Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. Mar’ûzât. Edited by Halacoğlu, Yusuf. İstanbul: Cağrı Yayınları, 1980.Google Scholar

Ahmet Cevdet Paşa. Tezakir. Edited by Baysun, Cavid. Vol. III. 4 vols. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1967.Google Scholar

Ainsworth, William Francis. Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, and Armenia. Vol. II. London: John W. Parker, 1842.Google Scholar

Aydın, Suavi, and Çiftçi, Erdal. Fihristü’l Aşair – İmparatorluğun Son Aşiret Sayımı. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2021.Google Scholar

Bell, Gertrude. The Desert and the Sown. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1907.Google Scholar

Bengtsson, Lennart P., and Whitaker, James H., eds. Farm Structures in Tropical Climates. Rome: FAO, 1988.Google Scholar

Binbaşı, Hüseyin. Memalik-i Osmaniyeʼnin Ziraat Coğrafyası. İstanbul: Mihran Matbaası, 1303.Google Scholar

Brant, James. “Notes of a Journey through a Part of Kurdistán, in the Summer of 1838.” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 10 (1840): 341–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bulduk, Abdulgani Fahri. Mardin Tarihi. Ankara: Afsaroğlu Matbaası, 1999.Google Scholar

Cuinet, Vital. La Turquie d’Asie: géographie administrative, statistique. E. Leroux, 1894.Google Scholar

Cuinet, Vital. La Turquie d’Asie, Géographie Administrative: Statistique, Descriptive et Raisonnée de Chaque Province de l’Asie Mineure. Vol. II. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1891.Google Scholar

Curzon, Robert. Armenia: A Year at Erzeroom. London: John Murray, 1854.Google Scholar

Eliot, Charles. Turkey in Europe. London: E. Arnold, 1908.Google Scholar

Çelebi, Evliya. Evliya Çelebi Diyarbekir’de. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.Google Scholar

Çelebi, Evliya. Günümüz Türkçesiyle Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi. Edited by Dağlı, Yücel and Kahraman, Seyit Ali. Vol. IV. 9 vols. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2001.Google Scholar

Güran, Tevfik. Osmanlı dönemi tarım istatistikleri, 1909, 1913 ve 1914. Vol. III. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1997.Google Scholar

Güran, Tevfik, ed. Osmanlı Devleti’nin ilk istatistik yıllığı, 1897/ The first statistical yearbook of the Ottoman Empire. Vol. 5. Ankara: T.C. Başbakanlık Devlet İstatistik Enstitüsü, 1997.Google Scholar

Herodotus. The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. Translated by Robert B. Strassler. New York: Anchor Books, 2009.Google Scholar

Jaba, Alexandre. Recueil de Notices et Récits Kourdes. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionaires de l’Académie Impériale des sciences, 1860.Google Scholar

Jaba, Alexandre, and Justi, Ferdinand. Dictionnaire Kurde-Français. St. Pétersbourg: Commissionaire de l’Académie impériale des sciences, 1879.Google Scholar

Layard, Austen H. Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon. London: Murray, 1853.Google Scholar

Layard, Austen Henry. Nineveh and Its Remains. London: John Murray, 1849.Google Scholar

Maunsell, F. R. “Central Kurdistan.” Geographical Journal 18, no. 2 (1901): 121–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maunsell, F. R. “Kurdistan.” Geographical Journal 3, no. 2 (1894): 81–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayakon, İsmail Müştak. Yıldız’da Neler Gördüm? Istanbul: Sertel Matbaası, 1940.Google Scholar

Hurşid, Mehmed. Seyâhatnâme-I Hudûd. Istanbul: Simurg, 1997.Google Scholar

Mela Mehmûde Bayezidi. Adat û Rusûmatnameê Ekradiye. Translated by Jan Dost. 2nd ed. Istanbul: Nubihar, 2012.Google Scholar

Morton, John, and de Haan, Cees. “Policy Options Paper: Community Based Drought Management for the Pastoral Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Partnership for Livestock Development and Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Growth. FAO, 1999.Google Scholar

Parry, Oswald Hutton. Six Months in a Syrian Monastery: Being the Record of a Visit to the Head Quarters of the Syrian Church in Mesopotamia, with Some Account of the Yazidis or Devil Worshippers of Mosul and El Jilwah, Their Sacred Book. London: Horace Cox, 1895.Google Scholar

Soane, Ely Banister. To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise. London: John Murray, 1912.Google Scholar

Spöttel, Walter, and Bilgemre, Kadri. Türkiye koyunculuǧu hakkında etüdler. Ankara: Yüksek Ziraat Enstitüsü, 1937.Google Scholar

Sykes, Mark. The Caliphs’ Last Heritage: A Short History of the Turkish Empire. London: Macmillan, 1915.Google Scholar

Sykes, Mark. “The Kurdish Tribes of the Ottoman Empire.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 38 (1908): 451–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tahsin, Paşa. Abdülhamit ve Yıldız Hatıraları. Istanbul: Milliyet Matbaası, 1931.Google Scholar

Taylor, Gordon. Fever and Thirst: An American Doctor among the Tribes of Kurdistan, 1835–1844. 2nd ed. Chicago: Academy Chicago Publishers, 2008.Google Scholar

The Times. “The Armenian Atrocities.” April 15, 1895. The Times Digital Archive.Google Scholar

Yalçın, B. C. Sheep and Goats in Turkey. FAO Animal Production and Protection Paper 60. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization of United Nations, 1986.Google Scholar

Abu-Mounes, Rana. Muslim-Christian Relations in Damascus amid the 1860 Riot. Leiden: Brill, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adanır, Fikret. “‘Ermeni Meselesi’nin Doğuşu.” In 1915: Siyaset, Tehcir, Soykırım, edited by Adanır, Fikret and Özel, Oktay, 3–43. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2015.Google Scholar

Ahmed, Abdel Ghaffar M., Azeze, Alemayehu, Babiker, Mustafa, and Tsegaye, Diress. Post-Drought Recovery Strategies among the Pastoral Households in the Horn of Africa: A Review. Addis Ababa: Organization for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, 2002.Google Scholar

Ak, Mehmet. “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Veba-i Bakarî (Sığır Vebası).” OTAM 39 (2016): 215–40.Google Scholar

Akçam, Taner. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York: Macmillan, 2007.Google Scholar

Akcam, Taner. The Young Turks’ Crime against Humanity: The Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.Google Scholar

Akkemik, Ünal, and Aras, Aliye. “Reconstruction (1689–1994 AD) of April–August Precipitation in the Southern Part of Central Turkey.” International Journal of Climatology 25, no. 4 (2005): 537–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aksan, Virginia H. Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Modern Wars in Perspective. Harlow: Longman/Pearson, 2007.Google Scholar

Alloul, Houssine, Eldem, Edhem, and de Smaele, Henk, eds. To Kill a Sultan: A Transnational History of the Attempt on Abdülhamid II (1905). London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Altınay, Ahmet Refik. Anadolu’da Türk Aşiretleri. Ankara: Devlet Matbaası, 1930.Google Scholar

Altıntaş, Toygun. “Crisis and (Dis)Order: Armenian Revolutionaries and the Hamidian Regime in the Ottoman Empire, 1887–1896.” PhD, University of Chicago, 2018.Google Scholar

