 8
power
authority versus, 4
governance as mode of exerting, 29
Prabhu, Anjali, 40
Prakash, Aseem, 8
preferential trade agreements. See also specific trade agreements
civil society and, 106
GATS and, 108–109
as institutional environment, 103–107, 110–113
mutual recognition of standards and, 105–112
qualification and, 107–108, 112
regulatory chill effect of, 105–106
regulatory cooperation and, 106–107, 111, 211
third countries and, 107–113
WTO and, 108–109
principle-based regulation, 123, 134–135
private insurers, self-regulatory power of, 44–45
private international authority, 4–6, 42. See also transnational hybrid authority
law and, 42
private/public distinction. See institutional continuum
process standards
India, service offshoring in, and, 185–192
ISO/IEC 30105 and, 202–208, 220
QIS5. See quantitative impact study, fifth, for Solvency II
Quack, Sigrid, 33–34
qualification, 85
hybrid fora and, 65–66
Internet and, 65
professional, preferential trade agreements and, 107–108, 112
quality versus, 64–66
quality, 62–66, 77
EU and, 96
India, service offshoring in, and, 182–191
information assymetry and, 63
as institution, 64
ISO standards and, 186
personalisation versus industrialisation based, 63
qualification versus, 64–66
standardisation, neo-Taylorist, and, 75
quantitative impact study, fifth, for Solvency II (QIS5), 127, 131
quasi-objects, 46
Latour on, 6, 37–39, 47
Rao, Narasimha, 181
RCEP. See Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
regime-hybridity, 28
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), 103–104
regulation. See also risk-based regulation; self-regulation
governance and, 19
hybridity and, 26, 32
insurance and, 13–14, 21–22, 116–139
Lamfalussy process in, 125, 127
standards and, 6–12, 24–26, 55–56, 80, 85
standards as, 20–22, 91, 122, 135–136
Regulation on European Standardisation (1025/2012), 96, 99, 110
régulation theory, 9, 12, 64, 74–78
regulatory capture, 136
regulatory chill effect
CETA and, 106
of preferential trade agreements, 105–106
regulatory competition, 87
regulatory convergence, 3–4, 84, 86–87
CETA and, 48, 104, 106–107
WTO promoting, 89
regulatory cooperation
CETA and, 106–107
CPTPP and, 106
mandatory versus voluntary, 107
preferential trade agreements and, 106–107, 111, 211
regulatory state agencies, risk-based regulation and, 124
reinsurance, 117, 119, 134, 140, 170–171
accumulation control and, 155
Cresta and, 156–158, 171
life insurance and, 119
Munich Re and, 155–158, 171
natural catastrophe insurance and, 119, 141, 151–152, 154–162
Swiss Re and, 146–147, 150, 154–158, 171
relational intensity, 17
service offshoring and, 74
relational services. See intangible services
reputation, 45
reshoring, US and, 66, 71
restrictive hypothesis, 12, 211–212
on service offshoring, 56–58, 76–78, 85, 173
risk society, 13, 36–37
risk-based regulation, 123–125
as behavioural regulation, 123–124
internal models and, 124
life insurance and, 124, 142
as principle-based regulation, 123
private companies authority in, 124
regulatory state agencies authority in, 124
rule-based regulation versus, 123–124
US and, 124
Roy, Raman, 182, 184, 193, 202
rule-based regulation, risk-based regulation versus, 123–124
Sahlin-Andersson, Kerstin, 45
Saïd, Edward, 39
Sassen, Saskia, 4
hybrids and, 33
Schepel, Harm, 9, 79
science, technology and society studies (STS studies), 6, 35–39, 46, 64–66, 215–216
SCR. See solvency capital requirements
sectorial specificity. See also distinctiveness of service standards
Afnor and, 97–98
service offshoring and, 72, 76–78
securitisation, 119–121
life insurance and, 119–120, 142–151, 170
pension funds and, 119–120, 142–151
SPEs and, 119
Segal, Rajesh, 197–198
SEI. See Software Engineering Institute
self-regulation, 136
ambiguity of standards and, 217
EU and, 95
private insurers and, 44–45
semiotics, 5–6, 35–36
Senarclens, Pierre de, 31
service offshoring, 10–11, 20, 54–85, 173. See also India, service offshoring in; 75/25 puzzle
cloud computing and, 62
codification and, 74
digitability and, 71
education driving, 71–72, 181–182
