Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T00:22:03.895Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2009

Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Postcolonial English
Varieties around the World
, pp. 331 - 359
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdulaziz, Mohamed M. H. 1991. “East Africa (Tanzania and Kenya).” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 391–401.CrossRef
Adegbite, Wale. 2004. “Enlightenment and attitudes of the Nigerian elite on the roles of languages in Nigeria.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 89–100.
Agheyisi, Rebecca N. 1988. “The standardization of Nigerian Pidgin English.” English World-Wide 9: 227–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitchison, Jean. 1991. Language Change: Progress or Decay?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd edn.Google Scholar
Algeo, John. 1989. “Queuing and other idiosyncracies.” World Englishes 8: 157–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, John, ed. 2001a. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. VI: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, John. 2001b. “External history.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 1–58.
Alo, M. A., and Rajend Mesthrie. 2004. “Nigerian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 813–27.
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American. An Historical–Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1988. Roots of Jamaican Culture. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Richard, ed. 1996. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alsagoff, Lubna. 2001. “Tense and aspect in Singapore English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 79–88.
Alsagoff, Lubna, and Chee Lick, Ho. 1998a. “The grammar of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 127–51.
Alsagoff, Lubna, and Lick, Ho Chee. 1998b. “The relative clause in colloquial Singapore English.” World Englishes 17: 127–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsagoff, Lubna, Zhiming, Bao and Wee, Lionel. 1998. “Why you talk like that?: the pragmatics of a why construction in Singapore English.” English World-Wide 19: 247–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2004. “The evolution of Singapore English. Finding the matrix.” In Lim, ed. 2004: 127–49.CrossRef
Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School. 2000. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.
Arends, Jacques, 1993. “Towards a gradualist model of creolization.” In Byrne, Francis & Holm, John, eds. Atlantic Meets Pacific. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 371–80.Google Scholar
Arends, Jacques, Muysken, Pieter, and Smith, Norval, eds. 1995. Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen. 2002. The Empire Writes Back. 2nd edn London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1996. “Post-imperial English in Malaysia.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 513–55.
Asmah, Haji Omar.2000. “From imperialism to Malaysianization: a discussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 12–21.
Australian Government Publishing Service. 1988. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers. 4th edn Canberra: AGPS.
Avis, Walter S. 1973. “The English language in Canada.” In Sebeok, Thomas A., ed. Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. X: Linguistics in North America. The Hague: Mouton, 40–74.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S., Drysdale, Patrick D., Gregg, Robert J., Neufeldt, Victoria E., and Scargill, Matthew H.. 1967. A Dictionary of Canadian English on Historical Principles. Toronto: Gage.Google Scholar
Ayafor, Miriam. 2004. “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 909–28.
Bailey, Beryl Loftman. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Charles-James. 1974. Variation and Linguistic Theory. Arlington, VA: Center for Appled Linguistics.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy. 1997. “When did Southern English begin?” In Schneider, ed. 1997, I: 255–75.
Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie. 1987. “Decreolization?Language in Society 16, 449–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie. 1989. “The divergence controversy.” American Speech 64: 12–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 1982. “The English language in Canada.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 134–76.
Bailey, Richard W.1996. “Attitudes toward English: the future of English in South Asia.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 40–52.
Bailey, Richard W.2004. “American English: its origins and history.” In Finegan & Rickford, eds. 2004: 3–17.CrossRef
Bailey, Richard W.2006. “Standardizing the Heartland.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 165–78.CrossRef
Bailey, Richard W., and Görlach, Manfred, eds. 1982. English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 2000. “Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 41–63.
Baker, Sidney J. 1978. The Australian Language. 3rd edn Milson's Point, NSW: Currawong Press.Google Scholar
Baldauf, Scott. 2004. “A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million.” The Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 23. csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p01s03-wosc.html.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1992. “Standard Nigerian English: Issues of identification.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 148–61.
Bamgbose, Ayo.1996. “Post-imperial English in Nigeria 1940–1990.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 357–72.CrossRef
Banjo, Ayo. 1997. “Aspects of the syntax of Nigerian English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 85–95.
Bao, Zhiming. 1998. “The sounds of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 152–74.
Bao, Zhiming, and Huaqing, Hong. 2006. “Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English.” World Englishes 25: 105–14.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming, and Wee, Lionel. 1998. “Until in Singapore English.” World Englishes 17: 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bao, Zhiming, and Wee, Lionel. 1999. “The passive in Singapore English.” World Englishes 18: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Katherine. 2001. “Neither Uncle Sam nor John Bull: Canadian English comes of age.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 284–96.
Bartelt, H. Guillermo, Penfield-Jasper, Susan and Hoffer, Baters, eds. 1982. Essays in Native American English. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.Google Scholar
Baskaran, Loga. 2004a. “Malaysian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1073–85.
Baskaran, Loga.2004b. “Malaysian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1034–46.
Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 2005. A Malaysian English Primer. Aspects of Malaysian English Features. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 1994. “English in New Zealand.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 382–429.CrossRef
Bauer, Laurie.1997. “Attempting to trace Scottish influence on New Zealand English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 257–72.
Bauer, Laurie. 2002. An Introduction to International Varieties of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie, and Bauer, Winifred. 2002. “Can we watch regional dialects developing in colonial English? The case of New Zealand.” English World-Wide 23: 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Laurie, and Paul Warren. 2004. “New Zealand English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 580–602.
Baumgardner, Robert J., ed. 1996. South Asian English. Structure, Use, and Users. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1998. “Word-formation in Pakistani English.” English World-Wide 19: 205–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., ed. 1997a. English Is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context. Proceedings of the Conference Held in Manila on August 2–3, 1996. Sydney: Macquarie Library Ltd.Google Scholar
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 1997b. “The lexicon of Philippine English.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 49–72.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S.2000. “The grammatical features of educated Philippine English.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 146–58.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., and Kingsley Bolton, eds. 2004. “Philippine English: tensions and transitions.” Special Issue of World Englishes 23: 1.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., Llamzon, Teodoro A., and Sibayan, Bonifacio P., eds. 2000. Parangal cang Brother Andrew. Festschrift for Andrew Gonzalez on His Sixtieth Birthday. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
Bayley, Robert, and Otto Santa Ana. 2004. “Chicano English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 374–90.
Bell, Allan. 2000. “Maori and Pakeha English: a case study.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 221–48.CrossRef
Bell, Allan, and Janet Holmes. 1991. “New Zealand.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 153–68.CrossRef
Bell, Allan, and Holmes, Janet, eds. 1990. New Zealand Ways of Speaking English. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan, and Kuiper, Koenraad, eds. 2000. New Zealand English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Phil. 2000. “Hong Kong words: variation and context.” In Bolton, ed., 2000a: 373–80.
Bernstein, Cynthia. 2006. “Drawing out the /ai/: dialect boundaries and /ai/ variation.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 209–32.CrossRef
Berry, John. 1998. “Official multiculturalism.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 84–101.CrossRef
Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2004. “Indian English: syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1016–30.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Bibi Jan Mohd Ayyub. 1994. “Language issues in the Malay community.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 205–30.
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Biermeier, Thomas. 2007. “Word formation in New Englishes.” PhD dissertation, University of Regensburg.
Blair, David, and Collins, Peter, eds. 2001. English in Australia. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blake, Renée. 2002. “Not as clear as black and white: a study of race, class and language in a Barbados community.” Unpubl. ms., New York University.
Blake, Renée.2004. “Bajan: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 501–7.
Blevins, Juliette. 2006. “New perspectives on English sound patterns: ‘natural’ and ‘unnatural’ in evolutionary phonology.” Journal of English Linguistics 34: 6–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2004a. “English in Canada: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 351–65.
Boberg, Charles. 2004b. “The dialect topography of Montreal.” English World-Wide 25: 171–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1991. “West Africa.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 493–508.CrossRef
Bokamba, Eyamba G.1992. “The Africanization of English.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 125–47.
Bolton, Kingsley, ed. 2000a. Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity. Special Issue of World Englishes 19:3. Published as a book 2002, Aberdeen: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2000b. “Hong Kong English, Philippine English, and the future of Asian Englishes.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 93–114.
Bolton, Kingsley.2000c. “The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong English and the space for Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 265–85.
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes. A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley, and Susan Butler. 2004. “Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: towards a new lexicography for Philippine English.” In Bautista & Bolton, eds. 2004: 91–112.CrossRef
Bolton, Kingsley, and Kachru, Braj B., eds. 2006. World Englishes. 6 vols. Oxford, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley, and Shirley Lim. 2000. “Futures for Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 429–43.
Bowerman, Sean. 2004a. “White South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 948–61.
Bowerman, Sean.2004b. “White South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 931–42.
Bradley, David. 1989. “Regional dialects in Australian English phonology.” In Collins & Blair, eds. 1989: 260–70.
Bradley, David.2004. “Regional characteristics of Australian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 645–55.
Bradley, David, and Maya Bradley. 2001. “Changing attitudes to Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 271–85.CrossRef
Branford, William. 1994. “South African English.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 430–96.
Branford, William.1996. “English in South Africa: a preliminary overview.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 35–51.
Branford, Jean, with Branford, William. 1991. A Dictionary of South African English. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel J., and Margery Fee. 2001. “Canadian English.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 422–40.
Brutt-Griffler, Janina. 2002. World English. A Study of its Development. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bryant, Pauline. 1989. “Regional variation in the Australian English lexicon.” In Collins & Blair, eds. 1989: 301–14.
Bryant, Pauline. 1997. “A dialect survey of the lexicon of Australian English.” English World-Wide 18: 211–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchfield, Robert. 1985. The English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert, ed. 1994. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. V. English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buregeya, Alfred. 2006. “Grammatical features of Kenyan English and the extent of their acceptability.” English World-Wide 27: 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrowes, Audrey. 1983. “Barbadian Creole: its social history and structure.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 38–45.
Butler, Susan, 1997. “Corpus of English in Southeast Asia: implications for a regional dictionary.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 103–24.
Butters, Ronald R. 2001. “Grammatical structure.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 325–39.
Carrington, Lawrence, ed. 1983. Studies in Caribbean Language. St. Augustine: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
Carver, Craig. 1987. American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1961. Jamaica Talk. Three Hundred Years of the English Language in Jamaica. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1980. “The place of Gullah.” American Speech 55: 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1986. “Barbadian Creole – possibility and probability.” American Speech 61: 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Houston Hall, Joan. 2001. “Americanisms.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 184–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G., and LePage, Robert B.. 1980. Dictionary of Jamaican English. [1st edn 1967.] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1991. “Canada.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 89–107.CrossRef
Chambers, J. K.1993. “‘Lawless and vulgar innovations’: Victorian views of Canadian English.” In Clarke, ed. 1993: 1–26.CrossRef
Chambers, J. K. 1997. “The development of Canadian English.” Moderna Språk 91: 3–15. Quoted from Bolton & Kachru, eds. 2006, Vol. I: 383–95.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K.1998a. “English: Canadian varieties.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 252–72.
Chambers, J. K. 1998b. “Social embedding of changes in progress.” Journal of English Linguistics 26: 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1999. “Converging features in the Englishes of North America.” Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa 8: 117–27.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory. 2nd edn Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K.2004a. “‘Canadian dainty’: the rise and fall of Briticisms in Canada.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 224–41.
Chambers, J. K.2004b. “Dynamic typology and vernacular universals.” In Kortmann, Bernd, ed. 2004. Dialectology Meets Typology. Berlin, New York: Mouton, 127–45.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., and Trudgill, Peter. 1998. Dialectology. 2nd edn Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie, eds. 2002. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of Language and Culture. Revised in collaboration with Mufwene, Salikoko S.. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, ed. 1991. English around the World. Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chng, Huang Hoon. 2003. “‘You see me no up’: Is Singlish a problem?Language Problems and Language Planning 27: 45–62.Google Scholar
Christie, Pauline. 2003. Language in Jamaica. Kingston: Arawak.Google Scholar
Chumbow, Beban Sammy, and Augustin Simo Bobda. 1996. “The life cycle of post-imperial English in Cameroon.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 401–29.CrossRef
Clarke, Sandra, ed. 1993. Focus on Canada. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact. English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael, Edna Eisikovits, and Laura Tollfree. 2000. “Ethnic varieties of Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2000: 223–38.
Coetzee-van Rooy, Susan, and Rooy, Bertus. 2005. “South African English: labels, comprehensibility, and status.” World Englishes 24: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Peter C. 2005. “The modals of necessity and obligation in Australian English and other Englishes.” English World-Wide 26: 249–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Peter, and Blair, David, eds. 1989. Australian English: The Language of a New Society. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter, and David Blair. 2001. “Language and identity in Australia.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 1–13.CrossRef
Collins, Peter, and Pam Peters. 2004. “Australian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 593–610.
Conklin, Nancy Faires, and Lourie, Margaret A.. 1983. A Host of Tongues. Language Communities in the United States. New York: Free Press, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Conrad, Andrew W. 1996. “The international role of English: the state of the discussion.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 13–36.CrossRef
Craig, Beth. 1991. “American Indian English.” English World-Wide 12: 25–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croft, William. 2000. Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 1997. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2004. The Language Revolution. Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia, 2001. “Co-existing grammars: the relationship between the evolution of African American and White Vernacular English in the South.” In Lanehart, ed. 2001: 93–127.
Dako, Kari. 2001. “Ghanaianisms: towards a semantic and formal classification.” English World-Wide 22: 23–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Maya Khemlani. 2000. “The language of Malaysian youth – an exploratory study.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 64–72.
Davis, Lawrence M. 1983. English Dialectology: An Introduction. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Dayag, Danilo T., and Quakenbush, J. Stephen, eds. 2005. Linguistics and Language Education in the Philippines and Beyond. A Festschrift in Honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
D'Costa, Jean, and Lalla, Barbara, eds. 1989. Voices in Exile. Jamaican Texts of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2003. “Against creole exceptionalism.” Language 79: 391–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian, ed. 1996. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian. 1997. “Encounters with English over three generations in a Xhosa family: for better or for worse?” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 97–118.CrossRef
Klerk, Vivian. 1999. “Black South African English: where to from here?World Englishes 18: 311–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian. 2003. “Towards a norm in South African Englishes: the case for Xhosa English.” World Englishes 22: 463–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian. 2005. “Expressing levels of intensity in Xhosa English.” English World-Wide 26: 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivan, and Barkhuizen, Gary P.. 1998. “English in the South African defence force: a case study of 6SAI.” English World-Wide 19: 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian, and David Gough. 2002. “Black South African English.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 356–78.
DeCamp, David. 1971. “Toward a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum.” In Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press, 349–70.Google Scholar
Delbridge, Arthur. 2001. “Lexicography and national identity: the Australian experience.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 303–16.CrossRef
Delbridge, Arthur, Bernard, John R. L., Blair, David, Ramson, William S., and Butler, Susan. 1981. The Macquarie Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2005. “Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English.” English World-Wide 26: 179–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2002. “‘First year of nation's return to government of make you talk your own make I talk my own’: Anglicisms versus pidginization in news translations into Nigerian Pidgin.” English World-Wide 23: 195–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2005. Nigerian Pidgin in Lagos. Language Contact, Variation and Change in an African Urban Setting. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Devonish, Hubert. 1983. “Towards the establishment of an Institute for Creole Language Standardisation and Development in the Caribbean.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 300–16.
Devonish, Hubert.1986. “The decay of neo-colonial official language policies. The case of the English-lexicon creoles of the Commonwealth Caribbean.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 23–51.CrossRef
Devonish, Hubert.2003. “Language advocacy and ‘conquest’ diglossia in the ‘Anglophone’ Caribbean.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 157–77.
Devonish, Hubert, and Otelemate Harry. 2004. “Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 450–80.
Dillard, Joey L. 1972. Black English. Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dillard, Joey L. 1975. All-American English: A History of the English Language in America. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie, and Barbara M. Horvath. “Cajun Vernacular English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 407–16.
Edwards, John, ed. 1998. Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Egbe, Daniel. 1996. “Semantics and the question of competence in English.” Lagos Notes and Records 7: 115–26.Google Scholar
Egbokhare, Francis O. 2003. “The story of a language: Nigerian Pidgin in spatiotemporal, social and linguistic context.” In Lucko et al., eds. 2003: 21–40.