Altıntaş, Toygun. “Violence, Armenian Women, and the ‘Armenian Question’ in the Late Ottoman Empire.” Journal of Women’s History 34, no. 3 (2022): 12–33. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2022.0023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arif, Ahmed. Hasretinden Prangalar Eskittim. 40. Yıl Özel Basımı. Istanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2008.Google Scholar

Arsalani, Mohsen, Azizi, Ghasem, and Bräuning, Achim. “Dendroclimatic Reconstruction of May–June Maximum Temperatures in the Central Zagros Mountains, Western Iran.” International Journal of Climatology 35, no. 3 (2015): 408–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arsalani, Mohsen, Pourtahmasi, Kambiz, Azizi, Ghasem, Bräuning, Achim, and Mohammadi, Hosein. “Tree-Ring Based December–February Precipitation Reconstruction in the Southern Zagros Mountains, Iran.” Dendrochronologia 49 (2018): 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Asan, Hakan. “Devlet, Aşiret ve Eşkıya Bağlamında Osmanlı Muhacir İskân Siyaseti (1860–1914).” Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 3 (2016): 34–61.Google Scholar

Astourian, Stephan. Testing World-System Theory, Cilicia (1830’s–1890’s): Armenian–Turkish Polarization and the Ideology of Modern Ottoman Historiography. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996.Google Scholar

Astourian, Stephan. “Modern Turkish Identity and the Armenian Genocide: From Prejudice to Racist Nationalism.” In Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, edited by Hovannisian, Richard G., 23–50. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Astourian, Stephan. “The Silence of the Land: Agrarian Relations, Ethnicity, and Power.” In A Question of Genocide: Armenian and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Suny, Ronald Girgor, Göçek, Fatma Müge, and Naimark, Norman M., 55–81. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ateş, Sabri. The Ottoman–Iranian Borderlands: Making a Boundary, 1843–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Avagyan, Arsen. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Kemalist Türkiye’nin Devlet-İktidar Sisteminde Çerkesler. Istanbul: Belge Yayınları, 2004.Google Scholar

Avcı, Vedat, and Esen, Fatma. “Malatya Havzası’nda Sıcaklık ve Yağışın Trend Analizi.” İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8, no. 1 (2019): 230–46.Google Scholar

Aydın, Suavi, and Verheij, Jelle. “Confusion in the Cauldron: Some Notes on Ethno-Religious Groups, Local Powers and the Ottoman State in Diyarbekir Province, 1800–1870.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Jongerden, Joost and Verheij, Jelle, 15–54. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aydıner, Mesut. “XVIII. Yüzyılın Ikinci Yarısında Diyarbakır`da Büyük Kıtlık.” In Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Diyarbakır, edited by Yediyıldız, Bahaeddin and Tomenendal, Kerstin, I:275–86. Ankara: Türk Kültürü`nü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 2008.Google Scholar

Azizi, Ghasem, Arsalani, Mohsen, Bräuning, Achim, and Moghimi, Ebrahim. “Precipitation Variations in the Central Zagros Mountains (Iran) since A.D. 1840 Based on Oak Tree Rings.” Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386 (2013): 96–103.Google Scholar

Badem, Candan. The Ottoman Crimean War. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baktıaya, Adil. “19. Yüzyıl Suriye’sinde Hristiyan-Müslüman İlişkilerinde Değişim 1860 Şam Olayları.” İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası 58, no. 2 (2011): 23–44.Google Scholar

Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America’s Response. New York: Harper Collins, 2003.Google Scholar

Baron, Salo. “The Jews and the Syrian Massacres of 1860.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 4 (1932): 3–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Batu, Selahattin. Doğu İlleri Hayvancılığı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Yayınları, 1953.Google Scholar

Brockman-Hawe, Benjamin E. “Constructing Humanity’s Justice: Accountability for ‘Crimes Against Humanity’ in the Wake of the Syria Crisis of 1860.” In Historical Origins of International Criminal Law Volume 3, edited by Bergsmo, Morten, Wui Ling, Cheah, Tianying, Song and YiPing, , 181–248. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic E Publisher, 2015.Google Scholar

Bello, David A. “Relieving Mongols of Their Pastoral Identity: Disaster Management on the Eighteenth-Century Qing China Steppe.” Environmental History 19, no. 3 (2014): 480–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bello, David A. Across Forest, Steppe, and Mountain: Environment, Identity, and Empire in Qing China’s Borderlands. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, Andrew F., and Radford, James Q.. “Know Your Ecological Thresholds.” Thinking Bush 2 (2003): 1–3.Google Scholar

Benton, Lauren. “The Legal Logic of Wars of Conquest: Truces and Betrayal in the Early Modern World.” Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 28 (2018): 425–48.Google Scholar

Beysanoğlu, Şevket. Anıtları ve Kitâbeleri ile Diyarbakır Tarihi. Vol. 2. Ankara: Irmak Matbaası, 1998.Google Scholar

Blench, Roger, and Marriage, Zoë. “Drought and Livestock in Semi-Arid Africa and Southwest Asia.” Working Paper. London: Overseas Development Institute, March 1999.Google Scholar

Bloxham, Donald. “The Armenian Genocide of 1915–1916: Cumulative Radicalization and the Development of a Destruction Policy.” Past & Present 181 (2003): 141–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bozkurt, Serhat. “Bir toplumsal mühendislik kurumu olarak Aşâir ve Muhâcirîn Müdîriyyet-i Umûmiyyesi” [The General Directorate for the Settlement of Tribes and Immigrants as an institution for social engineering]. Istanbul, Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi, MA thesis, 2013.Google Scholar

Bradley, Raymond S., and Jones, Philip D.. Climate since AD 1500. London: Routledge, 1995.Google Scholar

Bruinessen, Martin van. Agha, Shaikh and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed, 1992.Google Scholar

Bruinessen, Martin van, and Boeschoten, Hendrik, eds. Evliya Çelebi in Diyarbekir: The Relavant Section of the Seyahatname. Leiden: Brill, 1988.Google Scholar

Bulliet, Richard. “The Political Economy of the Arid Zone: Camel Caravans as a Mode of Production.” Unpublished Paper, 2018. https://www.academia.edu/36816368/the_political_economy_of_the_arid_zone_camel_caravans_as_a_mode_of_production.Google Scholar

Bulliet, Richard W. Cotton, Climate, and Camels in Early Islamic Iran: A Moment in World History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Burke, Simon Luke Robinson. “Two Nineteenth-Century Syriac Orthodox Colophons Giving Accounts of the Hamidian Massacres.” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 14 (2022): 55–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caton, Steven C. “Anthropological Theories of Tribe and State Formation in the Middle East: Ideology and the Semiotics of Power.” In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, edited by Khoury, Philip S. and Kostiner, Joseph, 74–108. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Çelebi, Bahadır. “Osmanlı Devleti’nin Merkezileşmesinde Telgrafın Rolü: 1855–1909.” PhD, Istanbul üniversitesi, 2020.Google Scholar

Çelik, Semih. “Coping with Famines in Ottoman Anatolia (1650–1850).” In An Economic History of Famine Resilience, edited by Jessica Dijkman and Bas van Leeuwen. New York: Routledge, 2019.Google Scholar

Celil, Celile. 1880 Şeyh Ubeydullah Nehri Kürt Ayaklanması. Istanbul: Peri Yayınları, 1998.Google Scholar

Çetin, Emrah. Tanzimat’tan II. Meşrutiyet’e Anadolu’da Karayolu Ulaşımı. Ankara: TTK Basımevi, 2017.Google Scholar