extensive hypothesis on, 56–58, 78–79, 85, 173
foreign investment and, 55
gender equality and, 75, 78
ICTs and, 62, 71, 77–78
information intensity and, 74
institutional continuum and, 57, 81–83
institutional specificity hindering, 72–73, 76–77
insurance and, 72
labour costs driving, 71
language skills driving, 71–72
managerial perspective on, 73–74
material continuum and, 57, 83–84
mobility of service providers driving, 71
non-tariff measures and, 72–73
platforms and, 3–4, 61–62, 159–160, 184–185, 221
relational intensity and, 74
restrictive hypothesis on, 56–58, 76–78, 85, 173
sectorial specificity and, 72, 76–78
social equality and, 75, 78
social relation of accessibility and, 75–76, 78
spatial continuum and, 57, 84–85
standards-defying services and, 79–85
transnational hybrid authority in, 56, 58
US and, 55
services. See also specific topics
difficulty defining, 58–60
intangibility of, 59
mode of request in, 60
rise of, 3–4, 10–13, 88, 211–212, 219–220
as transformation of the state of an individual or an object, 59–60
United Nations Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services defining, 59
Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI), 73
75/25 puzzle, 20, 57–58, 211
developing versus developed countries and, 66–67, 70
domestic services and, 69–70
Shekar, Karthik, 201
Six Sigma method, 77, 191
smart phones, 61
social contestability of standards, 217
social equality, service offshoring and, 75, 78
social relation of accessibility, 161
service offshoring and, 75–76, 78
socialisation of standards, 218
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT), 153
Software Engineering Institute (SEI), 187
Software Technology Parks (STPs), India, service offshoring in, and, 181–182, 200
solvency capital requirements (SCR), 124–128
Solvency II. See European Directive Solvency II
Solvency II Framework Directive, 125
sovereignty
dual nature of, 50
governance and, 29
insurance as alternate form of, 14
insurantial, 121
The Stack as form of, 221
spatial continuum, 112–113, 211
data exchange standards and, 161
hybrid spaces spanning the recognition of standards, 49–52
insurance regulation and, 135, 138–139
ISO and, 84
life insurance and, 150–151
Nasscom and, 199
service offshoring and, 57, 84–85
India and, 196–198, 205–208
special purpose vehicles (SPVs), 119
Spence, Michael, 63
SPVs. See special purpose vehicles
Srinivas, Smita, 177
Srinivasan, Janaki, 219
standardisation, neo-Taylorist, 75, 220
standards. See formal standards; specific topics
standards-defying services, service offshoring and, 79–85
state
internationalisation of the, 9
recognition, transnational hybrid authority and, 5, 42, 48–51, 209–210
state recognition, transnational hybrid authority and, 45–46
Stiglitz, Joseph, 63
STPs. See Software Technology Parks
Strange, Susan, 14, 42, 120, 214
STRI. See Services Trade Restrictiveness Index
substantive attribute
ambiguity as, 19, 25, 34–35, 52, 210
hybridity as, 25, 34, 210
Sunstein, Cass, 123–124
sustainable reporting standards
Bermuda and, 168–169
institutional continuum and, 169
insurance and, 162–169, 171
US and, 169
SWIFT. See Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
Swiss Federal Act on Technical Barriers to Trade, 81
Swiss Re, 146–147, 150, 154–158, 171
Tamm Hallström, Kristina, 186
Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), 179
Taylor, Dough, 137
TBT Agreement. See Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement
TCS. See Tata Consultancy Services
technical authority, 47
Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, WTO (TBT Agreement), 88–89, 218
technological change, transnational hybrid authority and, 46–47
technological innovation, standards impacting, 45–46, 79–80
Indian IT services in, 178–182
territorial sovereignty. See also spatial continuum
hybridity and, 41
standards replicating, 50–51, 112
tertiarisation, test of, 58–66. See also services, rise of
third countries, in preferential trade agreements, 107–113
Timmermans, Stefan, 9
trade unions, India, service offshoring in, and, 200–201, 207