Elmes, Simon. 2001. The Routes of English 4. London: BBC Adult Learning.Google Scholar
Elugbe, Ben. 2004. “Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 831–41.
Evans, Betsy E., Rika Ito, Jamila Jones and Dennis R. Preston. 2006. “How to get to be one kind of Midwesterner: accommodation to the Northern Cities Shift.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 179–97.CrossRef
Evans, Stephen. 2000. “Hong Kong's new English language policy in education.” World Englishes 19: 185–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraclas, Nicholas. 1991. “The pronoun system of Nigerian Pidgin: a preliminary study.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 509–18.CrossRef
Faraclas, Nicholas.2004. “Nigerian Pidgin English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 828–53.
Faraclas, Nicholas, Lourdes Gonzalez, Migdalia Medina and Wendell Villanueva Reyes. 2006. “Ritualized insults and the African diaspora: Sounding in African American Vernacular English and Wording in Nigerian Pidgin.” In Mühleisen and Migge, eds. 2006: 45–72.
Ferguson, Charles A. 1996. “English in South Asia: imperialist legacy and regional asset.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 29–39.
Fields, Linda. 1995. “Early Bajan: creole or non-creole?” In Arends, ed. 1995: 89–111.
Finegan, Edward, and Rickford, John R., eds. 2004. Language in the USA. Themes for the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, Peter. 2004. “Cape Flats English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 964–84.
Fischer, David Hackett. 1989. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, John Hurt. 2001. “British and American, continuity and divergence.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 59–85.
Fishman, Joshua A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A., Conrad, Andrew W. and Rubal-Lopez, Alma, eds. 1996. Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies 1940–1990. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, Joseph A. 1998. “Code-switching and learning among young children in Singapore.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 130: 129–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, Joseph A.2001. “Is English a first or second language in Singapore?” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 12–32.
Foley, Joseph, ed. 1988. New Englishes. The Case of Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Foley, Joseph A., et al. 1998. English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore. Oxford, Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2003. Chicano English in Context. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, W. Nelson. 1983. Dialectology: An Introduction. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Gargesh, Ravinder. 2004. “Indian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 992–1002.
Gerritsen, Marinel, and Stein, Dieter, eds. 1992. Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Glenn. 2005. “The Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, in retrospect.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20: 167–74.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard. 1984. The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation. (International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46.) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 1999. “Standards and linguistic realities of English in the Malaysian workplace.” World Englishes 18: 215–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 2002a. International Communication: English Language Challenges for Malaysia. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.Google Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 2002b. “Language policy and English language standards in Malaysia: nationalism versus pragmatism.” Journal of Asia-Pacific Communication 12, 1: 95–115.Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas. 2000. “Relative clauses in Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 357–71.
Goebl, Hans, Peter, H. Nelde, Starý, Zdenek, and Wölck, Wolfgang, eds. 1996/97. Kontaktlinguistik/Contact Linguistics/Linguistique de contact. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. 2 vols. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gonzales, Andrew. 1982. “English in the Philippines.” In Pride, ed. 1982: 211–26.
Gonzales, Andrew.1983. “When does an error become a feature of Philippine English?” In Noss, ed. 1983: 150–72.
Gonzales, Andrew.1997. “The history of English in the Philippines.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 25–40.
Gonzales, Andrew.2004. “The social dimension of Philippine English.” In Bautista & Bolton, eds. 2004: 7–16.CrossRef
Gonzales, Andrew.2005. “Distinctive grammatical features of Philippine literature in English: influencing or influenced?” In Dayag & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 15–26.
Gopinathan, S., Pakir, Anne, Kam, Ho Wah, and Saravanan, Vanithamani, eds. 1994. Language, Society and Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth. 1998. “The origins of New Zealand speech: the limits of recovering historical information from written records.” English World-Wide 19: 61–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Marcia Abell. 1990. “‘This objectionable colonial dialect’: historical and contemporary attitudes to New Zealand speech.” In Bell & Holmes, eds. 1990: 21–48.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Deverson, Tony. 1998. New Zealand English and English in New Zealand. Auckland: New House.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Margaret Maclagan. 2004. “Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 603–13.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. “The history of southern hemisphere Englishes.” In Watts & Trudgill, eds. 2002: 67–86.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Trudgill, Peter. 1999. “Shades of things to come: Embryonic variants in New Zealand English.” English World-Wide 20: 111–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Peter Trudgill.2004. “English input to New Zealand.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 440–55.
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea, and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2001. Small-Town Values and Big-City Vowels: A Study of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J.2004. “New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 282–99.
Görlach, Manfred. 1991a. “Colonial lag? The alleged conservative character of American English and other ‘colonial’ varieties.” In Görlach, M., Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 90–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1991b. “English as a world language – the state of the art.” In Görlach, M., Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 10–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1995a. “Dictionaries of transplanted Englishes.” In Görlach, M., More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 124–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1995b. “Word-formation and the English as a Native Language: English as a Second Language: English as a Foreign Language distinction.” In Görlach, M., More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 61–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1998. “Recent dictionaries of varieties of English.” In Görlach, M., Even More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 152–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred, and Holm, John A., eds. 1986. Focus on the Caribbean. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, David. 1996. “Black English in South Africa.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 53–77.CrossRef
Green, Lisa J. 2002. African American English. A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. 1996a. Comparing English Worldwide. The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996b. “Introducing International Corpus of English.” In Greenbaum, ed. 1996a: 3–12.
Grolier International Dictionary. World English in an Asian Context. 2000. Macquarie University, NSW: The Macquarie Library.
Gumperz, John J., ed. 1982. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John J., and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, 1982. “Introduction: language and the communication of social identity.” In Gumperz, ed. 1982: 1–21.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1988. “A standard for written Singapore English?” In Foley, ed. 1988: 27–50.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1996. “English and empire: teaching English in nineteenth-century India.” In Mercer, Neil and Swann, Joan, eds. Learning English: Development and Diversity. London, New York: Open University, 188–94.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1997. “Colonisation, migration, and functions of English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, I: 47–58.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1999. “The situation of English in Singapore.” In Foley et al., eds. 1999: 106–26. Repr. in Bolton & Kachru, eds. 2006, vol. II: 369–89.
Gupta, R. S. 2001. “English in post-colonial India. An appraisal.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 148–64.
Gut, Ulrike. 2004. “Nigerian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 813–30.
Gut, Ulrike. 2005. “Nigerian English prosody.” English World-Wide 26: 153–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. 1991. “Australia.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 213–26.CrossRef
Halimah, Mohd Said and Siew, Ng Keat, eds. 2000. English Is An Asian Language: The Malaysian Context. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Bahasa Moden Malaysia and Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A. 1962. “The life cycle of pidgin languages.” Lingua 11: 151–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, Ian F. 1980. “Gullah and Barbadian – origins and relationships.” American Speech 55: 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, Ian F., and Rachel Angogo. 1982. “English in East Africa.” In Bailey and Görlach, eds. 1982: 306–23.
Hart, William. 2002. Never Fade Away. Santa Barbara: Fithian Press.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk. 2002. “Identity and language variation in a rural community.” Language 78: 240–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine, Bernd, and Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, Jószef. 1996. “The end of the history of Latin.” Romance Philology 49: 364–82.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. “English dialect input to the Caribbean.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 326–59.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004b. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hock, Hans Henrich and Joseph, Brian D.. 1996. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1986. “The spread of English in the Caribbean area.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 1–22.CrossRef
Holm, John. 1988/89. Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. I: Theory and Structure. Vol. II: Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John.1994. “English in the Caribbean”. In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 328–81.
Holm, John. 2004. Languages in Contact. The Partial Restructuring of Vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J., and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. 1985. Variation in Australian English: The Sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M.2004. “Australian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 625–44.
Horvath, Barbara M. and Ronald J. Horvath. 1997. “The geolinguistics of a sound change in progress: /l/ vocalization in Australia.” In Meyerhoff, Miriam, Boberg, Charles, and Strassel, Stephanie, eds. Working Papers in Linguistics: A Selection of Papers from NWAVE 25. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 105–24.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. and Ronald J. Horvath.2001. “The geolinguistics of short a in Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 341–56.
Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, Tony T. N. 2000. “Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English”. In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 337–56.
Hundt, Marianne, 1998. New Zealand English Grammar: Fact or Fiction? A Corpus-based Study in Morphosyntactic Variation. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Jennifer Hay, and Elizabeth Gordon. 2004. “New Zealand English: morphosyntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 560–92.
Hyland, Ken. 1997. “Language attitudes at the handover: communication and identity in 1997 Hong Kong.” English World-Wide 18: 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igboanusi, Herbert. 2002. A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan: Enicrownfit.Google Scholar
Janson, Tore. 1991. “Language change and metalinguistic change: Latin to Romance and other cases.” In Wright, ed. 1991: 19–28.
Jauncey, Dorothy. 2004. South Australian Words. From Bardi-Grubs to Frog Cakes. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jeffery, Chris, and Rooy, Bertus. 2004. “Emphasizer now in colloquial South African English.” World Englishes 23: 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, Richard. 1996. Social Identity. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jernudd, Björn. 2003. “Development of national language and mangement of English in East and Southeast Asia.” In Humphrey, Tonkin and Regan, Timothy, eds., Language in the 21st Century. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 59–66.Google Scholar
Jibril, Munzali. 1982. “Nigerian English: an introduction.” In Pride, ed. 1982: 73–84.
Jibril, Munzali.1991. “The sociolinguistics of prepositional usage in Nigerian English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 519–37.CrossRef
Joseph, John E. 2004. Language and Identity. National, Ethnic, Religious. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jowitt, David. 1991. Nigerian English Usage. An Introduction. Ikeja: Longman Nigeria.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English. The English Language in India. Delhi, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B.1985. “Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle.” In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press & The British Council, 11–30.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1986. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. 2nd edn Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1994. “English in South Asia.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 497–553.CrossRef
Kachru, Braj B.1997. “English as an Asian language.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 1–23.
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M., ed. 2000. Language and Ethnicity in the New South Africa. (IJSL 144) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2002a. “English in South Africa: at the millennium: challenges and prospects.” World Englishes 21: 161–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2002b. “The social history of English in South Africa.” World Englishes 21: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M.2003. “When 2 + 9 = 1: English and the politics of language planning in a multilingual society: South Africa.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 235–46.
Kanyoro, Musimbi R. A. 1991. “The politics of the English language in Kenya and Tanzania.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 402–19.CrossRef
Karstadt, Angela. 2003. Tracking Swedish-American English. A Longitudinal Study of Linguistic Variation and Identity. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.Google Scholar
Keller, Rudolf. 1994. On Language Change. The Invisible Hand in Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sure, Kembo. 1991. “Language functions and language attitudes in Kenya.” English World-Wide 12: 245–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kembo Sure.2003. “The democratization of language policy. A cultural linguistic analysis of the status of English in Kenya.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 247–65.
Kembo Sure.2004. “Establishing a national standard and English language curriculum change in Kenya.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 101–15.
Kerswill, Paul, and Williams, Ann. 2000. “Creating a new town koiné: children and language change in Milton Keynes.” Language in Society 29: 65–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesling, Scott. 2004. “English input to Australia.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 418–39.
Kiesling, Scott. 2005. “Variation, stance, and style. Word-final -er, high rising tone, and ethnicity in Australian English.” English World-Wide 26: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kioko, Angelina Nduku, and Margaret Jepkirui Muthwii. 2004. “English variety for the public domain in Kenya: speakers' attitudes and views.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 34–49.
Kontzi, Reinhold, ed. 1978. Zur Entstehung der romanischen Sprachen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. 2004. “Global synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in English.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1142–202.CrossRef
Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, Schneider, Edgar W. and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. II: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kouega, Jean-Paul. 2002. “Uses of English in Southern British Cameroons.” English World-Wide 23: 93–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krapp, George P. 1925. The English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century.Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, William. 2004. “Standard American English pronunciation.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 257–69.
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1990. “The regional language vis-à-vis English as the medium of instruction in higher education: the Indian dilemma.” In Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna, ed. Multilingualism in India. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 15–24.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, N., and Burde, Archana S.. 1998. The Politics of Indians' English. Linguistic Colonialism and the Expanding English Empire. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul V. 2001. “Identity.” In Duranti, Alessandro, ed. Key Terms in Language and Culture. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell, 106–9.Google Scholar
Kuiper, Koenraad, and Allan Bell. 2000. “New Zealand and New Zealand English.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 11–22.CrossRef
Kurath, Hans. 1965. “Some aspects of Atlantic seaboard English considered in their connections with British English.” In Communications et Rapports du Premier Congrès de Dialectologie Generale, Troisième Partie. Louvain: Centre Internationale de Dialectologie Génèrale, 236–40.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 3rd printing 1982. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. I: Internal Factors. Cambridge, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William.1998. “Co-existent systems in African-American vernacular English.” In Mufwene et al., eds. 1998: 110–53.
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. II: Social Factors. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalla, Barbara. 2005. “Creole and respec' in the development of Jamaican literary discourse.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20: 53–84.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara, and D'Costa, Jean. 1990. Language in Exile. Three Hundred Years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa, London: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonja, ed. 2001. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanham, L. W. 1982. “English in South Africa.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 324–52.
Lanham, L. W.1996. “A history of English in South Africa.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 19–34.CrossRef
Lass, Roger. 1987. “Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in tranported Englishes.” In Adamson, Sylvia et al., eds. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 245–80.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1990. “How to do things with junk: exaptation in language evolution.” Journal of Linguistics 26: 79–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, Roger 2004. “South African English.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 363–86.
Lawton, David L. 1982. “English in the Caribbean.” In Bailey & Görlach eds. 1982: 251–80.
Leap, William L. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Leap, William L., ed. 1977. Studies in Southwestern Indian English. San Antonio: Trinity University.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004a. Australia's Many Voices. Australian English – The National Language. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004b. Australia's Many Voices. Ethnic Englishes, Indigenous and Migrant Languages. Policy and Education. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
LePage, Robert B., and Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, David C. S. 1999. “The functions and status of English in Hong Kong: a post-1997 update.” English World-Wide 20: 67–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Choon Yeoh, and Lionel Wee. 2001. “Reduplication in Singapore English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 89–101.
Lim, Lisa. 2001. “Ethnic group varieties of Singapore English: melody or harmony?” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 53–68.
Lim, Lisa, ed. 2004. Singapore English. A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1986. “Life cycle of New Englishes: restriction phase of Filipino English.” English World-Wide 7: 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llamzon, Teodoro A.1997. “The phonology of Philippine English.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 41–8.
Llamzon, Teodoro A.2000. “Philippine English revisited.” In Bautista et al., eds. 2000: 138–45.
Lloyd, T. O. 1984. The British Empire 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Loomba, Ania. 1998. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Low Ee and Brown, Adam. 2005. English in Singapore. An Introduction. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lowenberg, Peter. 1991. “Variation in Malaysian English: the pragmatics of languages in contect”. In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 364–75.
Lucko, Peter. 2003. “Is English a ‘killer language’?” In Lucko et al., eds. 2003: 151–65.
Lucko, Peter, Peter, Lothar and Wolf, Hans-Georg, eds. 2003. Studies in African Varieties of English. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Luke, Kwang-Kwong, and Richards, Jack C.. 1982. “English in Hong Kong: functions and status.” English World-Wide 3: 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macalister, John. 2006. “The Maori presence in the New Zealand lexicon, 1850–2000: Evidence from a corpus-based study.” English World-Wide 27: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackey, William F. 1998. “The foundations.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 13–35.CrossRef
Macquarie Junior Dictionary. World English – Asian Context. 1999. Macquarie University, NSW: Macquarie Library.
Mafeni, Bernard. “Nigerian Pidgin.” In Spencer, ed. 1971a: 95–112.
Mafu, Safari T. A. 2003. “Postcolonial language planning in Tanzania: what are the difficulties and what is the way out?” In Mair, ed. 2003: 267–78.
Mahboob, Ahmar. 2004. “Pakistani English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1045–57.
Mair, Christian. 2002. “Creolisms in an emergent standard: written English in Jamaica.” English World-Wide 23: 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, Christian, ed. 2003. The Politics of English as a World Language. New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Malan, Karen. 1996. “Cape Flats English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 125–48.