Ceylan, Ebubekir. Ottoman Origins of Modern Iraq: Political Reform, Modernization and Development in the Nineteenth Century Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chattarjee, Partha. The Nation and Its Fragments. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Chochiev, Georgi, and Koç, Bekir. “Migrants from the North Caucasus in Eastern Anatolia: Some Notes on Their Settlement and Adaptation (Second Half of the 19th Century-Beginning of the 20th Century).” Journal of Asian History 40, no. 1 (2006): 80–103.Google Scholar

Chowdhury, Rashed. “Pan-Islamism and Modernisation During the Reign of Sultan Abdülhamid II, 1876–1909.” PhD, Montreal, McGill University, 2011.Google Scholar

Çiçek, M. Talha. Negotiating Empire in the Middle East: Ottomans and Arab Nomads in the Modern Era, 1840–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Çiftçi, Erdal. “Fragile Alliances in the Ottoman East: The Heyderan Tribe and the Empire, 1820–1929.” PhD, Ankara, Bilkent University, 2018.Google Scholar

Clements, Henry. “Documenting Community in the Late Ottoman Empire.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 51, no. 3 (2019): 423–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cole, Camille Lyans. “Empire on Edge: Land, Law, and Capital in Gilded Age Basra.” PhD, New Haven, Yale University, 2020.Google Scholar

Cora, Yaşar Tolga. “Transforming Erzurum/Karin: The Social and Economic History of a Multi-Ethnic Ottoman City in the Nineteenth Century.” PhD, The University of Chicago, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cuthell, David Cameron. “The Muhacirin Komisyonu: An Agent in the Transformation of Ottoman Anatolia, 1860–1866.” PhD, Columbia University, 2005.Google Scholar

Dadrian, Vahakn N. The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1995.Google Scholar

Dadrian, Vahakn N. Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko–Armenian Conflict. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999.Google Scholar

Dadrian, Vahakn N. “The 1894 Sassoun Massacre: A Juncture in the Escalation of the Turko–Armenian Conflict.” Armenian Review 47, no. 1–2 (2001): 5–39.Google Scholar

Daei, Masoumeh. İran-Osmanlı Ticari İlişkileri (1900–1923). Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi, 2013.Google Scholar

Dahl, Gudrun, and Hjort, Anders. Having Herds: Pastoral Herd Growth and Household Economy. Stockholm: Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm, 1976.Google Scholar

D’Arrigo, Rosanne, and Cullen, Heidi M.. “A 350-Year (AD 1628–1980) Reconstruction of Turkish Precipitation.” Dendrochronologia 19, no. 2 (2001): 169–77.Google Scholar

Daschuk, James William. Clearing the Plains: Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life. Regina, SK: University of Regina Press, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, Diana. Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa. Cleveland: Ohio University Press, 2007.Google Scholar

Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. London: Verso, 2001.Google Scholar

Der Matossian, Bedross. Shattered Dreams of Revolution: From Liberty to Violence in the Late Ottoman Empire. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Der Matossian, Bedross. “From Bloodless Revolution to Bloody Counterrevolution: The Adana Massacres of 1909.” Genocide Studies and Prevention 6, no. 2 (2011): 152–73.Google Scholar

Der Matossian, Bedross. The Horrors of Adana: Revolution and Violence in the Early Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Der Matossian, Bedross. “Venturing into the Minefield: Turkish Liberal Historiography and the Armenian Genocide.” In The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies, edited by Hovannisian, Richard, 369–88. London: Routledge, 2017.Google Scholar

Der Matossian, Bedross Der. “The Ottoman Massacres of Armenians, 1894–1896 and 1909.” In Cambridge World History of Genocide, edited by Backhawk, Ned, Kiernan, Ben, Madley, Benjamin, and Taylor, Rebe, II:609–33. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.Google Scholar

Derderian, Dzovinar. “Nation-Making and the Language of Colonialism: Voices from Ottoman Van in Armenian Print Media and Handwritten Petitions (1820s to 1870s).” PhD, University of Michigan, 2019.Google Scholar

Derderian, Dzovinar. “Orders and Disorders of Marriage, Church, and Empire in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Armenia.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 56, no. 1 (2024): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deringil, Selim. “Legitimacy Structures in the Ottoman State: The Reign of Abdulhamid II (1876–1909).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 3 (1991): 345–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deringil, Selim. “The Invention of Tradition as Public Image in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1808 to 1908.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 35, no. 1 (1993): 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deringil, Selim. The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1908. London: I.B. Tauris, 1998.Google Scholar

Deringil, Selim. “‘They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 45, no. 2 (2003): 311–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deringil, Selim. “‘The Armenian Question Is Finally Closed’: Mass Conversions of Armenians in Anatolia during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895–1897.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 51, no. 02 (2009): 344–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Deringil, Selim. Conversion and Apostasy in the Late Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dinç, Fasih. “Kaht u Galâda Kaht-ı Rical: Merkezî Yönetim ve Musul Vilayet İdaresinin 1879–1880 Kıtlığıyla İmtihanı.” Türkiyat Mecmuası 30, no. 2 (2020): 477–503.Google Scholar

Dinç, Fasih. “1879–1880 Musul Vilayeti Kıtlığının Ekolojik, İdari Ve Ekonomik Bağlamı.” Genel Türk Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, no. 7 (2022): 189–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dinçer, Sinan. “The Armenian massacre in Istanbul (1896).” Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis 10, no.4 (2013): 20–45.Google Scholar

Dolbee, Samuel. “Empire on the Edge: Desert, Nomads, and the Making of an Ottoman Provincial Border.” The American Historical Review 127, no. 1 (2022): 129–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duffy, Andrea E. Nomad’s Land: Pastoralism and French Environmental Policy in the Nineteenth-Century Mediterranean World. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duguid, Stephen. “The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy in Eastern Anatolia.” Middle Eastern Studies 9, no. 2 (1973): 139–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dündar, Fuat. İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları Iskân Politikası, 1913–1918. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2008.Google Scholar

Dündar, Fuat. Crime of Numbers: The Role of Statistics in the Armenian Question (1878–1918). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2010.Google Scholar

Ekinci, Mehmet Rezan. “1897 Tarihli Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları Taksimatı.” E-Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 9, no. 2 (2017): 703–24.Google Scholar

Ekinci, Mehmet Rezan. “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Milli Aşireti XVIII.–XIX. Yy.” PhD, Fırat Üniversitesi, 2017.Google Scholar

Eldem, Edhem. “‘Banka Vakası’ ve 1896 İstanbul Katliamı.” In 1915: Siyaset, Tehcir, Soykırım, edited by Adanır, Fikret and Özel, Oktay, 176–98. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2015.Google Scholar

Eldem, Edhem. “Sultan Abdülhamid II: Founding Father of the Turkish State?” Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 5, no. 2 (2018): 25–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eppel, Michael. “The Demise of the Kurdish Emirates: The Impact of Ottoman Reforms and International Relations on Kurdistan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century.” Middle Eastern Studies 44, no. 2 (2008): 237–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erhan, Selahattin. “The Social Structure in the GAP Region and Its Evolution.” International Journal of Water Resources Development 13, no. 4 (1997): 505–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Erinç, Sırrı. Doğu Anadolu Coğrafyası. Istanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Yayınları, 1953.Google Scholar

Erkun, Vecdet, and Nixon, W. M.. Türkiye’de Çayır – Mer’a ve Yem Nebatları. Ankara: Güzel İstanbul Matbaası, 1955.Google Scholar

