Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:32:15.972Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 October 2024

Aditi Malik
Affiliation:
College of the Holy Cross, Massachusetts
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Playing with Fire
Parties and Political Violence in Kenya and India
, pp. 225 - 256
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdulai, Abdul-Gafaru and Hickey, Sam. 2016. “The Politics of Development under Competitive Clientelism: Insights from Ghana’s Education Sector,” African Affairs 115(458): 4472.Google Scholar
Adar, Korwa G. 2000. “Assessing Democratization Trends in Kenya: A Post-mortem of the Moi Regime,” Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 38(3): 103130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adeagbo, Oluwafemi and Iyi, John-Mark. 2011. “Post-Election Crisis in Kenya and Internally Displaced Persons: A Critical Appraisal,” Journal of Politics and Law 4(2): 174179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Africa Watch/Human Rights Watch. 1993. Divide and Rule: State-Sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Afrobarometer. 2017. “Summary of Results – Afrobarometer Round 7 Survey in Ghana,” Accra, Ghana: Center for Democratic Development.Google Scholar
Agraharkar, Vishal. 2005. “Political Incentives and Hindu-Muslim Violence: A Study of Hyderabad, India,” Undergraduate Thesis (Department of Political Science), Williams College. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Hilal. 2014. “Muslims in Uttar Pradesh: Caste, Class, and Electoral Politics,” Economic & Political Weekly 49(18): 15.Google Scholar
Ahram, Ariel. 2011. “The Theory and Method of Comparative Area Studies,” Qualitative Research 11(1): 6990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahram, Ariel. 2016. “Pro-Government Militias and the Repertoires of Illicit State Violence,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 39(2): 207226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahram, Ariel, Köllner, Patrick, and Sil, Rudra. 2018. Comparative Area Studies: Methodological Rationales and Cross-Regional Applications. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahuja, Juhi. 2019. “Protecting Holy Cows: Hindu Vigilantism against Muslims in India,” in Bjørgo, Tore and Mareš, Miroslav (eds.) Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 5568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiyar, Sana. 2011. “Anticolonial Homelands across the Indian Ocean: The Politics of the Indian Diaspora in Kenya, ca. 1930–1950,” The American Historical Review 116(4): 9871013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aiyar, Sana. 2015. Indians in Kenya: The Politics of Diaspora. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Akkoyunlu, Karabekir and Öktem, Kerem. 2016. “Existential Insecurity and the Making of a Weak Authoritarian Regime in Turkey,” Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 16(4): 505527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akwiri, Joseph. 2014. “Kenya Arrests Governor over Attacks that Killed 65,” The Star, June 26.Google Scholar
Alabi, Mojeed. 2009. “The Legislatures in Africa: A Trajectory of Weakness,” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 3(5): 233241.Google Scholar
Alizada, Nafiza, Cole, Rowan, Gastaldi, Lisa, Grahn, Sandra, Hellmeier, Sebastian, Kolvani, Palina, Lachapelle, Jean, Lührmann, Anna, Maerz, Seraphine F., Pillai, Shreeya, and Lindberg, Staffan. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral: Democracy Report 2021. Gothenburg, Sweden: Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2004. “Who Is Behind the Maluku Violence?” Al Jazeera, May 13.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2013. “Violence and Impunity,” Al Jazeera, February 23.Google Scholar
Al Jazeera. 2022. “Kenya’s President Kenyatta Backs His Former Rival Odinga in Polls,” Al Jazeera, March 13.Google Scholar
All India Congress Committee. 1954. Building New India: Selections from M.K. Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Jawaharlal Nehru, S. Radhakrishnan, and Vinoba Bhave. New Delhi, India: All India Congress Committee.Google Scholar
Aluaigba, Moses. 2016. “Democracy Deferred: The Effects of Electoral Malpractice on Nigeria’s Path to Democratic Consolidation,” Journal of African Elections 15(2): 136158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amankwaah, Clementina. 2013. “Election-Related Violence: The Case of Ghana,” Current African Issues 56: 5–37. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.Google Scholar
Ambedkar, Bhimrao. 1946. What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables. Delhi, India: Gautam Book Centre.Google Scholar