Malancon, Richard, and Mary Jo Malancon. 1977. “Indian English at Haskell Institute, 1915.” In Leap, ed. 1977: 141–53.
Malcolm, Ian G. 1995. Language and Communication Enhancement for Two-way Education. Perth: Edith Cowan University and Education Department of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G.2001. “Two-way English and the bicultural experience.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 219–40.
Malcolm, Ian G.2004a. “Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 657–681.
Malcolm, Ian G.2004b. “Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: phonetics and phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 656–70.
Malcolm, Ian, and Koscielecki, Marek M.. 1997. Aboriginality and English. Report to the Australian Research Council. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. and Rochecouste, Judith. 2000. “Event and story schemas in Australian Aboriginal English discourse.” English World-Wide 21: 261–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marckwardt, Albert H. 1958. American English. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marti, Roland. 1993. “Slovakisch und Čechisch vs. Čechoslovakisch; Serbokroatisch vs. Kroatisch und Serbisch.” In Gutschmidt, Karl et al., eds. Slavistische Studien zum XI. internationalen Slavistenkongress in Bratislava. Köln: Böhlau, 289–325.Google Scholar
Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mazrui, Alamin M. and Ali A. Mazrui. 1996. “A tale of two Englishes: the imperial language in post-colonial Kenya and Uganda.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 271–302.CrossRef
Mbangwana, Paul. 2004. “Cameroon English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 898–908.
McArthur, Tom. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 2002. Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, Kay. 1995. “Code-switching, code-mixing and convergence in Cape Town.” In Mesthrie, ed. 1995: 193–208.
McCormick, Kay.2004. “Cape Flats English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 993–1005.
McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1958. “The dialects of American English.” In Francis, W. Nelson, The Structure of American English. New York: Ronald, 480–543.
McMahon, Aril. 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. “Defining ‘creole’ as a synchronic term.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 85–123.
Mehrotra, Raja Ram. 1998. Indian English. Texts and Interpretation. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel, and Shaw, Philip. 2003. World Englishes. An Introduction. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Menang, Thaddeus. 2004. “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 902–17.
Mencken, H. L. 1963 [1919]. The American Language. An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. One-volume abridged ed. by McDavid, Raven I. Jr.New York: Alfred Knopf. Repr. 1982.Google Scholar
Merican, Fadillah. 2000. “Going native and staying strong: Malaysian fiction in English.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 107–24.
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. English in Language Shift. The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. 1995. Language and Social History. Studies in South African Sociolinguistics. Cape Town, Johannesburg: David Philip.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1996. “Language contact, transmission, shift: South African Indian English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 79–98.CrossRef
Mesthrie, Rajend.2002a. “Building a new dialect: South African Indian English and the history of Englishes.” In Watts & Trudgill, eds. 2002: 111–33.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2002b. “From first language to second language: Indian South African English.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 339–55.CrossRef
Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. 2002c. Language in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2002d. “South Africa: a sociolinguistic overview.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 11–26.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004a. “Black South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 962–73.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004b. “Indian South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 974–92.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004c. “Indian South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 953–63.
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. “Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar: a study of Black South African English mesolect.” English World-Wide 27: 111–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michieka, Martha Moraa. 2005. “English in Kenya: a sociolinguistic profile.” World Englishes 24: 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James, and Milroy, Lesley. 1985. Authority in Language. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. 2002. “Social networks.” In Chambers, Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, eds. 2002: 549–72.
Mitchell, Alexander G. and Delbridge, Arthur. 1965. The Speech of Australian Adolescents: A Survey. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.Google Scholar
Mittmann, Brigitta. 2004. Mehrwort-Cluster in der englischen Alltagskonversation. Unterschiede zwischen britischem und amerikanischem gesprochenem Englisch als Indikatoren für den präfabrizierten Charakter der Sprache. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Moag, Rodney F. 1992. “The life cycle of non-native Englishes: a case study.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 233–52.
Montgomery, Michael. 1989. “Exploring the roots of Appalachian English.” English World-Wide 10: 227–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, Michael.1996. “Was colonial American English a koiné?” In Klemola, Juhani, Kytö, Merja and Rissanen, Matti, eds. Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 213–35.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael.2001. “British and American antecedents.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 86–153.
Montgomery, Michael.2004. “Appalachian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 245–80.
Montgomery, Michael, and Hall, Joseph S.. 2004. Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Bruce. 2001a. “Australian English and indigenous voices.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 133–49.
Moore, Bruce.2001b. “Australian English: Australian identity.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 44–58.
Moore, Bruce, ed. 2001c. “Who's Centric Now?” The Present State of Post-Colonial Englishes. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morais, Elaine. 2000. “Talking in English but thinking like a Malaysian: insights from a car assembly plant.” In Halimah & Ng 2000: 90–106.
Morais, Elaine.2001. “Lectal varieties of Malaysian English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 33–52.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1986. “The universalist and substrate hypotheses complement one another.” In Muysken & Smith, eds. 1986: 129–62.CrossRef
Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. 1993. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens, London: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996a. “The development of American Englishes: some questions from a creole genesis perspective.” In Schneider, Edgar W., ed., Focus on the USA. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 231–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996b. “The Founder Principle in creole genesis.” Diachronica 13: 83–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2000a. “Creolization is a social, not a structural, process.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 65–84.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2000b. “Some sociohistorical inferences about the development of African American English.” In Poplack, ed. 2000: 233–63.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2001a. “African-American English.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 291–324.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001b. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2003a. “Genetic linguistics and genetic creolistics: a response to Sarah G. Thomason's ‘Creoles and genetic relationship’.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 18: 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2003b. “The shared ancestry of African-American and American White Southern Englishes: some speculations dictated by history.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 64–81.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2004a. “Gullah: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 356–73.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2004b. “Language birth and death.” Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005a. Créoles, écologies sociale, évolution linguistique. Paris: Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2005b. “Language evolution: the population genetics way.” In Hauska, Günther, ed. Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution. Regensburg: Universitätsverlag Regensburg, 30–52.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2006. “The comparability of new-dialect formation and creole development.” World Englishes 25: 177–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S., Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy, and Baugh, John, eds. 1998. African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mugler, France, and Jan Tent. 1998. “Some aspects of language use and attitudes in Fiji.” In Tent, Jan and Mugler, France, eds. SICOL: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Vol. I: Language Contact. (Pacific Linguistics C-141) Canberra: Australian National University: 109–34.Google Scholar
Mugler, France, and Jan Tent.2004. “Fiji English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 770–88.
Mühleisen, Susanne. 2002. Creole Discourse. Exploring Prestige Formation and Change across Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühleisen, Susanne, and Migge, Bettina, eds. 2005. Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1986. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2002. “Changing names for a changing landscape: the case of Norfolk Island.” English World-Wide 23: 59–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Hoffmann, Sebastian. 2006. “Describing verb-complementational profiles of New Englishes: a pilot study of Indian English.” English World-Wide 27: 147–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Sarah. 2002. “Language issues in South African education: an overview.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 434–48.CrossRef
Murray, Thomas, and Beth Lee Simon. 2004. “Colloquial American English: grammatical features.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 221–44.
Murray, Thomas, and Simon, Beth Lee, eds. 2006. Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at “Heartland” English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthwii, Margaret Jepkirui, and Kioko, Angelina Nduku, eds. 2004. New Language Bearings in Africa. A Fresh Quest. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter, and Smith, Norval, eds. 1986. Substrata versus Universals in Creole Genesis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwangi, Serah. 2003. Prepositions in Kenyan English. Aachen: Shaker.Google Scholar
Nagle, Stephen J., and Sanders, Sara L., eds. 2003. English in the Southern United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, and Julie Roberts. 2004. “New England: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 270–81.
Nair-Venugopal, Shanta. 2000. Language Choice and Communication in Malaysian Business. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Google Scholar
Nelson, Gerald. 2005. “Expressing future time in Philippine English.” In Dayak & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 41–59.
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid, and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. 2000. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Newbrook, Mark. 1997. “Malaysian English: Status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 229–56.CrossRef
Newbrook, Mark.2001. “Syntactic features and norms in Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 113–32.CrossRef
Ngefac, Aloysius. 2001. “Extra-linguistic correlates of Cameroon English phonology.” PhD dissertation, University of Yaounde I.
Ngefac, Aloysius, and Sala, Bonaventure M.. 2006. “Cameroon Pidgin and Cameroon English at a confluence: a real-time investigation.” English World-Wide 27: 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Roger L. 2003. American Indians in U.S. History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Nihalani, Paroo, Tongue, R. K., Hosali, Priya, and Crowther, Jonathan. 2004. Indian and British English. A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. 2nd edn. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2000. Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Noss, R. B., ed. 1983. Varieties of English in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar
Olavarria de Ersson, Eugenia, and Shaw, Philip. 2003. “Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English.” English World-Wide 24: 137–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, Vincent B. Y., ed. 2001. Evolving Identities. The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orkin, Mark M. 1970. Speaking Canadian English. Toronto: General Publishing.Google Scholar
Orsman, Harry. 1997. A Dictionary of New Zealand English on Historical Principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Orsman, Elizabeth, and Orsman, Harry. 1994. The New Zealand Dictionary. Educational Edition. Takapuna: New House.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne. 1991. “The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore.” World Englishes 10: 167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pakir, Anne, ed. 1993. The English Language in Singapore: Standards and Norms. Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne. 1994. “English in Singapore: the codification of competing norms.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 92–118.
Pakir, Anne.1999. “English as a glocal Language: implications for English language teaching world-wide.” Paper presented at International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL) 1999, Edinburgh.
Pakir, Anne.2001. “The voices of English-knowing bilinguals and the emergence of new epicentres.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 1–11.
Patrick, Peter. 1997. “Style and register in Jamaican Patwa.” In Schneider, ed., 1997, II: 41–55.
Patrick, Peter. 1999. Urban Jamaican Creole. Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, Peter.2004. “Jamaican Creole: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 407–38.
Paul, Premila. 2003. “The master's language and its Indian uses.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 359–65.
Pawley, Andrew. 2004. “Australian Vernacular English: some grammatical characteristics.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 611–42.
Peeters, Bert. 2004. “Tall poppies and egalitarianism in Australian discourse: From key word to cultural value.” English World-Wide 25: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penfield, Joyce, and Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob L.. 1985. Chicano English: An Ethnic Contact Dialect. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Long, and Setter, Jane. 2000. “The emergence of systematicity in the English pronunciations of two Cantonese-speaking adults in Hong Kong.” English World-Wide 21: 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1998. English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 1995. The Cambridge Australian English Style Guide. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, John, and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1983. Singapore and Malaysia. (Varieties of English Around the World T1). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Pollard, Velma. 1983. “The social history of Dread Talk.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 46–62.
Pollard, Velma.1986. “Innovation in Jamaican Creole. The speech of Rastafari.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 157–66.CrossRef
Poplack, Shana, ed. 2000. The English History of African American English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prendergast, David. 1998. “Views on Englishes. A talk with Braj B. Kachru, Salikoko Mufwene, Rajendra Singh, Loreto Todd and Peter Trudgill.” Links & Letters 5: 225–41.Google Scholar
Pride, John, ed. 1982. New Englishes. Rowley, London, Tokyo: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Pyles, Thomas. 1952. Words and Ways of American English. London: Melrose.Google Scholar
Quinn, Heidi. 2000. “Variation in New Zealand English syntax and morphology.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 173–97.CrossRef
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London, New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Rajadurai, Joanne. 2004. “The faces and facets of English in Malaysia.” English Today 80 20: 54–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramson, W. S. 1966. Australian English: An Historical Study of the Vocabulary 1788–1898. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Ramson, W. S., ed. 1988. The Australian National Dictionary. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 1933. “British recognition of American speech in the eighteenth century.” Dialect Notes 6: 313–34. Quoted from reprint in Read 2002: 37–54.
Read, Allen Walker. 1938. “The assimilation of the speech of British immigrants in colonial America.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 37: 70–9.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker.2002. Milestones in the History of English in America. Edited by Bailey, Richard W.. (PADS 86) Durham, NC: Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
Reaser, Jeffrey, and Benjamin Torbert. 2004. “Bahamian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 391–406.
Richards, Kel. 2005. Word Map. Sydney: ABC Books.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1987. Dimensions of a Creole Continuum. History, Texts, and Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese Creole. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1998. African American Vernacular English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. and Handler, Jerome S.. 1994. “Textual evidence on the nature of early Barbadian speech, 1676–1835.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9: 221–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Jack C., ed. 1979. New Varieties of English: Issues and Approaches. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar
Roberts, Peter A. 1998a. “The fabric of Barbadian English.” In Christie, Pauline, Lalla, Barbara, Pollard, Velma, and Carrington, Lawrence, eds. Studies in Caribbean Language II. St. Augustine: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, 13–33.Google Scholar
Roberts, Peter A. 1988b. West Indians and Their Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne. 1998. “The role of diffusion in the genesis of Hawaiian creole.” Language 74: 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne.2000. “Nativisation and genesis of Hawaiian Creole.” In McWhorter, John, ed. Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 257–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2001. “Contact with other languages.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 154–83.
Rowicka, Grazyna J. 2005. “American Indian English: the Quinault case.” English World-Wide 26: 301–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, John D. 1986. “The structure of tense and aspect in Barbadian English Creole.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 141–56.CrossRef
Rubal-Lopez, Alma. 1996. “The ongoing spread of English: a comparative analysis of former Anglo-American colonies with non-colonies.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 37–82.CrossRef
Rubdy, Rani. 2001. “Creative destruction: Singapore's Speak Good English Movement.” World Englishes 20: 341–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahgal, Anju. 1991. “Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 299–307.CrossRef
Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff. 2003. Pidgin Grammar. An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawai'i. Honolulu: Bess Press.Google Scholar
Salleh, Habibah. 2000. “Which English? And, does it matter?” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 57–63.
Sand, Andrea. 1999. Linguistic Variation in Jamaica. A Corpus-Based Study of Radio and Newspaper Usage. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto, and Robert Bayley. 2004. “Chicano English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 417–34.
Saravanan, Vanithamani. 1994. “Language maintenance and language shift in the Tamil community.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 175–204.
Schäfer, Ronald P., and Egbokhare, Francis O.. 1999. “English and the pace of endangerment in Nigeria.” World Englishes 18: 381–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmied, Josef J. 1985. Englisch in Tansania. Sozio- und interlinguistische Probleme. Heidelberg: Groos.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef J. 1991a. English in Africa: An Introduction. London, New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef J.1991b. “National and subnational features in Kenyan English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 420–32.
Schmied, Josef J.2004a. “East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 929–47.
Schmied, Josef J.2004b. “East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 918–30.
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English. Morphological and Syntactic Variables. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1990. “The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean.” English World-Wide 11: 79–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.1994. “Appalachian mountain vocabulary: its character, sources, and distinctiveness.” In Viereck, Wolfgang, ed., Proceedings of the International Congress of Dialectologists Bamberg 1990. Stuttgart: Steiner, Vol. III: 498–512.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. ed. 1997. Englishes Around the World. Vol. I: General Studies, British Isles, North America. Vol. II: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia. Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1999. “Notes on Singaporean English.” In Carls, Uwe and Lucko, Peter, eds. Form, Function and Variation in English. Studies in Honour of Klaus Hansen. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 193–205.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2000a. “Corpus linguistics in the Asian context: exemplary studies of the Kolhapur corpus of Indian English.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 115–37.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2000b. “Feature diffusion vs. contact effects in the evolution of New Englishes: a typological case study of negation patterns.” English World-Wide 21: 201–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2000c. “From region to class to identity: ‘Show me how you speak, and I'll tell you who you are’?American Speech 75: 359–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003a. “Evolutionary patterns of New Englishes and the special case of Malaysian English.” Asian Englishes 6: 44–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2003b. “Shakespeare in the coves and hollows? Toward a history of Southern English.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 17–35.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003c. “The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth.” Language 79: 233–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2004a. “Global synopsis: phonetic and phonological variation in English world-wide.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1111–30.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004b. “How to trace structural nativization: particle verbs in world Englishes.” World Englishes 23: 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2004c. “The English dialect heritage of the Southern United States.” In Hickey, , ed. 2004b: 262–309.