Erler, Mehmet Yavuz. Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kuraklık ve Kıtlık Olayları, 1800–1880. Istanbul: Libra, 2010.Google Scholar

Ertem, Özge. “Önce Ekmekler Bozuldu: 1880 Diyarbakır Ekmek İsyanı.” Toplumsal Tarih 194 (February 2010): 74–79.Google Scholar

Ertem, Özge. “Eating the Last Seed: Famine, Empire, Survival and Order in Ottoman Anatolia in the Late 19th Century.” PhD, European University Institute, 2012.Google Scholar

Evans, Peter B., Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Skocpol, Theda. “Bringing the State Back In: Strategies of Analysis in Current Research.” In Bringing the State Back In, edited by P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, and T. Skocpol, 3–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faroqhi, Suraiya. Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia: Trade, Crafts, and Food Production in an Urban Setting, 1520–1650. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984.Google Scholar

Faroqhi, Suraiya. “Crisis and Change, 1590–1699.” In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, edited by İnalcık, Halil and Quataert, Donald, Vol. II., 411–636. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Fattah, Hala. “The Politics of the Grain Trade in Iraq, 1840–1917.” New Perspectives on Turkey 5–6 (1991): 151–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fattah, Hala. The Politics of Regional Trade in Iraq, Arabia, and the Gulf, 1745–1900. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Fortna, Benjamin C. “The Reign of Abdulhamid II.” In The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World, edited by Kasaba, Reşat, 4:38–62. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fratantuono, Ella. “Producing Ottomans: Internal Colonization and Social Engineering in Ottoman Immigrant Settlement.” Journal of Genocide Research 21, no. 1 (2019): 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaunt, David. “Two Documents on the 1895 Massacres of Syriacs in the Province of Diyarbekir: A Discussion.” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 10 (2018): 187–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gellner, Ernest. “Tribalism and the State in the Middle East.” In Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, edited by Khoury, Philip S. and Kostiner, Joseph, 1908–26. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.Google Scholar

Genç, Mehmet. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Devlet ve Ekonomi. İstanbul: Ötüken, 2000.Google Scholar

Genç, Mehmet. “State and the Economy in the Age of Reforms: Continuity and Change.” In Ottoman Past and Today’s Turkey, edited by Pamuk, Şevket and Karpat, Kemal, 180–87. Leiden: Brill, 2000.Google Scholar

Gencer, Fatih. “Merkeziyetçi İdari Düzenlemeler Bağlamında Bedirhan Bey Olayı.” PhD, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitisü, 2010.Google Scholar

Gerber, Haim. The Social Origins of the Modern Middle East. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987.Google Scholar

Gergis, Joëlle L., and Fowler, Anthony M.. “A History of ENSO Events since A.D. 1525: Implications for Future Climate Change.” Climatic Change 92, no. 3 (2009): 343–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gingeras, Ryan. Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1912–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goffman, Daniel. Review of Review of The Well-Protected Domains: Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1909, by Deringil, Selim. Turkish Studies Association Bulletin 22, no. 2 (1998): 58–60.Google Scholar

Gölbaşı, Edip. “‘Heretik’ Aşiretler ve II. Abdülhamid Rejimi: Zorunlu Askerlik Meselesi ve İhtida Siyaseti Odağında Yezidiler ve Osmanlı İdaresi.” Tarih ve Toplum Yeni Yaklaşımlar 9 (2009): 87–156.Google Scholar

Gölbaşı, Edip. “1895–1896 Katliamları: Doğu Vilayetlerinde Cemaatler Arası ‘Şiddet İklimi’ ve Ermeni Karşıtı Ayaklanmalar.” In 1915: Siyaset, Tehcir ve Soykırım, edited by Adanır, Fikret and Özel, Oktay, 140–63. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2015.Google Scholar

Gölbaşı, Edip. “The Official Conceptualization of the Anti-Armenian Riots of 1895–1897. Bureaucratic Terminology, Official Ottoman Narrative, and Discourses of Revolutionary Provocation.” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 10 (2018): 33–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, Andrew G. “The Burning of the Tents: The Forcible Settlement of Nomads in Southern Anatolia.” In Humanist and Scholar: Essays in Honor of Andreas Tietze, edited by Quataert, Donald and Lowry, Heath W., 71–85. Istanbul: Isis Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Gratien, Chris. The Unsettled Plain: An Environmental History of the Late Ottoman Frontier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guerin, Adam. “Disaster Ecologies: Land, Peoples and the Colonial Modern in the Gharb, Morocco, 1911–1936.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 59, no. 3 (2016): 333–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gülmez, Nurettin. “Tahkik Heyeti Raporlarına Göre 1894 Sason İsyanı.” Belleten 70, no. 258 (2006): 695–742.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Güran, Tevfik. Tanzimat Döneminde Osmanlı Maliyesi: Bütçeler ve Hazine Hesapları, 1841–1861. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1989.Google Scholar

Güran, Tevfik. 19. Yüzyıl Osmanlı Tarımı. İstanbul: Eren yayıncılık, 1998.Google Scholar

Gustafson, James, and Speer, James. “Environmental Crises at the End of Safavid History: The Collapse of Iran’s Early Modern Imperial Ecology, 1666–1722.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 54, no. 1 (2022): 57–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gutman, David. The Politics of Armenian Migration to North America, 1885–1915 Sojourners, Smugglers and Dubious Citizens. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Haj, Samira. The Making of Iraq 1900–1963: Capital, Power and Ideology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.Google Scholar

Haj, Samira. “The Problems of Tribalism: The Case of Nineteenth-Century Iraqi History.” Social History 16, no. 1 (1991): 45–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. “Fırka-i İslahiye ve Yapmış Olduğu İskan.” Tarih Dergisi 27 (1973): 1–20.Google Scholar

Halaçoğlu, Yusuf. XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun İskan Siyaseti ve Aşiretlerin Yerleştirilmesi. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1997.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. Bir Siyasal Düşünür Olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet Ve Dönemi. İstanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat, 1981.Google Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. The Young Turks in Opposition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. Preparation for a Revolution: The Young Turks, 1902–1908. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, Leila M. “Water and Conflict Geographies of the Southeastern Anatolia Project.” Society & Natural Resources 15, no. 8 (2002): 743–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harvey, David. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996.Google Scholar

Henning, Barbara. Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes. Bamberg, Germany: University of Bamberg Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Holquist, Peter. Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia’s Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.Google Scholar

Homer-Dixon, Thomas F. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010.Google Scholar

Hovannisian, Richard G. “The Historical Dimensions of the Armenian Question, 1878–1923.” In The Armenian Genocide in Perspective, edited by Richard G. Hovannisian, 19–42. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1987.Google Scholar

Hovannisian, Richard G. “The Historical Dimensions of the Armenian Question, 1878–1923.” In The Armenian Genocide in Perspective, edited by Hovannisian, Richard G., 19–42. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar

Husain, Faisal. Rivers of the Sultan: The Tigris and Euphrates in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hütteroth, Wolf Dieter. Bergnomaden und Yaylabauern im Mittleren Kurdischen Taurus. Marburg: Selbstverlag des Geographischen Institutes der Universität Marburg, 1959.Google Scholar

Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter. “Villages and Tribes of the Gezira under Early Ottoman Administration (16th Century), a Preliminary Report.” Berytus: Archaeological Studies 38 (1990): 179–88.Google Scholar

Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter. “Settlement Desertion in the Gezira between the 16th and 19th Century.” In The Syrian Land in the 18th and 19th Century: The Common and the Specific in the Historical Experience, edited by Thomas Philipp, 285–94. Stuttgart : Steiner, 1992.Google Scholar

İnal, Onur. “One-Humped History: The Camel as Historical Actor in the Late Ottoman Empire.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 53, no. 1 (2021): 57–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

İnalcık, Halil, and Quataert, Donald, eds. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.Google Scholar

İrtem, Süleyman Kâni, and Kocahanoğlu, Osman S.. Bilinmeyen Abdülhamid: Hususi ve Siyasi Hayatı. Vol. I. Istanbul: Temel, 2003.Google Scholar

Işık, Ayhan. “The Emergence, Transformation and Functions of Paramilitary Groups in Northern Kurdistan (Eastern Turkey) in the 1990s.” PhD, Utrecht University, 2020.Google Scholar

İslamoğlu, Huri. “Property as a Contested Domain: A Reevaluation of the Ottoman Land Code of 1858.” In New Perspectives on Property and Land in the Middle East, edited by Owen, Roger, 3–62. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.Google Scholar

Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of Turkey, 1800–1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980.Google Scholar

Johnson, Douglas L. The Nature of Nomadism; A Comparative Study of Pastoral Migrations in Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia. Vol. 118. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969.Google Scholar

Jongerden, Joost. “Elite Encounters of a Violent Kind: Milli İbrahim Paşa, Ziya Gökalp and Political Struggle in Diyarbekir at the Turn of the 20th Century.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Jongerden, Joost and Verheij, Jelle, 55–84. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Joseph, John. The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers. Leiden: Brill, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jwaideh, Wadie. The Kurdish National Movement : Its Origins and Development. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2006.Google Scholar

Kaiser, Hilmar. The Extermination of Armenians in the Diarbekir Region. Istanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2014.Google Scholar

Kansu, Aykut. The Revolution of 1908 in Turkey. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karaca, Ali. Anadolu Islahatı ve Ahmet Şakir Paşa (1838–1899). Istanbul: Eren, 1993.Google Scholar

Karagöz, Alptekin. “Pasture Profile for Turkey.” Report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2001.Google Scholar

Karaman, Oktay. “Hatunoğlu Kurt İsmail Hakkı Paşa’nın Diyarbekir Valiliği.” Report, Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitisu, 1999.Google Scholar

Karaman, Oktay. “Diyarbakır Valisi Hatunoğlu Kurt İsmail Hakkı Paşa’nın Diyarbakır’daki Aşiretleri Islah ve İskân Çalışması (1868–1875).” History Studies: International Journal of History 4 (2012): 227–49.Google Scholar

Kardam, Ahmet. Cizre-Bohtan Beyi Bedirhan: Direniş ve İsyan Yılları. Ankara: Dipnot, 2011.Google Scholar

Karpat, Kemal. Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Karpat, Kemal. Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays. Leiden: Brill, 2004.Google Scholar

Karpat, Kemal H. “Ottoman Population Records and the Census of 1881/82–1893.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 9, no. 3 (1978): 237–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasaba, Reşat. A Moveable Empire: Ottoman Nomads, Migrants, and Refugees. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Kasaba, Reşat. “From Moveable Empire to Immovable State: Ottoman Policies towards Nomads and Refugees in the Modern Era.” New Perspectives on Turkey 45 (2011): 227–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kasaplıgil, Baki. “Türkiyede Akdeniz İklim Tipinin Hakim Olduğu Bölgelerde Orman Vegetasyonu (The Forest Vegetation in the Mediterranean Regions of Turkey).” İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 2, no. 2 (1952).Google Scholar

Keiser, Hans-Lukas. Iskalanmış Barış: Doğu Vilayetleri’nde Misyonerlik, Etnik Kimlik ve Devlet, 1839–1938. Translated by Atilla Dirim. Istanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.Google Scholar

Keiser, Hans-Lukas. “The Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: A Narrative of a General History of Violence.” Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 14, no. 3 (2014): 500–515.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kevorkian, Raymond H. “The Armenian Population of Sassoun and the Demographic Consequences of the 1894 Massacres.” Armenian Review 1–2, no. 2001 (2001): 41–53.Google Scholar

Kılıç, Mehmet Fırat. “Between Empires: The Movement of Sheikh Ubeydullah.” The International Journal of Kurdish Studies 20, nos. 1–2 (2006): 57–121.Google Scholar

Kingsbury, Benjamin. An Imperial Disaster: The Bengal Cyclone. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kıran, Eyüp. Kürt Milan Aşiret Konfederasyonu. Istanbul: Elma Yayınları, 2003.Google Scholar

Kırmızı, Abdülhamid. “1880’de Diyarbekir Vilayetine Gelen İlk Adliye Müfettişinin Sergüzeşti.” Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi 8 (2012): 73–90.Google Scholar

Kırmızı, Abdülhamid. Abdülhamid’in Valileri: Osmanlı Vilayet İdaresi, 1895–1908. 4th ed. Istanbul: Klasik Yayınları, 2017.Google Scholar

Kırzıoğlu, M. Fahrettin. “Kara-Amid`de 1819 Da A`yandan Şeyhzadeler`in Öncülüğünde Millü Deli-Behram Paşa`ya Karşı Ayaklanma ve Sonucu.” Kara-Amid Dergisi 2–4 (1956): 350–78.Google Scholar

Kıvçak, M. Sıtkı. “Astragalus – Geven.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 6, no. 1 (1956): 76–79.Google Scholar

Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Klein, Janet. “State, Tribe, Dynasty, and the Contest over Diyarbekir at the Turn of the 20th Century.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Jongerden, Joost and Verheij, Jelle, 147–78. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar

Koç, Yener. “Kışla, Kordon ve Asker: Tanzimat Dönemi Osmanlı Devleti’nde Göçebe Aşiretleri Kontrol Etmek.” Kürt Tarihi 11 (Ocak-Subat 2016): 10–17.Google Scholar

Koç, Yener. “Nomadic Pastoral Tribes at the Intersection of the Ottoman, Persian, and Russian Empires (1820s–1890s).” PhD, Boğaziçi University, 2020.Google Scholar

Koç, Yener. “A Tribal Confederation at the Intersection of the Ottoman, Russian and Qajar Empires: The Zilan Confederation and the Empires (1810–1860).” Middle Eastern Studies 59, no. 2 (2023): 181–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur. Majestelerinin Konsolosları : İngiliz Belgeleriyle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki İngiliz Konsoloslukları, (1580–1900). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2004.Google Scholar

Kodaman, Bayram. Sultan II. Abdülhamid Devri Doğu Anadolu Politikası. Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları, 1987.Google Scholar

Kodaman, Bayram. “Hamîdiye Hafîf Süvarî Alayları (2. Abdülhamîd ve Doğu-Anadolu Aşiretleri).” Tarih Dergisi 32 (June 28, 2011): 427–80.Google Scholar

Kodaman, Bayram. “The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments Abdülhamid II and the Eastern Anatolian Tribes.” In War and Diplomacy: The Russo–Turkish War of 1877–78 and the Treaty of Berlin, edited by Yavuz, Hakan and Sluglett, Peter, 382–426. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Köksal, Yonca. “Local Intermediaries and Ottoman State Centralization: A Comparison of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Provinces of Ankara and Edirne (1839–1878).” PhD, New York, Columbia University, 2002.Google Scholar