Anderson, Christopher. 1998. “Political Satisfaction in Old and New Democracies,” Institute for European Studies, Working Paper # 98.4, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Anderson, David. 2005. Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Angar, Jane and Klaus, Kathleen. 2022. “Three Things to Know about Kenya’s Elections Tomorrow,” The Washington Post, August 8.Google Scholar
Angelo, Anaïs. 2020. Power and the Presidency in Kenya: The Jomo Kenyatta Years. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Anyadike, Obi. 2014. “Conflict Dynamics on Kenya’s Coast,” The New Humanitarian, July 23.Google Scholar
Arjona, Ana, Mampilly, Zachariah, and Pearlman, Wendy. 2021. “Research in Violent or Post Conflict Political Settings (Working Group IV.2)” in “The Qualitative Transparency Deliberations: Insights and Implications,” Perspectives on Politics 19(1): 200202.Google Scholar
Arriola, Leonardo. 2013. Multiethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Assies, William and Salman, Ton. 2005. “Ethnicity and Politics in Bolivia,” Ethnopolitics 4(3): 269297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asunka, Joseph, Brierley, Sarah, Golden, Mariam, Kramon, Eric, and Ofosu, George. 2019. “Electoral Fraud or Violence: The Effect of Observers on Party Manipulation Strategies,” British Journal of Political Science 49(1): 129151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atieno-Odhiambo, Elisha. 2004. “Hegemonic Enterprises and Instrumentalities of Survival: Ethnicity and Democracy in Kenya,” in Berman, Bruce, Eyoh, Dickson, and Kymlicka, Will (eds.) Ethnicity and Democracy in Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 167182.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Adam, Bussell, Jennifer, Chauchard, Simon, Jensenius, Francesca, Nellis, Gareth, Schneider, Mark, Sircar, Neelanjan, Suryanarayan, Pavithra, Thachil, Tariq, Vaishnav, Milan, Verma, Rahul, and Ziegfeld, Adam. 2022. “Rethinking the Study of Electoral Politics in the Developing World: Reflections on the Indian Case,” Perspectives on Politics 20(1): 250264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auerbach, Kiran. 2022. “Accountable to Whom? How Strong Parties Subvert Local Democratic Institutions,” Party Politics 28(5): 865878.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Aydinli, Ersel and Ozcan, Nihat. 2011. “The Conflict Resolution and Counterterrorism Dilemma: Turkey Faces Its Kurdish Question,” Terrorism and Political Violence 23(3): 438457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baah, Belinda. 2014. “Insecurity Intensifies in Kenya,” Africa Conflict Monthly Monitor 2014(9): 3740.Google Scholar
Bajpai, Rochana. 2000. “Constituent Assembly Debates and Minority Rights,” Economic and Political Weekly 35(21/22): 18371845.Google Scholar
Balagopal, K. 1988. “Meerut 1987: Reflections on an Inquiry,” Economic and Political Weekly 23(16): 768771.Google Scholar
Balaton-Chrimes, Samantha. 2021. “Who are Kenya’s 42(+) Tribes? The Census and the Political Utility of Magical Uncertainty,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 15(1): 4362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balz, Dan. 2021. “Trump Knows No Limits as He Tries to Overturn the Election,” The Washington Post, January 3.Google Scholar
Banerjee, Abhijit, Green, Donald P., McManus, Jeffrey, and Pande, Rohini. 2011. “Are Poor Voters Indifferent to Whether Elected Leaders are Criminal or Corrupt? A Vignette Experiment in Rural India,” Political Communication 31(3): 391407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, Sumanta. 1991. “‘Hindutva’ – Ideology and Social Psychology,” Economic & Political Weekly 26(3): 97101.Google Scholar
Banerjee, Vasabjit. 2019. Undoing the Revolution: Comparing Elite Subversion of Peasant Rebellions. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Banerji, Annie. 2012. “Indian Lawmaker Gets 28 Years for 2002 Massacre,” Reuters, August 31.Google Scholar
Barkan, Joel. 2004. “Kenya after Moi,” Foreign Affairs 83(1): 87100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkan, Joel. 2009. “African Legislatures and the ‘Third Wave of Democratization,’” in Barkan, Joel (ed.) Legislative Power in Emerging African Democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barkan, Joel and Okumu, John. 1978. “‘Semi-Competitive’ Elections, Clientelism, and Political Recruitment in a No-Party State: The Kenyan Experience,” in Hermet, Guy, Rose, Richard, and Rouquié, Alain (eds.) Elections without Choice. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 88107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barlas, Asma. 2019. Democracy, Nationalism, and Communalism: The Colonial Legacy in South Asia. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barma, Naazneen. 2012. “Peace-building and the Predatory Political Economy of Insecurity: Evidence from Cambodia, East Timor, and Afghanistan,” Conflict, Security, & Development 12(3): 273298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barma, Naazneen. 2014. “The Rentier State at Work: Comparative Experiences of the Resource Curse in East Asia and the Pacific,” Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies 1(2): 257272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barma, Naazneen. 2016. The Peacebuilding Puzzle: Political Order in Post-conflict States. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, Patrick. 2019. When Violence Works: Postconflict Violence and Peace in Indonesia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, Patrick, Kaiser, Kai, and Pradhan, Menno. 2004. Local Conflict in Indonesia: Measuring Incidence and Identifying Patterns. World Bank Policy Research Paper # 3384.Google Scholar