Schneider, Edgar W.2005a. “Cataloguing the pronunciation variants of world-wide English.” Paper presented to the Twelfth International Congress on Methods in Dialectology, Moncton, Canada, August.
Schneider, Edgar W.2005b. “The subjunctive in Philippine English.” In Dayag & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 27–40.
Schneider, Edgar W., and Wagner, Christian. 2006. “The variability of literary dialect in Jamaican Creole: Thelwell's The Harder They Come.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21: 45–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend, and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. I: Phonology. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. “Insularity and linguistic endemicity.” Journal of English Linguistics 31: 249–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2005. Consonant Change in English Worldwide. Synchrony Meets Diachrony. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröder, Anne. 2003. Status, Functions, and Prospects of Pidgin English. An Empirical Approach to Language Dynamics in Cameroon. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Schumann, John H. 1978. “The acculturation model for second-language acquisition.” In Gringas, Rosario C., ed. Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 27–50.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2001. “The pluperfect in native and non-native English: a comparative corpus study.” Language Variation and Change 13: 343–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, S. V. 1996. “Using computer corpora in the description of language with special reference to complementation in Indian English.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 70–81.
Shields-Brodber, Kathryn. 1997. “Requiem for English in an ‘English-speaking’ community: the case of Jamaica.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 57–67.CrossRef
Sibayan, Bonifacio P., and Andrew Gonzalez. 1996. “Post-imperial English in the Philippines.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 139–72.CrossRef
Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment. A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff.1991. “Variation in Fiji English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 664–74.CrossRef
Siegel, Jeff. 2005. “Creolization outside creolistics.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Linguistics 20: 141–67.Google Scholar
Silva, Penny. 1997. “The lexis of South African English: reflections of a multilingual society.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 159–76.
Silva, Penny.2001. “South African English: politics and the sense of place.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 82–94.
Silva, Penny, Dore, Wendy, Mantzel, Dorothea, Muller, Colin, and Wright, Madeleine., eds. 1996. A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simire, G. O. 2004. “Developing and promoting multilingualism in public life and society in Nigeria.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 135–47.
Simo Bobda, Augustin. 2003. “The formation of regional and national features in African English pronunciation: an exploration of some non-interference factors.” English World-Wide 24: 17–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin.2004. “Cameroon English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 885–901.
Simo Bobda, Augustin, and Hans-Georg Wolf. 2003. “Pidgin English in Cameroon in the new millenium.” In Lucko, Peter, & Wolf, eds. 2003: 101–17.
Singapore Census of Population 2000. http://www.singstat.gov.sg/C2000/census.html
Singh, Rajendra, ed. 1998. The Native Speaker: Multilingual Perspectives. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Singler, John Victor. 2004. “Liberan Settler English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 879–97.
Skandera, Paul. 1999. “What do we really know about Kenyan English? A pilot study in research methodology.” English World-Wide 20: 217–36.Google Scholar
Skandera, Paul. 2003. Drawing a Map of Africa. Idiom in Kenyan English. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Slabbert, Sarah, and Rosalie Finlayson. 2000. “ ‘I'm a cleva!’: the linguistic makeup of identity in a South African urban environment.” In Kamwangamalu, ed. 2000: 119–36.
Slomanson, Peter A., and Newman, Michael. 2004. “Peer group identification and variation in New York Latino laterals.” English World-Wide 25: 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Geoff. 2004. “Tok Pisin: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 720–41.
Spencer, John, ed. 1971a. The English Language in West Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Spencer, John. 1971b. “West Africa and the English language.” In Spencer, ed. 1971a: 1–34.
Sridhar, Kamal K. 1991. “Speech acts in a indigenised variety: sociocultural values and language variation.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 308–18.CrossRef
Sridhar, S. N. 1996. “Toward a syntax of South Asian English: defining the lectal range.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 55–69.
Starks, Donna. 2000. “Distinct, but not too distinct: gender and ethnicity as determinants of (s) fronting in four Auckland communities.” English World-Wide 21: 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1972. British and American English. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Stubbe, Maria, and Janet Holmes. 2000. “Talking Maori or Pakeha in English: signalling identity in discourse.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 249–78.CrossRef
Talib, Ismail S. 1998. “Singaporean literature in English.” In Foley et al. 1998: 270–86.
Talib, Ismail S. 2002. The Language of Postcolonial Literatures. An Introduction. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Hwee Hwee. 2002. “A war of words over ‘Singlish’.” Time Asia 160.3, July 29.Google Scholar
Tan, Peter K. W. 2001. “Melaka or Malacca; Kallang or Care-Lang: Lexical innovation and nativisation in Malaysian and Singaporean English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 140–67.
Tay, Mary. 1982. “The phonology of educated Singapore English.” English World-Wide 3: 135–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tay, Mary W. J. and Anthea Fraser Gupta. 1983. “Towards a description of Standard Singaporean English.” In Noss, ed. 1983: 173–89.
Tayao, Ma. Lourdes G. 2004. “Philippine English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1047–59.
Tent, Jan. 2000a. “English lexicography in Fiji.” English Today 63, 16, 3: 22–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan.2000b. “The dynamics of Fiji English: a study of its use, users and features.” PhD dissertation, University of Otago.
Tent, Jan. 2001a. “A profile of the Fiji English lexis.” English World-Wide 22: 209–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan.2001b. “The current status of English in Fiji.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 241–68.
Tent, Jan. 2001c. “Yod deletion in Fiji English: phonological shibboleth or L2 English?Language Variation and Change 13: 161–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan, and France Mugler. 1996. “Why a Fiji corpus?” In Greenbaum, ed. 1996a: 249–61.
Tent, Jan, and France Mugler.2004. “Fiji English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 750–79.
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G., ed. 1997. Contact Languages. A Wider Perspective. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Roger M. 2003. Filipino English and Taglish. Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tickoo, Makhan L. 1996. “Fifty years of English in Singapore: all gains, (a) few losses?” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 431–55.
Tillery, Jan, and Guy Bailey. 2003. “Urbanization and the evolution of Southern American English.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 159–72.
Tillery, Jan, Bailey, Guy, and Wikle, Tom. 2004. “Demographic change and American dialectology in the twenty-first century.” American Speech 79: 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary. 1997. 2nd edn. Singapore: Federal Publications.
Todd, Loreto. 1982a. Cameroon. (Varieties of English Around the World. T1) Heidelberg: Groos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, Loreto.1982b. “The English language in West Africa.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 281–305.
Tongue, R. K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar
Tottie, Gunnel. 2002. An Introduction to American English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford, New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1987. Sociolinguistics. An Introduction to Language and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation. The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, and Hannah, Jean. 2002. International English. A Guide to Varieties of Standard English. 4th edn. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian, and Maclagan, Margaret. 2000. “Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English.” Journal of Linguistics 36: 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Maclagan, Margaret, and Lewis, Gillian. 2003. “Linguistic archeology: the Scottish input to New Zealand English phonology.” Journal of English Linguistics 31: 103–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsui, Amy B. M., and David Bunton. 2000. “The discourse and attitudes of English language teachers in Hong Kong.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 287–303.
Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary. 1997. Singapore: Federal Publications & Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap.
Turner, George W. 1966. The English Language in Australia and New Zealand. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Turner, George W.1994. “English in Australia.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 277–327.CrossRef
Udofot, Inyang M. 2003a. “Nativisation of the English language in Nigeria: a cultural and linguistic renaissance.” Journal of Nigerian English and Literature 4: 42–52.Google Scholar
Udofot, Inyang M. 2003b. “Stress and rhythm in the Nigerian accent of English: a preliminary investigation.” English World-Wide 24: 201–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Udofot, Inyang M.2005. “Emergent trends in English usage in Nigeria.” Paper given to the 22nd Annual Conference of the Nigeria English Studies Association.
Upton, Clive. 2004. “Received Pronunciation.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 217–30.
Walt, Johann L. and Rooy, Bertus. 2002. “Towards a norm in South African Englishes.” World Englishes 21: 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Riper, William R. 1973. “General American: an ambiguity.” In Scholler, Harald and Reidy, J., eds. From Lexicography and Dialect Geography. Festgabe für Hans Kurath. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 232–42.Google Scholar
van Rooy, Bertus. 2004. “Black South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 943–52.
Verma, Shivendra Kishore. 1982. “Swadeshi English: form and function.” In Pride, ed. 1982, 174–87.
Warren, Paul, and Laurie Bauer. 2004. “Maori English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 614–24.
Watermeyer, Susan. 1996. “Afrikaans English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 99–124.CrossRef
Watts, Richard, and Trudgill, Peter, eds. 2002. Alternative Histories of English. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 1998. “The lexicon of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 175–200.
Wee, Lionel. 2002. “When English is not a mother tongue: Linguistic ownership and the Eurasian community in Singapore.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23: 282–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2003. “The birth of a particle: know in Singapore English.” World Englishes 22: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel.2004a. “Singapore English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1058–72.
Wee, Lionel.2004b. “Singapore English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1016–33.
Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin Herzog. 1968. “Empirical foundations for a theory of language change.” In Lehmann, Winfred P. and Malkiel, Yakov, eds. Directions for Historical Linguistics. A Symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press: 95–188.Google Scholar
Wells, John. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiley, Terrence G. 2004. “Language planning, language policy, and the English-Only movement.” In Finegan & Rickford, eds. 2004: 319–38.CrossRef
Williams, Jessica. 1987. “Non-native varieties of English: a special case of language acquisition.” English World-Wide 8: 161–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline. 2005. “The ‘Indian English’ of Tibeto-Burman language speakers.” English World-Wide 26: 275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winer, Lise. 1993. Trinidad and Tobago. (VEAW T6) Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1991. “The Caribbean.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 565–84.CrossRef
Winford, Donald. 1997a. “On the origins of African American Vernacular English – a creolist perspective. Part I: The sociohistorical background.” Diachronica 14: 305–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1997b. “Re-examining Caribbean English creole continua.” World Englishes 16: 233–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald.2000. “ ‘Intermediate’ creoles and degrees of change in creole formation: the case of Bajan.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 215–46.
Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth, Cillia, Rudolf, Reisigl, Martin, and Liebhart, Karin. 1999. The Discoursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg. 2001. English in Cameroon. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1974. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1984. “Unmarked tense in American Indian English.” American Speech 59: 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Christian, Donna. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Dannenberg, Clare. 1999. “Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: the case of Lumbee American Indian English.” English World-Wide 20: 179–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, Dannenberg, Clare, Knick, Stanley, and Oxendine, Linda. 2002. Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Human Extension/Publications.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes. 1996. “Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular community.” In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Focus on the USA. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 103–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1997. Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks. The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill, London: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1998. American English. Dialects and Variation. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Thomas, Erik. 2002. The Development of African American English. Oxford, Malden: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, Kathryn. 1997. “Concepts of identity and difference.” In Woodward, Kathryn, ed. 1997. Identity and Difference. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Wright, Roger, ed. 1991. Latin and the Romance Languages in the Early Middle Ages. London, New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Yadurajan, K-S. 2001. Current English. A Guide for the User of English in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yahya-Othman, Saida, and Herman Batibo. 1996. “The swinging pendulum: English in Tanzania 1940–1990.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 373–400.CrossRef
Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C.. 1886. Hobson-Jobson. A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive. Repr. 1986. London, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Zuengler, Jane E. 1982. “Kenyan English.” In Kachru, Braj B., ed. The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 112–24.Google Scholar
Zuraidah, Mohd Don. 2000. “Malay + English → a Malay variety of English vowels and accent.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 35–45.
Abdulaziz, Mohamed M. H. 1991. “East Africa (Tanzania and Kenya).” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 391–401.CrossRef
Adegbite, Wale. 2004. “Enlightenment and attitudes of the Nigerian elite on the roles of languages in Nigeria.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 89–100.
Agheyisi, Rebecca N. 1988. “The standardization of Nigerian Pidgin English.” English World-Wide 9: 227–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aitchison, Jean. 1991. Language Change: Progress or Decay?Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2nd edn.Google Scholar
Algeo, John. 1989. “Queuing and other idiosyncracies.” World Englishes 8: 157–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, John, ed. 2001a. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. VI: English in North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, John. 2001b. “External history.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 1–58.
Alo, M. A., and Rajend Mesthrie. 2004. “Nigerian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 813–27.
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American. An Historical–Comparative Study of English-Based Afro-American Dialects of the New World. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1988. Roots of Jamaican Culture. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Allsopp, Richard, ed. 1996. Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Alsagoff, Lubna. 2001. “Tense and aspect in Singapore English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 79–88.
Alsagoff, Lubna, and Chee Lick, Ho. 1998a. “The grammar of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 127–51.
Alsagoff, Lubna, and Lick, Ho Chee. 1998b. “The relative clause in colloquial Singapore English.” World Englishes 17: 127–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsagoff, Lubna, Zhiming, Bao and Wee, Lionel. 1998. “Why you talk like that?: the pragmatics of a why construction in Singapore English.” English World-Wide 19: 247–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ansaldo, Umberto. 2004. “The evolution of Singapore English. Finding the matrix.” In Lim, ed. 2004: 127–49.CrossRef
Anvil-Macquarie Dictionary of Philippine English for High School. 2000. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.
Arends, Jacques, 1993. “Towards a gradualist model of creolization.” In Byrne, Francis & Holm, John, eds. Atlantic Meets Pacific. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 371–80.Google Scholar
Arends, Jacques, Muysken, Pieter, and Smith, Norval, eds. 1995. Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ashcroft, Bill, Griffiths, Gareth, and Tiffin, Helen. 2002. The Empire Writes Back. 2nd edn London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Asmah, Haji Omar. 1996. “Post-imperial English in Malaysia.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 513–55.
Asmah, Haji Omar.2000. “From imperialism to Malaysianization: a discussion of the path taken by English towards becoming a Malaysian language.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 12–21.
Australian Government Publishing Service. 1988. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers. 4th edn Canberra: AGPS.
Avis, Walter S. 1973. “The English language in Canada.” In Sebeok, Thomas A., ed. Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. X: Linguistics in North America. The Hague: Mouton, 40–74.Google Scholar
Avis, Walter S., Drysdale, Patrick D., Gregg, Robert J., Neufeldt, Victoria E., and Scargill, Matthew H.. 1967. A Dictionary of Canadian English on Historical Principles. Toronto: Gage.Google Scholar
Ayafor, Miriam. 2004. “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 909–28.
Bailey, Beryl Loftman. 1966. Jamaican Creole Syntax: A Transformational Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Charles-James. 1974. Variation and Linguistic Theory. Arlington, VA: Center for Appled Linguistics.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy. 1997. “When did Southern English begin?” In Schneider, ed. 1997, I: 255–75.
Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie. 1987. “Decreolization?Language in Society 16, 449–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Guy, and Maynor, Natalie. 1989. “The divergence controversy.” American Speech 64: 12–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Richard W. 1982. “The English language in Canada.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 134–76.
Bailey, Richard W.1996. “Attitudes toward English: the future of English in South Asia.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 40–52.
Bailey, Richard W.2004. “American English: its origins and history.” In Finegan & Rickford, eds. 2004: 3–17.CrossRef
Bailey, Richard W.2006. “Standardizing the Heartland.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 165–78.CrossRef
Bailey, Richard W., and Görlach, Manfred, eds. 1982. English as a World Language. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Baker, Philip. 2000. “Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 41–63.
Baker, Sidney J. 1978. The Australian Language. 3rd edn Milson's Point, NSW: Currawong Press.Google Scholar
Baldauf, Scott. 2004. “A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million.” The Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 23. csmonitor.com/2004/1123/p01s03-wosc.html.
Bamgbose, Ayo. 1992. “Standard Nigerian English: Issues of identification.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 148–61.
Bamgbose, Ayo.1996. “Post-imperial English in Nigeria 1940–1990.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 357–72.CrossRef
Banjo, Ayo. 1997. “Aspects of the syntax of Nigerian English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 85–95.
Bao, Zhiming. 1998. “The sounds of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 152–74.