Köksal, Yonca. “Coercion and Mediation: Centralization and Sedentarization of Tribes in the Ottoman Empire.” Middle Eastern Studies 42, no. 3 (May, 2006): 469–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Köksal, Yonca. The Ottoman Empire in the Tanzimat Era: Provincial Perspectives from Ankara to Edirne. London: Routledge, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kuehn, Thomas. Empire, Islam, and Politics of Difference: Ottoman Rule in Yemen, 1849–1919. Leiden: Brill, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurt, Ümit. The Armenians of Aintab: The Economics of Genocide in an Ottoman Province. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021.Google Scholar

Kütükoğlu, Mübahat. “Osmanlı Sosyal ve İktisadi Tarihi Kaynaklarından Temettü Defterleri.” Belleten 59, no. 225 (1995): 395–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lattimore, Owen. Nomads and Commissars: Mongolia Revisited. New York: Oxford University Press, 1962.Google Scholar

Marashlian, Levon. Politics and Demography: Armenians, Turks, and Kurds in the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Zoryan Institute, 1991.Google Scholar

Lewis, Bernard. The Emergence of Modern Turkey. 2nd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.Google Scholar

Lewis, Norman. “The Syrian Steppe during the Last Century of Ottoman Rule: Hawran and the Palmyrena.” In The Transformation of Nomadic Society in the Arab East, edited by Mundy, Martha and Musallah, Basim, 33–43. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Lewis, Norman N. Nomads and Settlers in Syria and Jordan, 1800–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.Google Scholar

Lewis, Pauline Lucy. “Wired Ottomans: A Sociotechnical History of the Telegraph and the Modern Ottoman Empire, 1855–1911.” PhD, University of California, Los Angeles, 2018.Google Scholar

Li, Jinbao, Xie, Shang-Ping, Cook, Edward R., Morales, Mariano S., Christie, Duncan A., Johnson, Nathaniel C., Chen, Fahu, et al. “El Niño Modulations over the Past Seven Centuries.” Nature Climate Change 3, no. 9 (2013): 822–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Lillian M. Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Low, Michael Christopher. Imperial Mecca: Ottoman Arabia and the Indian Ocean Hajj. New York: Columbia University Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, Ussama. The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Lebanon. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, Ussama. Age of Coexistence: The Ecumenical Frame and the Making of the Modern Arab World. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Margosyan, Mıgırdiç. Gâvur Mahallesi, 5th ed. Istanbul: Aras Yayınları, 1996.Google Scholar

Margosyan, Mıgırdiç. Tespih Taneleri. Istanbul: Aras Yayınları, 2005.Google Scholar

Marozzi, Justin. Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. London: Penguin, 2014.Google Scholar

Martirosyan, Tigran. “The 1894 Sasun Massacre: Revisiting the Number of Victims.” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 14 (2022): 7–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCabe, J. Terrence. “Drought and Recovery: Livestock Dynamics among the Ngisonyoka Turkana of Kenya.” Human Ecology 15, no. 4 (1987): 371–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCarthy, Justin. Muslims and Minorities: The Population of Ottoman Anatolia and the End of the Empire. New York: New York University Press, 1983.Google Scholar

McCarthy, Justin, Turan, Ömer, and Taşkıran, Cemalettin. Sasun: The History of an 1890s Armenian Revolt. Salt Lake City: The University of Utah Press, 2014.Google Scholar

McNeill, J. R. “The Eccentricity of the Middle East and North Africa’s Environmental History.” In Water on Sand: Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Mikhail, Alan, 27–50. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McNeill, John R. The Mountains of the Mediterranean World: An Environmental History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Melson, Robert. “A Theoretical Inquiry into the Armenian Massacres of 1894–1896.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 24, no. 3 (1982): 481–509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mengirkaon, Sabri. “19.Yüzyılda Diyarbekir’de Kıtlık.” PhD, Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2021.Google Scholar

Mentzel, Peter. Transportation Technology and Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire, 1800–1923. Washington, DC: American Historical Association, 2006.Google Scholar

Mikhail, Alan. “Animals as Property in Early Modern Ottoman Egypt.” Journal of the Economic & Social History of the Orient 53, no. 4 (2010): 621–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mikhail, Alan. “The Middle East in Global Environmental History.” In A Companion to Global Environmental History, edited by McNeill, J. R. and Mauldin, Erin Steward, 167–81. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.Google Scholar

Mikhail, Alan. The Animal in Ottoman Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.Google Scholar

Mikhail, Alan, ed. Water on Sand: Environmental Histories of the Middle East and North Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.Google Scholar

Miller, Owen. “Sasun 1894: Mountains, Missionaries and Massacres at the End of the Ottoman Empire.” PhD, New York, Columbia University, 2015.Google Scholar

Minawi, Mostafa. The Ottoman Scramble for Africa: Empire and Diplomacy in the Sahara and the Hijaz. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, Benny, and Ze’evi, Dror. The Thirty-Year Genocide Turkey’s Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019.Google Scholar

Morris, Rebecca. “A Critical Examination of the Sassoun Commission of Inquiry Report.” Armenian Review 47, no. 1–2 (2001): 79–112.Google Scholar

Murcia, P., Donachie, W., and Palmarini, M.. “Viral Pathogens of Domestic Animals and Their Impact on Biology, Medicine and Agriculture.” In Encyclopedia of Microbiology, edited by Schaechter, Moselio, 805–19. 3rd ed. Oxford: Academic Press, 2009.Google Scholar

Nacar, Can, and Köksal, Yonca. “Alİ Ağa’nın Koyunları ve Borçları: Erzurum-Şam-Mısır Hattında Hayvan Ticareti.” Toplumsal Tarih 323 (2020): 60–65.Google Scholar

Nalbandian, Louise. The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties Through the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1963.Google Scholar

Newfield, Timothy P. “Domesticates, Disease and Climate in Early Post-Classical Europe: The Cattle Plague of c.940 and Its Environmental Context.” Post-Classical Archaeologies 5 (2015): 95–126.Google Scholar

Nixon, Rob. Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.Google Scholar

Oba, Gufu, and Lusigi, Walter J.. “An Overview of Drought Strategies and Land Use in African Pastoral Systems.” The Overseas Development Institute, 1987. www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/5285.pdf.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J., and Li, Lianjiang. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orhonlu, Cengiz. Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Aşiretleri İskan Teşebbüsü, 1691–1696. İstanbul: Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1963.Google Scholar

Orhonlu, Cengiz. “Kervan ve Kervan Yolları.” In Osmanlı’da Şehircilik ve Ulaşım Uzerine Araştırmalar, edited by Ozbaran, Salih, 140–46. Izmir: Ege Universitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları, 1984.Google Scholar

Orhonlu, Cengiz. Osmanlı imparatorluğunda aşiretlerin iskânı. İstanbul: Eren yayıncılık, 1987.Google Scholar

Ortaylı, İlber. Tanzimat Devrinde Osmanlı Mahalli Idareleri (1840–1880). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000.Google Scholar

Özbek, Nadir. “The Politics of Taxation and the ‘Armenian Question’ during the Late Ottoman Empire, 1876–1908.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 54, no. 4 (2012): 770–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Özbek, Nadir. İmparatorluğun Bedeli: Osmanlı’da Vergi, Siyaset ve Toplumsal Adalet (1839–1908). Istanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2015.Google Scholar