Bașlevent, Cem, Kirmanoğlu, Hasan, and Şenatalar, Burhan. 2004. “Voter Profiles and Fragmentation in the Turkish Party System,” Party Politics 10(3): 307324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, Amrita. 2021. “Changing Modalities of Violence: Lessons from Hindu Nationalist India,” in Barkey, Karen, Kaviraj, Sudipta, and Naresh, Vatsal (eds.) Negotiating Democracy and Religious Pluralism: India, Pakistan, and Turkey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 277300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Basu, Deepankar. 2021. “Majoritarian Politics and Hate Crimes against Religious Minorities: Evidence from India 2009–2018,” World Development 146: 115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, Robert. 2008. When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-century Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayar, Ali. 1996. “The Developmental State and Economic Policy in Turkey,” Third World Quarterly 17(4): 773786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bekoe, Dorina and Burchard, Stephanie. 2017. “The Contradictions of Pre-election Violence: The Effects of Violence on Voter Turnout in Sub-Saharan Africa,” African Studies Review 60(2): 7392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2009. “Rioting as Maintaining Relations: Hindu-Muslim Violence and Political Mediation in Gujarat, India,” Civil Wars 11(4): 414433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2011a. “On the Usefulness of Goonda in Indian Politics: ‘Moneypower’ and ‘Musclepower’ in a Gujarati Community,” South Asia: The Journal of South Asian Studies 34(2): 255275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2011b. Riot Politics: Hindu-Muslim Violence and the Indian State. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2011c. “The Spatial Distribution of Riots: Patronage and the Instigation of Communal Violence in Gujarat, India,” World Development 39(2): 221230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2014. “Muzaffarnagar Riots: Perils of a Patronage Democracy,” Economic & Political Weekly 49(12): 1518.Google Scholar
Berenschot, Ward. 2020. “Patterned Pogroms: Patronage Networks as Infrastructure for Electoral Violence in India and Indonesia,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 171184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward and Aspinall, Edward. 2020. “How Clientelism Varies: Comparing Patronage Democracies,” Democratization 27(1): 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenschot, Ward and Mulder, Peter. 2019. “Explaining Regional Variation in Local Governance: Clientelism and State-dependency in Indonesia,” World Development 122: 233244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Bruce. 1998. “Ethnicity, Patronage, and the African State: The Politics of Uncivil NationalismAfrican Affairs 97(388): 305341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Bruce and Lonsdale, John. 1980. “Crises of Accumulation, Coercion and the Colonial State: The Development of the Labor Control System in Kenya, 1919–1929,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 14(1): 5581.Google Scholar
Berry, Marie. 2018. War, Women, and Power: From Violence to Mobilization in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhavnani, Rikhil and Lacina, Bethany. 2015. “The Effects of Weather-induced Migration on Sons of the Soil Riots in India,” World Politics 67(4): 760794.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biberman, Yelena. 2018. “Self-Defense Militias, Death Squads, and State Outsourcing of Violence in India and Turkey,” Journal of Strategic Studies 41(5): 751781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2001. “Electoral System and Party System Stability in Post-communist Europe.” Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Conference of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, CA, 26–29 August.Google Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2003. Electoral Systems and Political Transformation in Post-communist Europe. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, Sarah. 2020. Electoral Violence, Corruption, and Political Order. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Birch, Sarah, Daxecker, Ursula, and Höglund, Kristine. 2020. “Electoral Violence: An Introduction,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 126139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biswas, Soutik. 2021. “‘Electoral Autocracy’: The Downgrading of India’s Democracy.” BBC News, March 16.Google Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George. 2012. “Political Party Activism in Ghana: Factors Influencing the Decision of the Politically Active to Join a Political Party,” Democratization 19(4): 668689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George. 2014. “Party Youth Activists and Low-intensity Electoral Violence in Ghana: A Qualitative Study of Party Foot Soldiers’ Activism,” African Studies Quarterly 15(1): 125152.Google Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George. 2019. “Place and Party Organizations: Party Activism Inside Party-branded Sheds at the Grassroots in Northern Ghana,” Territory, Politics, and Governance 7(4): 474493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bob-Milliar, George and Paller, Jeffrey. 2018. “Democratic Ruptures and Electoral Outcomes in Africa: Ghana’s 2016 Election,” Africa Spectrum 53(1): 535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2011. “Politically Allocated Land Rights and the Geography of Electoral Violence: The Case of Kenya in the 1990s,” Comparative Political Studies 44(10): 13111342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boone, Catherine. 2012. “Land Conflict and Distributive Politics in Kenya,” African Studies Review 55(1): 75103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brancati, Dawn. 2006. “Decentralization: Fueling the Fire or Dampening the Flames of Ethnic Conflict and Secessionism?International Organization 60(3): 651685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brancati, Dawn. 2009. Peace by Design: Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Branch, Daniel. 2006. “Loyalists, Mau May, and Elections in Kenya: The First Triumph of the System, 1957–1958,” Africa Today 53(2): 2750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, Daniel. 2009. Defeating Mau Mau, Creating Kenya: Counterinsurgency, Civil War, and Decolonization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Branch, Daniel and Cheeseman, Nic. 2006. “The Politics of Control in Kenya: Understanding the Bureaucratic-Executive State, 1952–78,” Review of African Political Economy 33(107): 1131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, Daniel and Cheeseman, Nic. 2008. “Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya,” African Affairs 108(430): 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branch, Daniel and Cheeseman, Nic. 2010. “Introduction: Our Turn to Eat,” in Branch, Daniel, Cheeseman, Nic, and Gardner, Leigh (eds.) Our Turn to Eat: Politics in Kenya Since 1950. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag, pp. 122.Google Scholar
Brass, Jennifer. 2016. Allies or Adversaries: NGOs and the State in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul. 1990. The Politics of India since Independence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 1997. Theft of an Idol: Text and Context in the Representation of Collective Violence. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brass, Paul. 2003a. “An Open Letter in Response to Ashutosh Varshney,” H-Net, December 4.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 2003b. The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 2004. “Development of an Institutionalised Riot System in Meerut City, 1961 to 1982,” Economic & Political Weekly 39(44): 48394848.Google Scholar
Brass, Paul. 2006. Forms of Collective Violence: Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide in Modern India. New Delhi, India: Three Essays Collective.Google Scholar
Bratton, Michael and Kimenyi, Mwangi S.. 2008. “Voting in Kenya: Putting Ethnicity in Perspective,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2(2): 272289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brender, Adi and Drazen, Allan. 2007. “Why Is Economic Policy Different in New Democracies? Affecting Attitudes about Democracy,” Paper # w13457, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, Lance. 1994. “The State and Communal Violence in UP: 1947–1992,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 17(s1): 1934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brierley Sarah and George Ofosu. 2016. “9 Things You Should Know about Ghana’s Election,” The Washington Post, December 7.Google Scholar
Brosius, Christiane. 2004. Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism. New York, NY: Anthem Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Stephen. 2001. “Authoritarian Leaders and Multiparty Elections in Africa: How Foreign Donors Help to Keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in Power,” Third World Quarterly 22(5): 725739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buijtenhuijs, Robert. 1974–1975. “The Kenya African National Union,” International Journal of Politics 4(4): 5876.Google Scholar