Bao, Zhiming, and Huaqing, Hong. 2006. “Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English.” World Englishes 25: 105–14.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming, and Wee, Lionel. 1998. “Until in Singapore English.” World Englishes 17: 31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bao, Zhiming, and Wee, Lionel. 1999. “The passive in Singapore English.” World Englishes 18: 1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Katherine. 2001. “Neither Uncle Sam nor John Bull: Canadian English comes of age.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 284–96.
Bartelt, H. Guillermo, Penfield-Jasper, Susan and Hoffer, Baters, eds. 1982. Essays in Native American English. San Antonio: Trinity University Press.Google Scholar
Baskaran, Loga. 2004a. “Malaysian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1073–85.
Baskaran, Loga.2004b. “Malaysian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1034–46.
Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 2005. A Malaysian English Primer. Aspects of Malaysian English Features. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 1994. “English in New Zealand.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 382–429.CrossRef
Bauer, Laurie.1997. “Attempting to trace Scottish influence on New Zealand English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 257–72.
Bauer, Laurie. 2002. An Introduction to International Varieties of English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie, and Bauer, Winifred. 2002. “Can we watch regional dialects developing in colonial English? The case of New Zealand.” English World-Wide 23: 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Laurie, and Paul Warren. 2004. “New Zealand English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 580–602.
Baumgardner, Robert J., ed. 1996. South Asian English. Structure, Use, and Users. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Baumgardner, Robert J. 1998. “Word-formation in Pakistani English.” English World-Wide 19: 205–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., ed. 1997a. English Is an Asian Language: The Philippine Context. Proceedings of the Conference Held in Manila on August 2–3, 1996. Sydney: Macquarie Library Ltd.Google Scholar
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S. 1997b. “The lexicon of Philippine English.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 49–72.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S.2000. “The grammatical features of educated Philippine English.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 146–58.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., and Kingsley Bolton, eds. 2004. “Philippine English: tensions and transitions.” Special Issue of World Englishes 23: 1.
Bautista, Maria Lourdes S., Llamzon, Teodoro A., and Sibayan, Bonifacio P., eds. 2000. Parangal cang Brother Andrew. Festschrift for Andrew Gonzalez on His Sixtieth Birthday. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
Bayley, Robert, and Otto Santa Ana. 2004. “Chicano English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 374–90.
Bell, Allan. 2000. “Maori and Pakeha English: a case study.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 221–48.CrossRef
Bell, Allan, and Janet Holmes. 1991. “New Zealand.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 153–68.CrossRef
Bell, Allan, and Holmes, Janet, eds. 1990. New Zealand Ways of Speaking English. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bell, Allan, and Kuiper, Koenraad, eds. 2000. New Zealand English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benson, Phil. 2000. “Hong Kong words: variation and context.” In Bolton, ed., 2000a: 373–80.
Bernstein, Cynthia. 2006. “Drawing out the /ai/: dialect boundaries and /ai/ variation.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 209–32.CrossRef
Berry, John. 1998. “Official multiculturalism.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 84–101.CrossRef
Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2004. “Indian English: syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1016–30.
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan, and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Bibi Jan Mohd Ayyub. 1994. “Language issues in the Malay community.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 205–30.
Bickerton, Derek. 1981. Roots of Language. Ann Arbor: Karoma.Google Scholar
Biermeier, Thomas. 2007. “Word formation in New Englishes.” PhD dissertation, University of Regensburg.
Blair, David, and Collins, Peter, eds. 2001. English in Australia. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blake, Renée. 2002. “Not as clear as black and white: a study of race, class and language in a Barbados community.” Unpubl. ms., New York University.
Blake, Renée.2004. “Bajan: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 501–7.
Blevins, Juliette. 2006. “New perspectives on English sound patterns: ‘natural’ and ‘unnatural’ in evolutionary phonology.” Journal of English Linguistics 34: 6–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boberg, Charles. 2004a. “English in Canada: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 351–65.
Boberg, Charles. 2004b. “The dialect topography of Montreal.” English World-Wide 25: 171–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bokamba, Eyamba G. 1991. “West Africa.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 493–508.CrossRef
Bokamba, Eyamba G.1992. “The Africanization of English.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 125–47.
Bolton, Kingsley, ed. 2000a. Hong Kong English: Autonomy and Creativity. Special Issue of World Englishes 19:3. Published as a book 2002, Aberdeen: Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley. 2000b. “Hong Kong English, Philippine English, and the future of Asian Englishes.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 93–114.
Bolton, Kingsley.2000c. “The sociolinguistics of Hong Kong English and the space for Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 265–85.
Bolton, Kingsley. 2003. Chinese Englishes. A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley, and Susan Butler. 2004. “Dictionaries and the stratification of vocabulary: towards a new lexicography for Philippine English.” In Bautista & Bolton, eds. 2004: 91–112.CrossRef
Bolton, Kingsley, and Kachru, Braj B., eds. 2006. World Englishes. 6 vols. Oxford, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bolton, Kingsley, and Shirley Lim. 2000. “Futures for Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 429–43.
Bowerman, Sean. 2004a. “White South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 948–61.
Bowerman, Sean.2004b. “White South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 931–42.
Bradley, David. 1989. “Regional dialects in Australian English phonology.” In Collins & Blair, eds. 1989: 260–70.
Bradley, David.2004. “Regional characteristics of Australian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 645–55.
Bradley, David, and Maya Bradley. 2001. “Changing attitudes to Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 271–85.CrossRef
Branford, William. 1994. “South African English.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 430–96.
Branford, William.1996. “English in South Africa: a preliminary overview.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 35–51.
Branford, Jean, with Branford, William. 1991. A Dictionary of South African English. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brinton, Laurel J., and Margery Fee. 2001. “Canadian English.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 422–40.
Brutt-Griffler, Janina. 2002. World English. A Study of its Development. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Bryant, Pauline. 1989. “Regional variation in the Australian English lexicon.” In Collins & Blair, eds. 1989: 301–14.
Bryant, Pauline. 1997. “A dialect survey of the lexicon of Australian English.” English World-Wide 18: 211–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burchfield, Robert. 1985. The English Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Burchfield, Robert, ed. 1994. The Cambridge History of the English Language. Vol. V. English in Britain and Overseas: Origins and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buregeya, Alfred. 2006. “Grammatical features of Kenyan English and the extent of their acceptability.” English World-Wide 27: 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrowes, Audrey. 1983. “Barbadian Creole: its social history and structure.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 38–45.
Butler, Susan, 1997. “Corpus of English in Southeast Asia: implications for a regional dictionary.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 103–24.
Butters, Ronald R. 2001. “Grammatical structure.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 325–39.
Carrington, Lawrence, ed. 1983. Studies in Caribbean Language. St. Augustine: Society for Caribbean Linguistics.Google Scholar
Carver, Craig. 1987. American Regional Dialects: A Word Geography. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1961. Jamaica Talk. Three Hundred Years of the English Language in Jamaica. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1980. “The place of Gullah.” American Speech 55: 3–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. 1986. “Barbadian Creole – possibility and probability.” American Speech 61: 195–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G. and Houston Hall, Joan. 2001. “Americanisms.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 184–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassidy, Frederic G., and LePage, Robert B.. 1980. Dictionary of Jamaican English. [1st edn 1967.] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1991. “Canada.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 89–107.CrossRef
Chambers, J. K.1993. “‘Lawless and vulgar innovations’: Victorian views of Canadian English.” In Clarke, ed. 1993: 1–26.CrossRef
Chambers, J. K. 1997. “The development of Canadian English.” Moderna Språk 91: 3–15. Quoted from Bolton & Kachru, eds. 2006, Vol. I: 383–95.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K.1998a. “English: Canadian varieties.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 252–72.
Chambers, J. K. 1998b. “Social embedding of changes in progress.” Journal of English Linguistics 26: 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1999. “Converging features in the Englishes of North America.” Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa 8: 117–27.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory. 2nd edn Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K.2004a. “‘Canadian dainty’: the rise and fall of Briticisms in Canada.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 224–41.
Chambers, J. K.2004b. “Dynamic typology and vernacular universals.” In Kortmann, Bernd, ed. 2004. Dialectology Meets Typology. Berlin, New York: Mouton, 127–45.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., and Trudgill, Peter. 1998. Dialectology. 2nd edn Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie, eds. 2002. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chaudenson, Robert. 2001. Creolization of Language and Culture. Revised in collaboration with Mufwene, Salikoko S.. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, ed. 1991. English around the World. Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chng, Huang Hoon. 2003. “‘You see me no up’: Is Singlish a problem?Language Problems and Language Planning 27: 45–62.Google Scholar
Christie, Pauline. 2003. Language in Jamaica. Kingston: Arawak.Google Scholar
Chumbow, Beban Sammy, and Augustin Simo Bobda. 1996. “The life cycle of post-imperial English in Cameroon.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 401–29.CrossRef
Clarke, Sandra, ed. 1993. Focus on Canada. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of Language Contact. English and Immigrant Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clyne, Michael, Edna Eisikovits, and Laura Tollfree. 2000. “Ethnic varieties of Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2000: 223–38.
Coetzee-van Rooy, Susan, and Rooy, Bertus. 2005. “South African English: labels, comprehensibility, and status.” World Englishes 24: 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Peter C. 2005. “The modals of necessity and obligation in Australian English and other Englishes.” English World-Wide 26: 249–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, Peter, and Blair, David, eds. 1989. Australian English: The Language of a New Society. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Collins, Peter, and David Blair. 2001. “Language and identity in Australia.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 1–13.CrossRef
Collins, Peter, and Pam Peters. 2004. “Australian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 593–610.
Conklin, Nancy Faires, and Lourie, Margaret A.. 1983. A Host of Tongues. Language Communities in the United States. New York: Free Press, Macmillan.Google Scholar
Conrad, Andrew W. 1996. “The international role of English: the state of the discussion.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 13–36.CrossRef
Craig, Beth. 1991. “American Indian English.” English World-Wide 12: 25–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croft, William. 2000. Explaining Language Change. An Evolutionary Approach. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 1997. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David. 2004. The Language Revolution. Cambridge, Malden: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Cukor-Avila, Patricia, 2001. “Co-existing grammars: the relationship between the evolution of African American and White Vernacular English in the South.” In Lanehart, ed. 2001: 93–127.
Dako, Kari. 2001. “Ghanaianisms: towards a semantic and formal classification.” English World-Wide 22: 23–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Maya Khemlani. 2000. “The language of Malaysian youth – an exploratory study.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 64–72.
Davis, Lawrence M. 1983. English Dialectology: An Introduction. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Dayag, Danilo T., and Quakenbush, J. Stephen, eds. 2005. Linguistics and Language Education in the Philippines and Beyond. A Festschrift in Honor of Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines.Google Scholar
D'Costa, Jean, and Lalla, Barbara, eds. 1989. Voices in Exile. Jamaican Texts of the 18th and 19th Centuries. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
DeGraff, Michel. 2003. “Against creole exceptionalism.” Language 79: 391–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian, ed. 1996. Focus on South Africa. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian. 1997. “Encounters with English over three generations in a Xhosa family: for better or for worse?” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 97–118.CrossRef
Klerk, Vivian. 1999. “Black South African English: where to from here?World Englishes 18: 311–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian. 2003. “Towards a norm in South African Englishes: the case for Xhosa English.” World Englishes 22: 463–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivian. 2005. “Expressing levels of intensity in Xhosa English.” English World-Wide 26: 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerk, Vivan, and Barkhuizen, Gary P.. 1998. “English in the South African defence force: a case study of 6SAI.” English World-Wide 19: 33–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Klerk, Vivian, and David Gough. 2002. “Black South African English.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 356–78.
DeCamp, David. 1971. “Toward a generative analysis of a post-creole speech continuum.” In Hymes, Dell, ed. Pidginization and Creolization of Languages. Bloomington, London: Indiana University Press, 349–70.Google Scholar
Delbridge, Arthur. 2001. “Lexicography and national identity: the Australian experience.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 303–16.CrossRef
Delbridge, Arthur, Bernard, John R. L., Blair, David, Ramson, William S., and Butler, Susan. 1981. The Macquarie Dictionary. Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Deterding, David. 2005. “Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English.” English World-Wide 26: 179–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2002. “‘First year of nation's return to government of make you talk your own make I talk my own’: Anglicisms versus pidginization in news translations into Nigerian Pidgin.” English World-Wide 23: 195–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deuber, Dagmar. 2005. Nigerian Pidgin in Lagos. Language Contact, Variation and Change in an African Urban Setting. London: Battlebridge.Google Scholar
Devonish, Hubert. 1983. “Towards the establishment of an Institute for Creole Language Standardisation and Development in the Caribbean.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 300–16.
Devonish, Hubert.1986. “The decay of neo-colonial official language policies. The case of the English-lexicon creoles of the Commonwealth Caribbean.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 23–51.CrossRef
Devonish, Hubert.2003. “Language advocacy and ‘conquest’ diglossia in the ‘Anglophone’ Caribbean.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 157–77.
Devonish, Hubert, and Otelemate Harry. 2004. “Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 450–80.
Dillard, Joey L. 1972. Black English. Its History and Usage in the United States. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dillard, Joey L. 1975. All-American English: A History of the English Language in America. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Dubois, Sylvie, and Barbara M. Horvath. “Cajun Vernacular English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 407–16.
Edwards, John, ed. 1998. Language in Canada. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice. The Linguistic Construction of Identity in Belten High. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Egbe, Daniel. 1996. “Semantics and the question of competence in English.” Lagos Notes and Records 7: 115–26.Google Scholar
Egbokhare, Francis O. 2003. “The story of a language: Nigerian Pidgin in spatiotemporal, social and linguistic context.” In Lucko et al., eds. 2003: 21–40.
Elmes, Simon. 2001. The Routes of English 4. London: BBC Adult Learning.Google Scholar
Elugbe, Ben. 2004. “Nigerian Pidgin English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 831–41.
Evans, Betsy E., Rika Ito, Jamila Jones and Dennis R. Preston. 2006. “How to get to be one kind of Midwesterner: accommodation to the Northern Cities Shift.” In Murray & Simon, eds. 2006: 179–97.CrossRef
Evans, Stephen. 2000. “Hong Kong's new English language policy in education.” World Englishes 19: 185–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faraclas, Nicholas. 1991. “The pronoun system of Nigerian Pidgin: a preliminary study.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 509–18.CrossRef
Faraclas, Nicholas.2004. “Nigerian Pidgin English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 828–53.
Faraclas, Nicholas, Lourdes Gonzalez, Migdalia Medina and Wendell Villanueva Reyes. 2006. “Ritualized insults and the African diaspora: Sounding in African American Vernacular English and Wording in Nigerian Pidgin.” In Mühleisen and Migge, eds. 2006: 45–72.
Ferguson, Charles A. 1996. “English in South Asia: imperialist legacy and regional asset.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 29–39.
Fields, Linda. 1995. “Early Bajan: creole or non-creole?” In Arends, ed. 1995: 89–111.
Finegan, Edward, and Rickford, John R., eds. 2004. Language in the USA. Themes for the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finn, Peter. 2004. “Cape Flats English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 964–84.
Fischer, David Hackett. 1989. Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, John Hurt. 2001. “British and American, continuity and divergence.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 59–85.
Fishman, Joshua A. 1972. The Sociology of Language. An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Fishman, Joshua A., Conrad, Andrew W. and Rubal-Lopez, Alma, eds. 1996. Post-Imperial English: Status Change in Former British and American Colonies 1940–1990. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, Joseph A. 1998. “Code-switching and learning among young children in Singapore.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 130: 129–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, Joseph A.2001. “Is English a first or second language in Singapore?” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 12–32.
Foley, Joseph, ed. 1988. New Englishes. The Case of Singapore. Singapore: Singapore University Press.Google Scholar
Foley, Joseph A., et al. 1998. English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore. Oxford, Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fought, Carmen. 2003. Chicano English in Context. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, W. Nelson. 1983. Dialectology: An Introduction. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Gargesh, Ravinder. 2004. “Indian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 992–1002.