Özcan, Orkan, Musaoğlu, Nebiye, Üstündağ, Berk, Kurucu, Yusuf, and Örmeci, Cankut. “Buğday Bitkisinin Farklı Ekim Bölgelerindeki Gelişim Düzeyinin Bilgi Teknolojileri ile Incelenmesi.” TMMOB – Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Kongresi. November, 2011.Google Scholar

Özok-Gündoğan, Nilay. “The Making of the Modern Ottoman State in the Kurdish Periphery: The Politics of Land and Taxation, 1840–1870.” PhD, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2011.Google Scholar

Özok-Gündoğan, Nilay. “A ‘Peripheral’ Approach to the 1908 Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: Land Disputes in Peasant Petitions in Post-Revolutionary Diyarbekir.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Jongerden, Joost and Verheij, Jelle, 179–215. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Öztürk, Ahmet, and Toprak, Serap. “Kafkasya’dan Muş Yöresine Göçler ve Göçmenlerin İskâni (1856–1905).” Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 43 (2018): 437–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pamay, Besalet. “Doğu Anadolu ve orman durumu.” Istanbul Universitesi Orman Fakultesi Dergisi 16, no. 2 (1966): 1–12.Google Scholar

Pamuk, Sevket. “Foreign Trade, Foreign Capital and the Peripheralization of the Ottoman Empire, 1830–1913.” PhD, University of California, Berkeley, 1978.Google Scholar

Pamuk, Sevket. “The Ottoman Empire in the ‘Great Depression’ of 1873–1896.” The Journal of Economic History 44, no. 1 (1984): 107–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pamuk, Sevket. Uneven Centuries: Economic Development of Turkey since 1820. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.Google Scholar

Pamuk, Şevket, and Williamson, Jeffrey G.. “Ottoman De-Industrialization, 1800–1913: Assessing the Magnitude, Impact, and Response.” The Economic History Review 64, no. s1 (2011): 159–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. “State–Tribe Relations and the İhtilal of 1819 in Diyarbekir.” Unpublished conference paper, Middle Eastern Studies Association Meeting, Tribes, Peasants and Merchants: Social Transformation in the Eastern Provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century. New Orleans, 2013.Google Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. “Bayezid 1877: Egemen Anlatıda Görünmeyen Katliam.” In 1915: Siyaset, Tehcir, Soykırım, edited by Fikret Adanır and Oktay Özel, 84–91. Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2016.Google Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. “Beyond ‘the Desert and the Sown’: Peasants, Pastoralists, and Climate Crises in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1840–1890.” PhD, Queen’s University, 2016.Google Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. “El Niño and the Nomads: Global Climate, Local Environment, and the Crisis of the Pastoralism in Late Ottoman Kurdistan.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 63, no. 3 (2020): 316–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. Devletin Ekolojik Aygıtları. İnterview by Anil Olcan, September 21, 2020. https://birartibir.org/devletin-ekolojik-aygitlari/.Google Scholar

Pehlivan, Zozan. Wildfires in Mount Cudi and the Ecological, Ideological, Political, and Historical Dimensions of Forest Fires: Turkey’s Destruction of the Kurdish Environment. Interview by Anil Olcan, September 30, 2020. https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/41791.Google Scholar

Pianciola, Niccolò. “Sacrificing the Qazaqs: The Stalinist Hierarchy of Consumption and the Great Famine of 1931–33 in Kazakhstan.” Journal of Central Asian History 1, no. 2 (2022): 225–72.Google Scholar

Polat, Ebru. “H.1310 (M. 1892) ve H.1316.1317.1318 (M. 1898.1899.1900) Tarihli Bitlis Vilayeti Salnamelerinin Transkripsiyon ve Değerlendirmesi.” MA, Erciyes Üniversitesi, 2006.Google Scholar

Polatel, Mehmet. “The Complete Ruin of a District: The Sasun Massacre of 1894.” In The Ottoman East in the Nineteenth Century, edited by Cora, Yaşar Tolga, Derderian, Dzovinar, and Sipahi, Ali, 179–98. London: I.B. Tauris, 2016.Google Scholar

Polatel, Mehmet. “The Armenian Massacre of 1895 in Bitlis Town.” Kurdish Studies 9, no. 1 (2021): 59–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quataert, Donald. “Dilemma of Development: The Agricultural Bank and Agricultural Reform in Ottoman Turkey, 1888–1908.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 6, no. 2 (1975): 210–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Quataert, Donald. Ottoman Manufacturing in the Age of the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar

Quataert, Donald. “The Age of Reforms, 1812–1914.” In An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, edited by İnalcık, Halil and Quataert, Donald, II:759–943. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.Google Scholar

Quataert, Donald. “The Urban Social History of the Middle East, 1750–1950.” Journal of Social History 44, no. 1 (2010): 267–68.Google Scholar

Raswan, Carl R. “Tribal Areas and Migration Lines of the North Arabian Bedouins.” Geographical Review 20, no. 3 (1930): 494–502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reynolds, Michael A. Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires, 1908–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogan, Eugene L. “Ottomans, Merchants, and Tribes in the Syrian Frontier (1867–1900).” In Histoire Économique et Sociale de l’Empire Ottoman et de La Turquie (1326–1960), edited by Panzac, Daniel, 251–62. Paris: Peeters, 1995.Google Scholar

Rogan, Eugene L. “Aşiret Mektebi: Abdülhamid II’s School for Tribes (1892–1907).” International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 1 (1996): 83–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogan, Eugene L. Frontiers of State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.Google Scholar

Salzmann, Ariel. “An Ancien Regime Revisited: Privatization and Political Economy in the 18th Century Ottoman Empire.” Politics and Society 21, no. 4 (1993): 393–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salzmann, Ariel. Tocqueville in the Ottoman Empire: Rival Paths to the Modern State. Leiden: Brill, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salzmann, Ariel. “The Old Regime and the Ottoman Middle East.” In The Ottoman World, edited by Woodhead, Christine, 409–22. London: Routledge, 2012.Google Scholar

Saraçoğlu, Hüseyin. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi. Istanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, 1989.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.Google Scholar

Shaw, Stanford J., and Shaw, Ezel Kural. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shaw, Stanford J., and Shaw, Ezel Kural. Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.Google Scholar

Shields, Sarah. “Regional Trade and 19th-Century Mosul: Revising the Role of Europe in the Middle East Economy.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 23, no. 1 (1991): 19–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shields, Sarah. “Sheep, Nomads and Merchants in Nineteenth-Century Mosul: Creating Transformations in an Ottoman Society.” Journal of Social History 25, no. 4 (1992): 773–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shields, Sarah. Mosul before Iraq: Like Bees Making Five-Sided Cells. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2000.Google Scholar

Sipahi, Ali. “Narrative Construction in the 1895 Massacres in Harput: The Coming and Disappearance of the Kurds.” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 10 (2017): 63–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sipahi, Ali. “Deception and Violence in the Ottoman Empire: The People’s Theory of Crowd Behavior during the Hamidian Massacres of 1895.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 62, no. 4 (2020): 810–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Skocpol, Theda. “Bringing the State Back In: Retrospect and Prospect.” Scandinavian Political Studies 31, no. 2 (2008): 109–24.Google Scholar

