Following the coup d’état of 1 December 1640, Lisbon's residents expressed their great joy at the proclamation of the new king with bonfires, parades, and, as the Restauraçao de Portugal prodigiosa tells us, “other festive inventions.” The king entered the city triumphantly on 6 December. Some say heavy rain did not prevent masses of people from streaming into the streets, while another account informs us that, on the contrary, rather few people even noticed the Count of Braganza's arrival in the city. Be that as it may, the new king entered the palace and showed himself at the same window where, five days before, independence from Spain had been proclaimed. Salutes were fired from the Castelo Sao Jorge, and in the evening the city flowed in the light of festive bonfires. The “largest festival ever seen” was celebrated over three days, and Saturday 15 December was chosen as the day for the king's official swearing-in ceremony. Although most of the scholarly literature refers to this event as the coronation, John IV was not crowned, but simply elevated to king and sworn in legally—levantamento and juramento are the terms used in the reports. This fact is remarkable, since it involves a conscious decision by the Portuguese not to distance themselves in this respect from Spain: since 1370, Spanish kings were only crowned in exceptional circumstances, a formal oath before the assembly of the estates, the Cortes, replacing this act. In Portugal, however, until 1580, kings had been both crowned and anointed. This changed with the Restoration. John IV's assumption of power was thus marked by the ritual of oath-taking.