Gerritsen, Marinel, and Stein, Dieter, eds. 1992. Internal and External Factors in Syntactic Change. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, Glenn. 2005. “The Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages and the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, in retrospect.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20: 167–74.Google Scholar
Giles, Howard. 1984. The Dynamics of Speech Accommodation. (International Journal of the Sociology of Language 46.) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 1999. “Standards and linguistic realities of English in the Malaysian workplace.” World Englishes 18: 215–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 2002a. International Communication: English Language Challenges for Malaysia. Serdang: Universiti Putra Malaysia.Google Scholar
Gill, Saran Kaur. 2002b. “Language policy and English language standards in Malaysia: nationalism versus pragmatism.” Journal of Asia-Pacific Communication 12, 1: 95–115.Google Scholar
Gisborne, Nikolas. 2000. “Relative clauses in Hong Kong English.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 357–71.
Goebl, Hans, Peter, H. Nelde, Starý, Zdenek, and Wölck, Wolfgang, eds. 1996/97. Kontaktlinguistik/Contact Linguistics/Linguistique de contact. An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. 2 vols. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gonzales, Andrew. 1982. “English in the Philippines.” In Pride, ed. 1982: 211–26.
Gonzales, Andrew.1983. “When does an error become a feature of Philippine English?” In Noss, ed. 1983: 150–72.
Gonzales, Andrew.1997. “The history of English in the Philippines.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 25–40.
Gonzales, Andrew.2004. “The social dimension of Philippine English.” In Bautista & Bolton, eds. 2004: 7–16.CrossRef
Gonzales, Andrew.2005. “Distinctive grammatical features of Philippine literature in English: influencing or influenced?” In Dayag & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 15–26.
Gopinathan, S., Pakir, Anne, Kam, Ho Wah, and Saravanan, Vanithamani, eds. 1994. Language, Society and Education in Singapore: Issues and Trends. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth. 1998. “The origins of New Zealand speech: the limits of recovering historical information from written records.” English World-Wide 19: 61–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Marcia Abell. 1990. “‘This objectionable colonial dialect’: historical and contemporary attitudes to New Zealand speech.” In Bell & Holmes, eds. 1990: 21–48.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Deverson, Tony. 1998. New Zealand English and English in New Zealand. Auckland: New House.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Margaret Maclagan. 2004. “Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 603–13.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Andrea Sudbury. 2002. “The history of southern hemisphere Englishes.” In Watts & Trudgill, eds. 2002: 67–86.
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Trudgill, Peter. 1999. “Shades of things to come: Embryonic variants in New Zealand English.” English World-Wide 20: 111–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, and Peter Trudgill.2004. “English input to New Zealand.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 440–55.
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea, and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J. 2001. Small-Town Values and Big-City Vowels: A Study of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan. Raleigh, NC: Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
Gordon, Matthew J.2004. “New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 282–99.
Görlach, Manfred. 1991a. “Colonial lag? The alleged conservative character of American English and other ‘colonial’ varieties.” In Görlach, M., Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 90–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1991b. “English as a world language – the state of the art.” In Görlach, M., Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 10–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1995a. “Dictionaries of transplanted Englishes.” In Görlach, M., More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 124–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1995b. “Word-formation and the English as a Native Language: English as a Second Language: English as a Foreign Language distinction.” In Görlach, M., More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 61–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred.1998. “Recent dictionaries of varieties of English.” In Görlach, M., Even More Englishes. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 152–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görlach, Manfred, and Holm, John A., eds. 1986. Focus on the Caribbean. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gough, David. 1996. “Black English in South Africa.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 53–77.CrossRef
Green, Lisa J. 2002. African American English. A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. 1996a. Comparing English Worldwide. The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1996b. “Introducing International Corpus of English.” In Greenbaum, ed. 1996a: 3–12.
Grolier International Dictionary. World English in an Asian Context. 2000. Macquarie University, NSW: The Macquarie Library.
Gumperz, John J., ed. 1982. Language and Social Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John J., and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, 1982. “Introduction: language and the communication of social identity.” In Gumperz, ed. 1982: 1–21.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1988. “A standard for written Singapore English?” In Foley, ed. 1988: 27–50.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser. 1994. The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1996. “English and empire: teaching English in nineteenth-century India.” In Mercer, Neil and Swann, Joan, eds. Learning English: Development and Diversity. London, New York: Open University, 188–94.Google Scholar
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1997. “Colonisation, migration, and functions of English.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, I: 47–58.
Gupta, Anthea Fraser.1999. “The situation of English in Singapore.” In Foley et al., eds. 1999: 106–26. Repr. in Bolton & Kachru, eds. 2006, vol. II: 369–89.
Gupta, R. S. 2001. “English in post-colonial India. An appraisal.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 148–64.
Gut, Ulrike. 2004. “Nigerian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 813–30.
Gut, Ulrike. 2005. “Nigerian English prosody.” English World-Wide 26: 153–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. 1991. “Australia.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 213–26.CrossRef
Halimah, Mohd Said and Siew, Ng Keat, eds. 2000. English Is An Asian Language: The Malaysian Context. Kuala Lumpur: Persatuan Bahasa Moden Malaysia and Sydney: Macquarie Library.Google Scholar
Hall, Robert A. 1962. “The life cycle of pidgin languages.” Lingua 11: 151–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, Ian F. 1980. “Gullah and Barbadian – origins and relationships.” American Speech 55: 17–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hancock, Ian F., and Rachel Angogo. 1982. “English in East Africa.” In Bailey and Görlach, eds. 1982: 306–23.
Hart, William. 2002. Never Fade Away. Santa Barbara: Fithian Press.Google Scholar
Hazen, Kirk. 2002. “Identity and language variation in a rural community.” Language 78: 240–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heine, Bernd, and Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, Jószef. 1996. “The end of the history of Latin.” Romance Philology 49: 364–82.Google Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2004a. “English dialect input to the Caribbean.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 326–59.
Hickey, Raymond, ed. 2004b. Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hock, Hans Henrich and Joseph, Brian D.. 1996. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Holm, John. 1986. “The spread of English in the Caribbean area.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 1–22.CrossRef
Holm, John. 1988/89. Pidgins and Creoles. Vol. I: Theory and Structure. Vol. II: Reference Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holm, John.1994. “English in the Caribbean”. In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 328–81.
Holm, John. 2004. Languages in Contact. The Partial Restructuring of Vernaculars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J., and Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. 1985. Variation in Australian English: The Sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M.2004. “Australian English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 625–44.
Horvath, Barbara M. and Ronald J. Horvath. 1997. “The geolinguistics of a sound change in progress: /l/ vocalization in Australia.” In Meyerhoff, Miriam, Boberg, Charles, and Strassel, Stephanie, eds. Working Papers in Linguistics: A Selection of Papers from NWAVE 25. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 105–24.Google Scholar
Horvath, Barbara M. and Ronald J. Horvath.2001. “The geolinguistics of short a in Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 341–56.
Huber, Magnus. 1999. Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hung, Tony T. N. 2000. “Towards a phonology of Hong Kong English”. In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 337–56.
Hundt, Marianne, 1998. New Zealand English Grammar: Fact or Fiction? A Corpus-based Study in Morphosyntactic Variation. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Jennifer Hay, and Elizabeth Gordon. 2004. “New Zealand English: morphosyntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 560–92.
Hyland, Ken. 1997. “Language attitudes at the handover: communication and identity in 1997 Hong Kong.” English World-Wide 18: 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Igboanusi, Herbert. 2002. A Dictionary of Nigerian English Usage. Ibadan: Enicrownfit.Google Scholar
Janson, Tore. 1991. “Language change and metalinguistic change: Latin to Romance and other cases.” In Wright, ed. 1991: 19–28.
Jauncey, Dorothy. 2004. South Australian Words. From Bardi-Grubs to Frog Cakes. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jeffery, Chris, and Rooy, Bertus. 2004. “Emphasizer now in colloquial South African English.” World Englishes 23: 269–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, Richard. 1996. Social Identity. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jernudd, Björn. 2003. “Development of national language and mangement of English in East and Southeast Asia.” In Humphrey, Tonkin and Regan, Timothy, eds., Language in the 21st Century. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 59–66.Google Scholar
Jibril, Munzali. 1982. “Nigerian English: an introduction.” In Pride, ed. 1982: 73–84.
Jibril, Munzali.1991. “The sociolinguistics of prepositional usage in Nigerian English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 519–37.CrossRef
Joseph, John E. 2004. Language and Identity. National, Ethnic, Religious. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Jowitt, David. 1991. Nigerian English Usage. An Introduction. Ikeja: Longman Nigeria.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1983. The Indianization of English. The English Language in India. Delhi, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B.1985. “Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: the English language in the outer circle.” In Quirk, Randolph and Widdowson, Henry G., eds. English in the World: Teaching and Learning the Language and Literatures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press & The British Council, 11–30.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1986. The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions, and Models of Non-native Englishes. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B., ed. 1992. The Other Tongue: English across Cultures. 2nd edn Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj B. 1994. “English in South Asia.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 497–553.CrossRef
Kachru, Braj B.1997. “English as an Asian language.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 1–23.
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M., ed. 2000. Language and Ethnicity in the New South Africa. (IJSL 144) Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2002a. “English in South Africa: at the millennium: challenges and prospects.” World Englishes 21: 161–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M. 2002b. “The social history of English in South Africa.” World Englishes 21: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamwangamalu, Nkonko M.2003. “When 2 + 9 = 1: English and the politics of language planning in a multilingual society: South Africa.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 235–46.
Kanyoro, Musimbi R. A. 1991. “The politics of the English language in Kenya and Tanzania.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 402–19.CrossRef
Karstadt, Angela. 2003. Tracking Swedish-American English. A Longitudinal Study of Linguistic Variation and Identity. Uppsala: Uppsala University Library.Google Scholar
Keller, Rudolf. 1994. On Language Change. The Invisible Hand in Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sure, Kembo. 1991. “Language functions and language attitudes in Kenya.” English World-Wide 12: 245–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kembo Sure.2003. “The democratization of language policy. A cultural linguistic analysis of the status of English in Kenya.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 247–65.
Kembo Sure.2004. “Establishing a national standard and English language curriculum change in Kenya.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 101–15.
Kerswill, Paul, and Williams, Ann. 2000. “Creating a new town koiné: children and language change in Milton Keynes.” Language in Society 29: 65–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kiesling, Scott. 2004. “English input to Australia.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 418–39.
Kiesling, Scott. 2005. “Variation, stance, and style. Word-final -er, high rising tone, and ethnicity in Australian English.” English World-Wide 26: 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kioko, Angelina Nduku, and Margaret Jepkirui Muthwii. 2004. “English variety for the public domain in Kenya: speakers' attitudes and views.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 34–49.
Kontzi, Reinhold, ed. 1978. Zur Entstehung der romanischen Sprachen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgemeinschaft.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd, and Benedikt Szmrecsanyi. 2004. “Global synopsis: morphological and syntactic variation in English.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1142–202.CrossRef
Kortmann, Bernd, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend, Schneider, Edgar W. and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. II: Morphology and Syntax. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kouega, Jean-Paul. 2002. “Uses of English in Southern British Cameroons.” English World-Wide 23: 93–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krapp, George P. 1925. The English Language in America. 2 vols. New York: Century.Google Scholar
Kretzschmar, William. 2004. “Standard American English pronunciation.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 257–69.
Krishnamurti, Bh. 1990. “The regional language vis-à-vis English as the medium of instruction in higher education: the Indian dilemma.” In Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna, ed. Multilingualism in India. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 15–24.Google Scholar
Krishnaswamy, N., and Burde, Archana S.. 1998. The Politics of Indians' English. Linguistic Colonialism and the Expanding English Empire. Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul V. 2001. “Identity.” In Duranti, Alessandro, ed. Key Terms in Language and Culture. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell, 106–9.Google Scholar
Kuiper, Koenraad, and Allan Bell. 2000. “New Zealand and New Zealand English.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 11–22.CrossRef
Kurath, Hans. 1965. “Some aspects of Atlantic seaboard English considered in their connections with British English.” In Communications et Rapports du Premier Congrès de Dialectologie Generale, Troisième Partie. Louvain: Centre Internationale de Dialectologie Génèrale, 236–40.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. 3rd printing 1982. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1972. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. I: Internal Factors. Cambridge, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William.1998. “Co-existent systems in African-American vernacular English.” In Mufwene et al., eds. 1998: 110–53.
Labov, William. 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change. Vol. II: Social Factors. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English. Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalla, Barbara. 2005. “Creole and respec' in the development of Jamaican literary discourse.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 20: 53–84.Google Scholar
Lalla, Barbara, and D'Costa, Jean. 1990. Language in Exile. Three Hundred Years of Jamaican Creole. Tuscaloosa, London: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Lanehart, Sonja, ed. 2001. Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanham, L. W. 1982. “English in South Africa.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 324–52.
Lanham, L. W.1996. “A history of English in South Africa.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 19–34.CrossRef
Lass, Roger. 1987. “Where do extraterritorial Englishes come from? Dialect input and recodification in tranported Englishes.” In Adamson, Sylvia et al., eds. Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 245–80.Google Scholar
Lass, Roger. 1990. “How to do things with junk: exaptation in language evolution.” Journal of Linguistics 26: 79–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lass, Roger 2004. “South African English.” In Hickey, ed. 2004b: 363–86.
Lawton, David L. 1982. “English in the Caribbean.” In Bailey & Görlach eds. 1982: 251–80.
Leap, William L. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Leap, William L., ed. 1977. Studies in Southwestern Indian English. San Antonio: Trinity University.Google Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004a. Australia's Many Voices. Australian English – The National Language. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leitner, Gerhard. 2004b. Australia's Many Voices. Ethnic Englishes, Indigenous and Migrant Languages. Policy and Education. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
LePage, Robert B., and Tabouret-Keller, Andrée. 1985. Acts of Identity: Creole-based Approaches to Language and Ethnicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Li, David C. S. 1999. “The functions and status of English in Hong Kong: a post-1997 update.” English World-Wide 20: 67–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, Choon Yeoh, and Lionel Wee. 2001. “Reduplication in Singapore English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 89–101.
Lim, Lisa. 2001. “Ethnic group varieties of Singapore English: melody or harmony?” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 53–68.
Lim, Lisa, ed. 2004. Singapore English. A Grammatical Description. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llamzon, Teodoro A. 1986. “Life cycle of New Englishes: restriction phase of Filipino English.” English World-Wide 7: 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llamzon, Teodoro A.1997. “The phonology of Philippine English.” In Bautista, ed. 1997: 41–8.
Llamzon, Teodoro A.2000. “Philippine English revisited.” In Bautista et al., eds. 2000: 138–45.
Lloyd, T. O. 1984. The British Empire 1558–1983. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Loomba, Ania. 1998. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Low Ee and Brown, Adam. 2005. English in Singapore. An Introduction. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Lowenberg, Peter. 1991. “Variation in Malaysian English: the pragmatics of languages in contect”. In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 364–75.
Lucko, Peter. 2003. “Is English a ‘killer language’?” In Lucko et al., eds. 2003: 151–65.
Lucko, Peter, Peter, Lothar and Wolf, Hans-Georg, eds. 2003. Studies in African Varieties of English. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Luke, Kwang-Kwong, and Richards, Jack C.. 1982. “English in Hong Kong: functions and status.” English World-Wide 3: 47–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macalister, John. 2006. “The Maori presence in the New Zealand lexicon, 1850–2000: Evidence from a corpus-based study.” English World-Wide 27: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackey, William F. 1998. “The foundations.” In Edwards, ed. 1998: 13–35.CrossRef
Macquarie Junior Dictionary. World English – Asian Context. 1999. Macquarie University, NSW: Macquarie Library.
Mafeni, Bernard. “Nigerian Pidgin.” In Spencer, ed. 1971a: 95–112.
Mafu, Safari T. A. 2003. “Postcolonial language planning in Tanzania: what are the difficulties and what is the way out?” In Mair, ed. 2003: 267–78.
Mahboob, Ahmar. 2004. “Pakistani English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1045–57.
Mair, Christian. 2002. “Creolisms in an emergent standard: written English in Jamaica.” English World-Wide 23: 31–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, Christian, ed. 2003. The Politics of English as a World Language. New Horizons in Postcolonial Cultural Studies. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Malan, Karen. 1996. “Cape Flats English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 125–48.
Malancon, Richard, and Mary Jo Malancon. 1977. “Indian English at Haskell Institute, 1915.” In Leap, ed. 1977: 141–53.
