This chapter engages with three broad themes addressed in Jane Guyer's (2007, 2016a, 2016b) recent work: temporalities and near futures (and especially the temporalities of immediate precarity and deep or structural time), modernity's aporias (the doctrines of the religious and the secular in relation to the contradictions and failures of modern secular national development) and the figure of the pauper or more properly the relations of violence and poverty. Much of Jane's work has of course built upon her hugely influential exploration of the cultural and political economy of Nigeria, a part of the world that has struggled throughout its postcolonial history with the failures of secular development, with the challenges of building a democratic future in a pluri-ethnic federal system, and with stark realities of political violence that surfaced almost immediately after independence with the descent into the Biafran civil war. Nigeria will be my crucible too in this chapter but I want to view the trio of concerns through the lens of the two insurgencies that have arisen since the return to civilian rule in 1999.

Boko Haram and the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) arose in different parts of the country and appear to share few family resemblances. They are of course very different. One is draped in the language of true Islam, the full implementation of shari'a law, a rhetoric of restoration and purity, and a hostility to any sense of multi-religious tolerance linked to Boko Haram's deepening affiliations with global jihadist networks. The other is resolutely secular and modern; it appears to resemble a militant civic nationalism calling for ‘resource control’ and constitutional reform (including of fiscal federalism).