Chapter One presents what I propose is a perennial conflict of divine and human law, a conflict that is built into the very nature of religious freedom itself. It examines the reasons why the conflict is especially acute in late modernity, arguing that liberal approaches to religious freedom have both addressed and exacerbated the problem. Finally, the chapter proposes a theoretical framework in which natural law serves as a mediator between human law and divine law and thereby as a means forward from the perennial conflict of the two forms of law.