Malcolm, Ian G. 1995. Language and Communication Enhancement for Two-way Education. Perth: Edith Cowan University and Education Department of Western Australia.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G.2001. “Two-way English and the bicultural experience.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 219–40.
Malcolm, Ian G.2004a. “Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 657–681.
Malcolm, Ian G.2004b. “Australian creoles and Aboriginal English: phonetics and phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 656–70.
Malcolm, Ian, and Koscielecki, Marek M.. 1997. Aboriginality and English. Report to the Australian Research Council. Perth: Center for Applied Language and Literacy Research, Edith Cowan University.Google Scholar
Malcolm, Ian G. and Rochecouste, Judith. 2000. “Event and story schemas in Australian Aboriginal English discourse.” English World-Wide 21: 261–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marckwardt, Albert H. 1958. American English. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marti, Roland. 1993. “Slovakisch und Čechisch vs. Čechoslovakisch; Serbokroatisch vs. Kroatisch und Serbisch.” In Gutschmidt, Karl et al., eds. Slavistische Studien zum XI. internationalen Slavistenkongress in Bratislava. Köln: Böhlau, 289–325.Google Scholar
Mathews, Mitford M. 1951. A Dictionary of Americanisms on Historical Principles. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mazrui, Alamin M. and Ali A. Mazrui. 1996. “A tale of two Englishes: the imperial language in post-colonial Kenya and Uganda.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 271–302.CrossRef
Mbangwana, Paul. 2004. “Cameroon English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 898–908.
McArthur, Tom. 1998. The English Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McArthur, Tom. 2002. Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCormick, Kay. 1995. “Code-switching, code-mixing and convergence in Cape Town.” In Mesthrie, ed. 1995: 193–208.
McCormick, Kay.2004. “Cape Flats English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 993–1005.
McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1958. “The dialects of American English.” In Francis, W. Nelson, The Structure of American English. New York: Ronald, 480–543.
McMahon, Aril. 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2000. “Defining ‘creole’ as a synchronic term.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 85–123.
Mehrotra, Raja Ram. 1998. Indian English. Texts and Interpretation. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melchers, Gunnel, and Shaw, Philip. 2003. World Englishes. An Introduction. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Menang, Thaddeus. 2004. “Cameroon Pidgin English (Kamtok): phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 902–17.
Mencken, H. L. 1963 [1919]. The American Language. An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. One-volume abridged ed. by McDavid, Raven I. Jr.New York: Alfred Knopf. Repr. 1982.Google Scholar
Merican, Fadillah. 2000. “Going native and staying strong: Malaysian fiction in English.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 107–24.
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1992. English in Language Shift. The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. 1995. Language and Social History. Studies in South African Sociolinguistics. Cape Town, Johannesburg: David Philip.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 1996. “Language contact, transmission, shift: South African Indian English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 79–98.CrossRef
Mesthrie, Rajend.2002a. “Building a new dialect: South African Indian English and the history of Englishes.” In Watts & Trudgill, eds. 2002: 111–33.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2002b. “From first language to second language: Indian South African English.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 339–55.CrossRef
Mesthrie, Rajend, ed. 2002c. Language in South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2002d. “South Africa: a sociolinguistic overview.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 11–26.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004a. “Black South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 962–73.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004b. “Indian South African English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 974–92.
Mesthrie, Rajend.2004c. “Indian South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 953–63.
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. “Anti-deletions in an L2 grammar: a study of Black South African English mesolect.” English World-Wide 27: 111–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michieka, Martha Moraa. 2005. “English in Kenya: a sociolinguistic profile.” World Englishes 24: 173–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James, and Milroy, Lesley. 1985. Authority in Language. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Leslie. 2002. “Social networks.” In Chambers, Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, eds. 2002: 549–72.
Mitchell, Alexander G. and Delbridge, Arthur. 1965. The Speech of Australian Adolescents: A Survey. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.Google Scholar
Mittmann, Brigitta. 2004. Mehrwort-Cluster in der englischen Alltagskonversation. Unterschiede zwischen britischem und amerikanischem gesprochenem Englisch als Indikatoren für den präfabrizierten Charakter der Sprache. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Moag, Rodney F. 1992. “The life cycle of non-native Englishes: a case study.” In Kachru, ed. 1992: 233–52.
Montgomery, Michael. 1989. “Exploring the roots of Appalachian English.” English World-Wide 10: 227–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Montgomery, Michael.1996. “Was colonial American English a koiné?” In Klemola, Juhani, Kytö, Merja and Rissanen, Matti, eds. Speech Past and Present: Studies in English Dialectology in Memory of Ossi Ihalainen. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 213–35.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Michael.2001. “British and American antecedents.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 86–153.
Montgomery, Michael.2004. “Appalachian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 245–80.
Montgomery, Michael, and Hall, Joseph S.. 2004. Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Moore, Bruce. 2001a. “Australian English and indigenous voices.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 133–49.
Moore, Bruce.2001b. “Australian English: Australian identity.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 44–58.
Moore, Bruce, ed. 2001c. “Who's Centric Now?” The Present State of Post-Colonial Englishes. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morais, Elaine. 2000. “Talking in English but thinking like a Malaysian: insights from a car assembly plant.” In Halimah & Ng 2000: 90–106.
Morais, Elaine.2001. “Lectal varieties of Malaysian English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 33–52.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1986. “The universalist and substrate hypotheses complement one another.” In Muysken & Smith, eds. 1986: 129–62.CrossRef
Mufwene, Salikoko S., ed. 1993. Africanisms in Afro-American Language Varieties. Athens, London: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996a. “The development of American Englishes: some questions from a creole genesis perspective.” In Schneider, Edgar W., ed., Focus on the USA. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 231–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 1996b. “The Founder Principle in creole genesis.” Diachronica 13: 83–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2000a. “Creolization is a social, not a structural, process.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 65–84.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2000b. “Some sociohistorical inferences about the development of African American English.” In Poplack, ed. 2000: 233–63.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2001a. “African-American English.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 291–324.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2001b. The Ecology of Language Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2003a. “Genetic linguistics and genetic creolistics: a response to Sarah G. Thomason's ‘Creoles and genetic relationship’.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 18: 273–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2003b. “The shared ancestry of African-American and American White Southern Englishes: some speculations dictated by history.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 64–81.
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2004a. “Gullah: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 356–73.
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2004b. “Language birth and death.” Annual Review of Anthropology 33: 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2005a. Créoles, écologies sociale, évolution linguistique. Paris: Harmattan.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S.2005b. “Language evolution: the population genetics way.” In Hauska, Günther, ed. Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution. Regensburg: Universitätsverlag Regensburg, 30–52.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S. 2006. “The comparability of new-dialect formation and creole development.” World Englishes 25: 177–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko S., Rickford, John R., Bailey, Guy, and Baugh, John, eds. 1998. African-American English: Structure, History and Use. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mugler, France, and Jan Tent. 1998. “Some aspects of language use and attitudes in Fiji.” In Tent, Jan and Mugler, France, eds. SICOL: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Oceanic Linguistics. Vol. I: Language Contact. (Pacific Linguistics C-141) Canberra: Australian National University: 109–34.Google Scholar
Mugler, France, and Jan Tent.2004. “Fiji English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 770–88.
Mühleisen, Susanne. 2002. Creole Discourse. Exploring Prestige Formation and Change across Caribbean English-Lexicon Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühleisen, Susanne, and Migge, Bettina, eds. 2005. Politeness and Face in Caribbean Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 1986. Pidgin and Creole Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mühlhäusler, Peter. 2002. “Changing names for a changing landscape: the case of Norfolk Island.” English World-Wide 23: 59–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukherjee, Joybrato, and Hoffmann, Sebastian. 2006. “Describing verb-complementational profiles of New Englishes: a pilot study of Indian English.” English World-Wide 27: 147–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Sarah. 2002. “Language issues in South African education: an overview.” In Mesthrie, ed. 2002c: 434–48.CrossRef
Murray, Thomas, and Beth Lee Simon. 2004. “Colloquial American English: grammatical features.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 221–44.
Murray, Thomas, and Simon, Beth Lee, eds. 2006. Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at “Heartland” English. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muthwii, Margaret Jepkirui, and Kioko, Angelina Nduku, eds. 2004. New Language Bearings in Africa. A Fresh Quest. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter, and Smith, Norval, eds. 1986. Substrata versus Universals in Creole Genesis. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mwangi, Serah. 2003. Prepositions in Kenyan English. Aachen: Shaker.Google Scholar
Nagle, Stephen J., and Sanders, Sara L., eds. 2003. English in the Southern United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, and Julie Roberts. 2004. “New England: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 270–81.
Nair-Venugopal, Shanta. 2000. Language Choice and Communication in Malaysian Business. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Google Scholar
Nelson, Gerald. 2005. “Expressing future time in Philippine English.” In Dayak & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 41–59.
Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid, and Schneider, Edgar W., eds. 2000. Degrees of Restructuring in Creole Languages. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Newbrook, Mark. 1997. “Malaysian English: Status, norms, some grammatical and lexical features.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 229–56.CrossRef
Newbrook, Mark.2001. “Syntactic features and norms in Australian English.” In Blair & Collins, eds. 2001: 113–32.CrossRef
Ngefac, Aloysius. 2001. “Extra-linguistic correlates of Cameroon English phonology.” PhD dissertation, University of Yaounde I.
Ngefac, Aloysius, and Sala, Bonaventure M.. 2006. “Cameroon Pidgin and Cameroon English at a confluence: a real-time investigation.” English World-Wide 27: 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, Roger L. 2003. American Indians in U.S. History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Nihalani, Paroo, Tongue, R. K., Hosali, Priya, and Crowther, Jonathan. 2004. Indian and British English. A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation. 2nd edn. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Norton, Bonny. 2000. Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity and Educational Change. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Noss, R. B., ed. 1983. Varieties of English in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Singapore University Press for SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar
Olavarria de Ersson, Eugenia, and Shaw, Philip. 2003. “Verb complementation patterns in Indian Standard English.” English World-Wide 24: 137–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, Vincent B. Y., ed. 2001. Evolving Identities. The English Language in Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.Google Scholar
Orkin, Mark M. 1970. Speaking Canadian English. Toronto: General Publishing.Google Scholar
Orsman, Harry. 1997. A Dictionary of New Zealand English on Historical Principles. Auckland: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Orsman, Elizabeth, and Orsman, Harry. 1994. The New Zealand Dictionary. Educational Edition. Takapuna: New House.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne. 1991. “The range and depth of English-knowing bilinguals in Singapore.” World Englishes 10: 167–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pakir, Anne, ed. 1993. The English Language in Singapore: Standards and Norms. Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Pakir, Anne. 1994. “English in Singapore: the codification of competing norms.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 92–118.
Pakir, Anne.1999. “English as a glocal Language: implications for English language teaching world-wide.” Paper presented at International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language (IATEFL) 1999, Edinburgh.
Pakir, Anne.2001. “The voices of English-knowing bilinguals and the emergence of new epicentres.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 1–11.
Patrick, Peter. 1997. “Style and register in Jamaican Patwa.” In Schneider, ed., 1997, II: 41–55.
Patrick, Peter. 1999. Urban Jamaican Creole. Variation in the Mesolect. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, Peter.2004. “Jamaican Creole: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 407–38.
Paul, Premila. 2003. “The master's language and its Indian uses.” In Mair, ed. 2003: 359–65.
Pawley, Andrew. 2004. “Australian Vernacular English: some grammatical characteristics.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 611–42.
Peeters, Bert. 2004. “Tall poppies and egalitarianism in Australian discourse: From key word to cultural value.” English World-Wide 25: 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penfield, Joyce, and Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob L.. 1985. Chicano English: An Ethnic Contact Dialect. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Long, and Setter, Jane. 2000. “The emergence of systematicity in the English pronunciations of two Cantonese-speaking adults in Hong Kong.” English World-Wide 21: 81–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 1998. English and the Discourses of Colonialism. London, New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Peters, Pam. 1995. The Cambridge Australian English Style Guide. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, John, and Weber, Heidi. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1983. Singapore and Malaysia. (Varieties of English Around the World T1). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, John, Weber, Heidi, and Ho, Mian Lian. 1984. The New Englishes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Pollard, Velma. 1983. “The social history of Dread Talk.” In Carrington, ed. 1983: 46–62.
Pollard, Velma.1986. “Innovation in Jamaican Creole. The speech of Rastafari.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 157–66.CrossRef
Poplack, Shana, ed. 2000. The English History of African American English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prendergast, David. 1998. “Views on Englishes. A talk with Braj B. Kachru, Salikoko Mufwene, Rajendra Singh, Loreto Todd and Peter Trudgill.” Links & Letters 5: 225–41.Google Scholar
Pride, John, ed. 1982. New Englishes. Rowley, London, Tokyo: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Pyles, Thomas. 1952. Words and Ways of American English. London: Melrose.Google Scholar
Quinn, Heidi. 2000. “Variation in New Zealand English syntax and morphology.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 173–97.CrossRef
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London, New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Rajadurai, Joanne. 2004. “The faces and facets of English in Malaysia.” English Today 80 20: 54–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramson, W. S. 1966. Australian English: An Historical Study of the Vocabulary 1788–1898. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Ramson, W. S., ed. 1988. The Australian National Dictionary. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker. 1933. “British recognition of American speech in the eighteenth century.” Dialect Notes 6: 313–34. Quoted from reprint in Read 2002: 37–54.
Read, Allen Walker. 1938. “The assimilation of the speech of British immigrants in colonial America.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 37: 70–9.Google Scholar
Read, Allen Walker.2002. Milestones in the History of English in America. Edited by Bailey, Richard W.. (PADS 86) Durham, NC: Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.Google Scholar
Reaser, Jeffrey, and Benjamin Torbert. 2004. “Bahamian English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 391–406.
Richards, Kel. 2005. Word Map. Sydney: ABC Books.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1987. Dimensions of a Creole Continuum. History, Texts, and Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese Creole. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. 1998. African American Vernacular English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rickford, John R. and Handler, Jerome S.. 1994. “Textual evidence on the nature of early Barbadian speech, 1676–1835.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9: 221–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richards, Jack C., ed. 1979. New Varieties of English: Issues and Approaches. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.Google Scholar
Roberts, Peter A. 1998a. “The fabric of Barbadian English.” In Christie, Pauline, Lalla, Barbara, Pollard, Velma, and Carrington, Lawrence, eds. Studies in Caribbean Language II. St. Augustine: Society for Caribbean Linguistics, 13–33.Google Scholar
Roberts, Peter A. 1988b. West Indians and Their Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne. 1998. “The role of diffusion in the genesis of Hawaiian creole.” Language 74: 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Sarah Julianne.2000. “Nativisation and genesis of Hawaiian Creole.” In McWhorter, John, ed. Language Change and Language Contact in Pidgins and Creoles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 257–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2001. “Contact with other languages.” In Algeo, ed. 2001a: 154–83.
Rowicka, Grazyna J. 2005. “American Indian English: the Quinault case.” English World-Wide 26: 301–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, John D. 1986. “The structure of tense and aspect in Barbadian English Creole.” In Görlach & Holm, eds. 1986: 141–56.CrossRef
Rubal-Lopez, Alma. 1996. “The ongoing spread of English: a comparative analysis of former Anglo-American colonies with non-colonies.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 37–82.CrossRef
Rubdy, Rani. 2001. “Creative destruction: Singapore's Speak Good English Movement.” World Englishes 20: 341–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahgal, Anju. 1991. “Patterns of language use in a bilingual setting in India.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 299–307.CrossRef
Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff. 2003. Pidgin Grammar. An Introduction to the Creole Language of Hawai'i. Honolulu: Bess Press.Google Scholar
Salleh, Habibah. 2000. “Which English? And, does it matter?” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 57–63.
Sand, Andrea. 1999. Linguistic Variation in Jamaica. A Corpus-Based Study of Radio and Newspaper Usage. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto, and Robert Bayley. 2004. “Chicano English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 417–34.
Saravanan, Vanithamani. 1994. “Language maintenance and language shift in the Tamil community.” In Gopinathan et al., eds. 1994: 175–204.