Soleimani, Kamal. Islam and Competing Nationalisms in the Middle East, 1876–1926. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Somel, Selçuk Akşin. The Modernization of Public Education in the Ottoman Empire, 1839–1908: Islamization, Autocracy, and Discipline. Leiden: Brill, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Somel, Selçuk Akşin. Osmanlı’da Eğitimin Modernleşmesi (1839–1908): Islamlaşmaotokrasi Ve Disiplin. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2010.Google Scholar

Sönmez, Mehmet. “Muş Ovasının Tarımsal Potansiyeli ve Arazi Kullanımı Arasındaki İlişkiler.” In Makalelerle Muş, edited by Ercan Çağlayan, 5–33. Muş: Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi, 2014.Google Scholar

Sözer, Ahmet Necdet. “Güneydoğu Anadolu`nun Doğal Çevre Şartlarına Coğrafi Bir Bakış.” Ege Coğrafya Dergisi 2 (1984): 8–30.Google Scholar

Suny, Ronald G. “Writing Genocide: The Fate of the Ottoman Armenians.” In A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire, edited by Suny, Ronald Grigor, Göçek, Fatma Müge, and Naimark, Norman M., 15–41. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tabak, Faruk. “Local Merchants in Peripheral Areas of the Empire: The Fertile Crescent during the Long Nineteenth Century.” Review 11, no. 2 (1988): 179–214.Google Scholar

Tacher, G. “Notes sur la demographie bovine au Sahel. II. Representation et projection theoriques du troupeau par un modele mathematique apres une catastrophe.” Revue d’Elevage et de Medecine Veterinaire des Pays Tropicaux 28, no. 4 (1975): 547–69.Google Scholar

Taşbaş, Erdal. “Diyarbakır’da Çeçen Muhacirler ve Sebep Oldukları Asayiş Olayları / Chechenian Immigrants and the Public Order Issues They Caused in Diyarbakır.” In Osmanlıdan Günümüze Diyarbakır, edited by Özcoşar, İbrahim, Karakaş, Ali, Özturk, Mustafa, and Polat, Ziya, 137–55. Istanbul: ENSAR Neşriyat, 2018.Google Scholar

Tezcan, Baki. “The Development of the Use of ‘Kurdistan’ as a Geographical Description and the Incorporation of This Region into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th Century.” In The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilization, edited by Çiçek, Kemal, 3:540–53. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye, 2000.Google Scholar

Thompson, Elizabeth. “Ottoman Political Reform in the Provinces: The Damascus Advisory Council in 1844–45.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 457–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toksöz, Meltem. Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region, 1850–1908. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Touchan, Ramzi, Akkemik, Ünal, Hughes, Malcolm K., and Erkan, Nesat. “May–June Precipitation Reconstruction of Southwestern Anatolia, Turkey during the Last 900 Years from Tree Rings.” Quaternary Research 68, no. 2 (2007): 196–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toulmin, Camilla. “Herders and Farmers or Farmer-Herders and Herder-Farmers [Mali]?” Pastoral Network Paper. Overseas Development Institute, 1983. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB19840000532.Google Scholar

Toulmin, Camilla. “Livestock Losses and Post-Drought Rehabilitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.” LPU Working Paper. Addis Ababa: International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1985.Google Scholar

Toulmin, Camilla. “Drought and the Farming Sector: Loss of Farm Animals and Post-Drought Rehabilitation.” Development Policy Review 5, no. 2 (1987): 125–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Türkeş, Murat. “Kuraklık, Çölleşme ve Birleşmiş Milletler Çölleşme Ile Savaşım Sözleşmesi’nin Ayrıntılı Bir Çözümlemesi.” Marmara Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi 20, no. 1 (2012): 7–56.Google Scholar

Türkyılmaz, Yektan. “Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1915.” PhD, North Carolina, Duke University, 2011.Google Scholar

Ueno, Masayuki. “‘For the Fatherland and the State’: Armenians Negotiate the Tanzimat Reforms.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 1 (2013): 93–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. “Seeing Like a Nation-State: Young Turk Social Engineering in Eastern Turkey, 1913–50.” Journal of Genocide Research 10, no. 1 (2008): 15–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Üngör, Uğur Ümit. “Disastrous Decade: Armenians and Kurds in the Young Turk Era, 1915–25.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Jongerden, Joost and Verheij, Jelle, 267–95. Leiden: Brill, 2012.Google Scholar

Verheij, Jelle. “Diyarbekir and the Armenian Crisis of 1895.” In Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870–1915, edited by Joost Jongerden and Jelle Verheij, 85–145. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Verheij, Jelle. “‘The Year of the Firman’: The 1895 Massacres in Hizan and Şirvan (Bitlis Vilayet).” Études Arméniennes Contemporaines 10 (2017): 125–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Villa, Susie Hoogasian, and Matossian, Mary Kilbourne. Armenian Village Life before 1914. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1982.Google Scholar

Walker, Christopher J. Armenia: The Survival of a Nation. London: Croom Helm, 1980.Google Scholar

White, Sam. The Climate of Rebellion in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, Sam. “Middle East Environmental History: Ideas from an Emerging Field.” World History Connected 8, no. 2 (2011).Google Scholar

White, Sam. “A Model Disaster: From the Great Ottoman Panzootic to the Cattle Plagues of Early Modern Europe.” In Plague and Contagion in the Islamic Mediterranean, edited by Varlık, Nükhet, 91–116. Kalamazoo: Arc Humanities Press, 2017.Google Scholar

Winter, Stefan. “The Reşwan Kurds and Ottoman Tribal Settlement in Syria, 1683–1741.” Oriente Moderno 97, no. 2 (2017): 256–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yadırgı, Veli. The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yadırgı, Veli. “The Political Economy of Kurdistan: From Development to De-Development.” In The Cambridge History of Kurds, edited by Bozarslan, Hamit, Yadırgı, Veli, and Güneş, Cengiz, 166–202. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yapıştıran, Cihan. “Tanzimat Sonrası Devlet-Aşiret İlişkisinde Ekonomik Motivasyonun Etkileri: Milli Aşireti (1839–1914).” PhD, Marmara Üniversitesi, 2020.Google Scholar

Yarman, Arsen. Palu-Harput 1878: Çarsancak, Çemişgezek, Çapakçur, Erzincan, Hizan ve Civar Bölgeler. Vol. I, II. İstanbul: Derlem Yayınları, 2010.Google Scholar

Yılmaz, O., and Trevor Wilson, R.. “The Domestic Livestock Resources of Turkey: Notes on Donkeys.” The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences 23, no. 2 (2013): 651–56.Google Scholar

Yılmaz, Özgür. “Samsun’da Fransız Konsolosluğu’nun Kurulması ve Fransız Arşiv Belgelerine Göre Şehrin Durumu (1840–1870).” Karadeniz İncelemeleri Dergisi 8, no. 16 (2014): 57–85.Google Scholar

Yılmazçelik, İbrahim. XIX. Yüzyılın Ilk Yarısında Diyarbakır, 1790–1840: Fizikî, İdarî ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapı. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1995.Google Scholar

Zürcher, Erik Jan. “The Young Turk Revolution: Comparisons and Connections.” Middle Eastern Studies 55, no. 4 (2019): 481–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zürcher, Erik Jan. “The Ottoman Conscription System in Theory and Practice, 1844–1918.” In Arming the State: Military Conscription in the Middle East and Central Asia, 1775–1925, edited by Lucassen, Jan and Zürcher, Erik Jan, 79–94. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000.Google Scholar