Bulutgil, Zeynep and Prasad, Neeraj. 2023. “Inequality, Elections, and Communal Riots in India,” Journal of Peace Research 60(4): 619633. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433221091307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burbidge, Dominic. 2015. “Democracy versus Diversity: Ethnic Representation in a Devolved Kenya,” Working Paper, University of Oxford.Google Scholar
Burchard, Stephanie. 2015. Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butalia, Urvashi. 2000. The Other Side of Silence: Voices for the Partition of India. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Campante, Filipe, Chor, Davin, and Do, Quoc-Anh. 2009. “Instability and Incentives for Corruption,” Economics & Politics 21(1): 4292.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramani, Danielle. 2000. Elections in Western Europe since 1815: Electoral Results by Constituencies. Oxford, UK: Macmillan Reference.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çarkoğlu, Ali. 1998. “The Turkish Party System in Transition: Party Performance and Agenda Change,” Political Studies 46(3): 544571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Center for Democratic Development (CDD). 2016. Ghana’s 2016 Elections: Prospects for Credibility and Peacefulness. Accra, Ghana: CDD.Google Scholar
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS). 2014. National Election Study 2014. New Delhi, India: CSDS/Lokniti.Google Scholar
Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS). 2019. National Election Study 2019 Pre-poll Survey Findings. New Delhi, India: CSDS/Lokniti.Google Scholar
Ceron, Andrea. 2017. “Intra-party Politics in 140 Characters,” Party Politics 23(1): 717.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chacha, Babere. 2010. “Pastors or Bastards? The Dynamics of Religion and Politics in the 2007 General Elections in Kenya,” in Kanyinga, Karuti and Okello, Duncan (eds.) Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions: The Kenya 2007 General Elections. Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development (SID) and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS), University of Nairobi, pp. 101134.Google Scholar
Chandhoke, Neera. 2011. “Civil Society in India,” in Edwards, Michael (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 171182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 1999. “The Ethnificiation of the Party System in Uttar Pradesh and its Consequences,” in Roy, Ramashray and Wallace, Paul (eds.) Indian Politics and the 1998 Election. New Delhi, India: Sage Publications, pp. 55104.Google Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2000. “The Transformation of Ethnic Politics in India: The Decline of Congress and the Rise of the Bahujan Samaj Party in Hoshiarpur,” The Journal of Asian Studies 59(1): 2661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2004. Why Ethnic Parties Succeed: Patronage and Ethnic Head Counts in India. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandra, Kanchan. 2005. “Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability,” Perspectives on Politics 3(2): 235252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 1998. “Beyond the Nation? Or Within?Social Text 56(1/2): 5769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 2004. The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Partha. 2011. Lineages of Political Society. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chauchard, Simon, Klašnja, Marko, and Harish, S. P.. 2019. “Getting Rich Too Fast? Voters’ Reactions to Politicians’ Wealth Accumulation,” Journal of Politics 81(4): 11971209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chawla, Prabhu. 1982. “Meerut Burns in Communal Fire Ignited by Squabble for 200 Sq. Foot Property,” India Today, October 31.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic. 2006. The Rise and Fall of Civilian-Authoritarianism in Africa: Patronage, Participation, and Political Parties in Kenya and Zambia Government, DPhil Dissertation (Department of Politics), University of Oxford, Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic. 2008. “The Kenyan Elections of 2007: An Introduction,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2(2): 166184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheeseman, Nic, Lynch, Gabrielle, and Willis, Justin. 2016. “Decentralization in Kenya: The Governance of Governors,” Journal of Modern African Studies 51(1): 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chege, Michael. 2008. “Kenya: Back from the Brink?Journal of Democracy 19(4): 125139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherono, Kiptanui. 2022. “Religious Approaches to Peacebuilding in Uasin Gishu,” Kenya News Agency, June 23.Google Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep. 1999. Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chhibber, Pradeep, Jensenius, Francesca, and Suryanarayan, Pavithra. 2014. “Party Organization and Party Proliferation in India,” Party Politics 20(4): 489505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chisti, Anees. 1982. “Meerut: Anatomy of a Riot,” Economic & Political Weekly 17(44): 17651768.Google Scholar