Schäfer, Ronald P., and Egbokhare, Francis O.. 1999. “English and the pace of endangerment in Nigeria.” World Englishes 18: 381–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmied, Josef J. 1985. Englisch in Tansania. Sozio- und interlinguistische Probleme. Heidelberg: Groos.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef J. 1991a. English in Africa: An Introduction. London, New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Schmied, Josef J.1991b. “National and subnational features in Kenyan English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 420–32.
Schmied, Josef J.2004a. “East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 929–47.
Schmied, Josef J.2004b. “East African English (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania): phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 918–30.
Schneider, Edgar W. 1989. American Earlier Black English. Morphological and Syntactic Variables. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1990. “The cline of creoleness in English-oriented creoles and semi-creoles of the Caribbean.” English World-Wide 11: 79–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.1994. “Appalachian mountain vocabulary: its character, sources, and distinctiveness.” In Viereck, Wolfgang, ed., Proceedings of the International Congress of Dialectologists Bamberg 1990. Stuttgart: Steiner, Vol. III: 498–512.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. ed. 1997. Englishes Around the World. Vol. I: General Studies, British Isles, North America. Vol. II: Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Australasia. Studies in Honour of Manfred Görlach. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 1999. “Notes on Singaporean English.” In Carls, Uwe and Lucko, Peter, eds. Form, Function and Variation in English. Studies in Honour of Klaus Hansen. Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 193–205.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2000a. “Corpus linguistics in the Asian context: exemplary studies of the Kolhapur corpus of Indian English.” In Bautista, Llamzon, & Sibayan, eds. 2000: 115–37.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2000b. “Feature diffusion vs. contact effects in the evolution of New Englishes: a typological case study of negation patterns.” English World-Wide 21: 201–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2000c. “From region to class to identity: ‘Show me how you speak, and I'll tell you who you are’?American Speech 75: 359–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003a. “Evolutionary patterns of New Englishes and the special case of Malaysian English.” Asian Englishes 6: 44–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2003b. “Shakespeare in the coves and hollows? Toward a history of Southern English.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 17–35.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2003c. “The dynamics of New Englishes: from identity construction to dialect birth.” Language 79: 233–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2004a. “Global synopsis: phonetic and phonological variation in English world-wide.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1111–30.
Schneider, Edgar W. 2004b. “How to trace structural nativization: particle verbs in world Englishes.” World Englishes 23: 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W.2004c. “The English dialect heritage of the Southern United States.” In Hickey, , ed. 2004b: 262–309.
Schneider, Edgar W.2005a. “Cataloguing the pronunciation variants of world-wide English.” Paper presented to the Twelfth International Congress on Methods in Dialectology, Moncton, Canada, August.
Schneider, Edgar W.2005b. “The subjunctive in Philippine English.” In Dayag & Quakenbush, eds. 2005: 27–40.
Schneider, Edgar W., and Wagner, Christian. 2006. “The variability of literary dialect in Jamaican Creole: Thelwell's The Harder They Come.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 21: 45–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W., Burridge, Kate, Kortmann, Bernd, Mesthrie, Rajend, and Upton, Clive, eds. 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. I: Phonology. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2003. “Insularity and linguistic endemicity.” Journal of English Linguistics 31: 249–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schreier, Daniel. 2005. Consonant Change in English Worldwide. Synchrony Meets Diachrony. Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schröder, Anne. 2003. Status, Functions, and Prospects of Pidgin English. An Empirical Approach to Language Dynamics in Cameroon. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Schumann, John H. 1978. “The acculturation model for second-language acquisition.” In Gringas, Rosario C., ed. Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics, 27–50.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2001. “The pluperfect in native and non-native English: a comparative corpus study.” Language Variation and Change 13: 343–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, S. V. 1996. “Using computer corpora in the description of language with special reference to complementation in Indian English.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 70–81.
Shields-Brodber, Kathryn. 1997. “Requiem for English in an ‘English-speaking’ community: the case of Jamaica.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 57–67.CrossRef
Sibayan, Bonifacio P., and Andrew Gonzalez. 1996. “Post-imperial English in the Philippines.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 139–72.CrossRef
Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment. A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff.1991. “Variation in Fiji English.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 664–74.CrossRef
Siegel, Jeff. 2005. “Creolization outside creolistics.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Linguistics 20: 141–67.Google Scholar
Silva, Penny. 1997. “The lexis of South African English: reflections of a multilingual society.” In Schneider, ed. 1997, II: 159–76.
Silva, Penny.2001. “South African English: politics and the sense of place.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 82–94.
Silva, Penny, Dore, Wendy, Mantzel, Dorothea, Muller, Colin, and Wright, Madeleine., eds. 1996. A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simire, G. O. 2004. “Developing and promoting multilingualism in public life and society in Nigeria.” In Muthwii & Kioko, eds. 2004: 135–47.
Simo Bobda, Augustin. 2003. “The formation of regional and national features in African English pronunciation: an exploration of some non-interference factors.” English World-Wide 24: 17–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simo Bobda, Augustin.2004. “Cameroon English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 885–901.
Simo Bobda, Augustin, and Hans-Georg Wolf. 2003. “Pidgin English in Cameroon in the new millenium.” In Lucko, Peter, & Wolf, eds. 2003: 101–17.
Singapore Census of Population 2000. http://www.singstat.gov.sg/C2000/census.html
Singh, Rajendra, ed. 1998. The Native Speaker: Multilingual Perspectives. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, London: Sage.Google Scholar
Singler, John Victor. 2004. “Liberan Settler English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 879–97.
Skandera, Paul. 1999. “What do we really know about Kenyan English? A pilot study in research methodology.” English World-Wide 20: 217–36.Google Scholar
Skandera, Paul. 2003. Drawing a Map of Africa. Idiom in Kenyan English. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Slabbert, Sarah, and Rosalie Finlayson. 2000. “ ‘I'm a cleva!’: the linguistic makeup of identity in a South African urban environment.” In Kamwangamalu, ed. 2000: 119–36.
Slomanson, Peter A., and Newman, Michael. 2004. “Peer group identification and variation in New York Latino laterals.” English World-Wide 25: 199–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Geoff. 2004. “Tok Pisin: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 720–41.
Spencer, John, ed. 1971a. The English Language in West Africa. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Spencer, John. 1971b. “West Africa and the English language.” In Spencer, ed. 1971a: 1–34.
Sridhar, Kamal K. 1991. “Speech acts in a indigenised variety: sociocultural values and language variation.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 308–18.CrossRef
Sridhar, S. N. 1996. “Toward a syntax of South Asian English: defining the lectal range.” In Baumgardner, ed. 1996: 55–69.
Starks, Donna. 2000. “Distinct, but not too distinct: gender and ethnicity as determinants of (s) fronting in four Auckland communities.” English World-Wide 21: 291–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strevens, Peter. 1972. British and American English. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Stubbe, Maria, and Janet Holmes. 2000. “Talking Maori or Pakeha in English: signalling identity in discourse.” In Bell & Kuiper, eds. 2000: 249–78.CrossRef
Talib, Ismail S. 1998. “Singaporean literature in English.” In Foley et al. 1998: 270–86.
Talib, Ismail S. 2002. The Language of Postcolonial Literatures. An Introduction. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tan, Hwee Hwee. 2002. “A war of words over ‘Singlish’.” Time Asia 160.3, July 29.Google Scholar
Tan, Peter K. W. 2001. “Melaka or Malacca; Kallang or Care-Lang: Lexical innovation and nativisation in Malaysian and Singaporean English.” In Ooi, ed. 2001: 140–67.
Tay, Mary. 1982. “The phonology of educated Singapore English.” English World-Wide 3: 135–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tay, Mary W. J. and Anthea Fraser Gupta. 1983. “Towards a description of Standard Singaporean English.” In Noss, ed. 1983: 173–89.
Tayao, Ma. Lourdes G. 2004. “Philippine English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1047–59.
Tent, Jan. 2000a. “English lexicography in Fiji.” English Today 63, 16, 3: 22–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan.2000b. “The dynamics of Fiji English: a study of its use, users and features.” PhD dissertation, University of Otago.
Tent, Jan. 2001a. “A profile of the Fiji English lexis.” English World-Wide 22: 209–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan.2001b. “The current status of English in Fiji.” In Moore, ed. 2001c: 241–68.
Tent, Jan. 2001c. “Yod deletion in Fiji English: phonological shibboleth or L2 English?Language Variation and Change 13: 161–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tent, Jan, and France Mugler. 1996. “Why a Fiji corpus?” In Greenbaum, ed. 1996a: 249–61.
Tent, Jan, and France Mugler.2004. “Fiji English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 750–79.
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language Contact: An Introduction. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G., ed. 1997. Contact Languages. A Wider Perspective. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey, and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Roger M. 2003. Filipino English and Taglish. Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tickoo, Makhan L. 1996. “Fifty years of English in Singapore: all gains, (a) few losses?” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 431–55.
Tillery, Jan, and Guy Bailey. 2003. “Urbanization and the evolution of Southern American English.” In Nagle & Sanders, eds. 2003: 159–72.
Tillery, Jan, Bailey, Guy, and Wikle, Tom. 2004. “Demographic change and American dialectology in the twenty-first century.” American Speech 79: 227–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary. 1997. 2nd edn. Singapore: Federal Publications.
Todd, Loreto. 1982a. Cameroon. (Varieties of English Around the World. T1) Heidelberg: Groos.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, Loreto.1982b. “The English language in West Africa.” In Bailey & Görlach, eds. 1982: 281–305.
Tongue, R. K. 1974. The English of Singapore and Malaysia. Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong: Eastern Universities Press.Google Scholar
Tottie, Gunnel. 2002. An Introduction to American English. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford, New York: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1987. Sociolinguistics. An Introduction to Language and Society. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New-Dialect Formation. The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, and Hannah, Jean. 2002. International English. A Guide to Varieties of Standard English. 4th edn. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian, and Maclagan, Margaret. 2000. “Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English.” Journal of Linguistics 36: 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Maclagan, Margaret, and Lewis, Gillian. 2003. “Linguistic archeology: the Scottish input to New Zealand English phonology.” Journal of English Linguistics 31: 103–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsui, Amy B. M., and David Bunton. 2000. “The discourse and attitudes of English language teachers in Hong Kong.” In Bolton, ed. 2000a: 287–303.
Times-Chambers Essential English Dictionary. 1997. Singapore: Federal Publications & Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap.
Turner, George W. 1966. The English Language in Australia and New Zealand. London: Longmans.Google Scholar
Turner, George W.1994. “English in Australia.” In Burchfield, ed. 1994: 277–327.CrossRef
Udofot, Inyang M. 2003a. “Nativisation of the English language in Nigeria: a cultural and linguistic renaissance.” Journal of Nigerian English and Literature 4: 42–52.Google Scholar
Udofot, Inyang M. 2003b. “Stress and rhythm in the Nigerian accent of English: a preliminary investigation.” English World-Wide 24: 201–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Udofot, Inyang M.2005. “Emergent trends in English usage in Nigeria.” Paper given to the 22nd Annual Conference of the Nigeria English Studies Association.
Upton, Clive. 2004. “Received Pronunciation.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 217–30.
Walt, Johann L. and Rooy, Bertus. 2002. “Towards a norm in South African Englishes.” World Englishes 21: 113–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Riper, William R. 1973. “General American: an ambiguity.” In Scholler, Harald and Reidy, J., eds. From Lexicography and Dialect Geography. Festgabe für Hans Kurath. Wiesbaden: Steiner, 232–42.Google Scholar
van Rooy, Bertus. 2004. “Black South African English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 943–52.
Verma, Shivendra Kishore. 1982. “Swadeshi English: form and function.” In Pride, ed. 1982, 174–87.
Warren, Paul, and Laurie Bauer. 2004. “Maori English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 614–24.
Watermeyer, Susan. 1996. “Afrikaans English.” In de Klerk, ed. 1996: 99–124.CrossRef
Watts, Richard, and Trudgill, Peter, eds. 2002. Alternative Histories of English. London, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 1998. “The lexicon of Singapore English.” In Foley et al., 1998: 175–200.
Wee, Lionel. 2002. “When English is not a mother tongue: Linguistic ownership and the Eurasian community in Singapore.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 23: 282–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel. 2003. “The birth of a particle: know in Singapore English.” World Englishes 22: 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wee, Lionel.2004a. “Singapore English: morphology and syntax.” In Kortmann et al., eds. 2004: 1058–72.
Wee, Lionel.2004b. “Singapore English: phonology.” In Schneider et al., eds. 2004: 1016–33.
Weinreich, Uriel, William Labov, and Marvin Herzog. 1968. “Empirical foundations for a theory of language change.” In Lehmann, Winfred P. and Malkiel, Yakov, eds. Directions for Historical Linguistics. A Symposium. Austin: University of Texas Press: 95–188.Google Scholar
Wells, John. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiley, Terrence G. 2004. “Language planning, language policy, and the English-Only movement.” In Finegan & Rickford, eds. 2004: 319–38.CrossRef
Williams, Jessica. 1987. “Non-native varieties of English: a special case of language acquisition.” English World-Wide 8: 161–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiltshire, Caroline. 2005. “The ‘Indian English’ of Tibeto-Burman language speakers.” English World-Wide 26: 275–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winer, Lise. 1993. Trinidad and Tobago. (VEAW T6) Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1991. “The Caribbean.” In Cheshire, ed. 1991: 565–84.CrossRef
Winford, Donald. 1997a. “On the origins of African American Vernacular English – a creolist perspective. Part I: The sociohistorical background.” Diachronica 14: 305–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald. 1997b. “Re-examining Caribbean English creole continua.” World Englishes 16: 233–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winford, Donald.2000. “ ‘Intermediate’ creoles and degrees of change in creole formation: the case of Bajan.” In Neumann-Holzschuh & Schneider, eds. 2000: 215–46.
Winford, Donald. 2003. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wodak, Ruth, Cillia, Rudolf, Reisigl, Martin, and Liebhart, Karin. 1999. The Discoursive Construction of National Identity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Hans-Georg. 2001. English in Cameroon. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1974. Sociolinguistic Aspects of Assimilation: Puerto Rican English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt. 1984. “Unmarked tense in American Indian English.” American Speech 59: 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Christian, Donna. 1976. Appalachian Speech. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Dannenberg, Clare. 1999. “Dialect identity in a tri-ethnic context: the case of Lumbee American Indian English.” English World-Wide 20: 179–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, Dannenberg, Clare, Knick, Stanley, and Oxendine, Linda. 2002. Fine in the World: Lumbee Language in Time and Place. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, Human Extension/Publications.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Natalie Schilling-Estes. 1996. “Dialect change and maintenance in a post-insular community.” In Schneider, Edgar W., ed. Focus on the USA. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins, 103–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1997. Hoi Toide on the Outer Banks. The Story of the Ocracoke Brogue. Chapel Hill, London: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 1998. American English. Dialects and Variation. Malden, MA, Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt, and Thomas, Erik. 2002. The Development of African American English. Oxford, Malden: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, Kathryn. 1997. “Concepts of identity and difference.” In Woodward, Kathryn, ed. 1997. Identity and Difference. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Wright, Roger, ed. 1991. Latin and the Romance Languages in the Early Middle Ages. London, New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar
Yadurajan, K-S. 2001. Current English. A Guide for the User of English in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yahya-Othman, Saida, and Herman Batibo. 1996. “The swinging pendulum: English in Tanzania 1940–1990.” In Fishman et al., eds. 1996: 373–400.CrossRef
Yule, Henry, and Burnell, A. C.. 1886. Hobson-Jobson. A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical, and Discursive. Repr. 1986. London, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Zuengler, Jane E. 1982. “Kenyan English.” In Kachru, Braj B., ed. The Other Tongue. English Across Cultures. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 112–24.Google Scholar
Zuraidah, Mohd Don. 2000. “Malay + English → a Malay variety of English vowels and accent.” In Halimah & Ng, eds. 2000: 35–45.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Edgar W. Schneider, Universität Regensburg, Germany
  • Book: Postcolonial English
  • Online publication: 15 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Edgar W. Schneider, Universität Regensburg, Germany
  • Book: Postcolonial English
  • Online publication: 15 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901.011
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Edgar W. Schneider, Universität Regensburg, Germany
  • Book: Postcolonial English
  • Online publication: 15 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511618901.011
Available formats
×