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), 3–4, 103–105
Trump and, 104
transnational hybrid authority, 2–3, 7–10, 12, 43, 80–82, 210. See also institutional continuum; material continuum; spatial continuum
consent and, 45
hegemony and, 216
hybrid actors and, 43–46
hybrid objects and, 46–48
hybrid spaces and, 48–51
hybrids and, 53
service offshoring and, 56, 58
India and, 206–207
state recognition and, 5, 42, 45–46, 48–51, 209–210
technological change and, 46–47
transnational private authority, 4–6, 43–46
Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance, 32
tripartite standards regime, 81
Trump, Donald, 104
Tsutsui, Kiyoteru, 165
TTIP. See Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership
UN/CEFACT. See United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business
uncertainty, market creation and, 63, 120–121
UN/EDIFACT. See United Nations Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport
UNICEDE. See Universal Cession Electronic Data Exchange
United Kingdom (UK), 129
annuities and, 144
Brexit and, 103–104
longevity risk and, 145–146
United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), 153–154
United Nations Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce and Transport (UN/EDIFACT), 153
United Nations Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services, 59
United Nations Trade Data Interchange Directory (UNTDID), 153
United States (US), 21. See also American National Standards Institute
ASME and, 101–103
ASTM International and, 102–103
capital requirements and, 135
civil society in, 101
corporate social responsibility and, 163–164
data exchange standards and, 161
direct participation in standardisation and, 89, 110, 112, 193–194
energy standards and, 111–112
FIO in, 134
innovation hybrids in, 27–28
as institutional environment, 86–87, 89–91, 99–103, 110–113
insurance and, 114, 133–135, 138
international standards recognized in, 101
Nasscom and, 201–202
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act and, 100
NIST and, 100–102, 110
pension funds and, 144
principle-based regulation and, 134–135
reshoring and, 66, 71
risk-based regulation and, 124
service offshoring and, 55
sustainable reporting standards and, 169
US GAAP and, 135, 139
United States Standards Strategy (USSS), 101
Universal Cession Electronic Data Exchange (UNICEDE), 158
UNTDID. See United Nations Trade Data Interchange Directory
US. See United States
US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), 135, 139
USSS. See United States Standards Strategy
VanDuzer, J. Anthony, 109
Veblen, Thorstein, 49
venture capitalists, 74–75
vertical service standards, 98–99, 111, 212
verticals, India, service offshoring in, and, 184
Villar, Costanze, 213
Vion, Antoine, 79–80
Vogel, David, 107
volatility adjustments, in Solvency II, 122–131
voluntary specifications, mandatory standards versus, 7, 79
W3C. See World Wide Web Consortium
Weiss, Linda, 27, 194–195
Winickoff, David E., 219
World Trade Organization (WTO), 88–89
non-tariff measures and, 72–73, 81
preferential trade agreements and, 108–109
regulatory convergence promoted by, 89
TBT Agreement by, 218
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 152–153
WTO. See World Trade Organization
XML. See Extensible Markup Language
Xpect - Club Vita Indice, 149
Yates, JoAnne, 9
Young, Robert, 39
Zhang, Vicki, 14, 118–119, 123

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  • Index
  • Jean-Christophe Graz, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Book: The Power of Standards
  • Online publication: 04 July 2019
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  • Index
  • Jean-Christophe Graz, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Book: The Power of Standards
  • Online publication: 04 July 2019
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  • Index
  • Jean-Christophe Graz, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Book: The Power of Standards
  • Online publication: 04 July 2019
Available formats
×