Cleven, Erik. 2013. Elites, Youth, and Informal Networks: Explaining Ethnic Violence in Kenya and Kosovo, PhD Dissertation (Department of Political Science), Purdue University. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Cohen, Mollie, Salles Kobilanski, Facundo, and Zechmeister, Elizabeth. 2018. “Electoral Volatility in Latin America,” Journal of Politics 80(3): 10171022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Paul. 2009. “Post-conflict Recovery: How Should Strategies Be Distinctive?Journal of African Economies 18(suppl_1): i99–i131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, Ruth. 1999. Paths toward Democracy: The Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conboy, Kevin. 1978. “Detention Without Trial in Kenya,” Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 8: 444461.Google Scholar
Confederation of Voluntary Associations (COVA). 2018. “About Us – Overview,” www.covanetwork.org/about-us/overview/.Google Scholar
Coppedge, Michael. 1993. “Party and Society in Mexico and Venezuela: Why Competition Matters,” Comparative Politics 25(3): 253274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coppedge, Michael, Gerring, John, Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Lindberg, Staffan I., Teorell, Jan, Altman, David, Bernhard, Michael, Fish, M. Steven, Glynn, Adam, Hicken, Allen, Lührmann, Anna, Marquardt, Kyle, McMann, Kelly, Paxton, Pamela, Pemstein, Daniel, Seim, Brigitte, Sigman, Rachel, Skaaning, Svend-Erik, Staton, Jeffrey, Cornell, Agnes, Gastaldi, Lisa, Gjerløw, Haakon, Mechkova, Valeriya, Römer, Johannes von, Sundtröm, Aksel, Tzelgov, Eitan, Uberti, Luca, Wang, Yi-ting, Wig, Tore, and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2019. “V-Dem Codebook v9,” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. University of Gothenburg, Sweden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Copland, Ian. 2010. “The Production and Containment of Communal Violence: Scenarios from Modern India,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 33(1): 122150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Malcolm. 2002. “The Legacy of Atatürk: Turkish Political Structures and Policy Making,” International Affairs 78(1): 115128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyr, Jennifer. 2016. “Between Adaptation and Breakdown: Conceptualizing Party Survival,” Comparative Politics 49(1): 125145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cyr, Jennifer. 2017. The Fates of Political Parties: Institutional Crisis, Continuity, and Change in Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dagi, Ihsan. 2008. “Islamist Parties and Democracy: Turkey’s AKP in Power,” Journal of Democracy 19(3): 2530.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dam, Rinita and Lunn, Jenny. 2014. “First Impressions Count: The Ethics of Choosing to Be A ‘Native’ or a ‘Foreign’ Researcher – Two Tales from Fieldwork in India,” in Lunn, Jenny (ed.) Fieldwork in the Global South: Ethical Challenges and Dilemmas. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 96108.Google Scholar
Damary, Rita. 2011. “Stand Firm and Shun Tribal Alliances, Misoi tells Kalenjin,” The Star, September 20.Google Scholar
Dasgupta, Adi. 2011. “India,” in Cheeseman, Nic (ed.) Programmatic Parties in Comparative Perspective. Stockholm, Sweden: Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), pp. 6382.Google Scholar
Davis, Paul, Larson, Eric, Haldeman, Zachary, Oguz, Mustafa, and Rana, Yashodhara. 2012. “Public Support of the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Turkey,” in Paul Davis, Eric Larson, Haldeman, Zachary, Oguz, Mustafa, and Rana, Yashodhara (eds.) Understanding and Influencing Public Support for Insurgency and Terrorism. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, pp. 99118.Google Scholar
Daxecker, Ursula. 2020. “Unequal Votes, Unequal Violence: Malapportionment and Election Violence in India,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 156170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daxecker, Ursula and Fjelde, Hanne. 2022. “Electoral Violence, Partisan Identity, and Perceptions of Election Quality: A Survey Experiment in West Bengal, India,” Comparative Politics 55(1): 4769.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daxecker, Ursula and Rauschenbach, Mascha. 2023. “Election Type and the Logic of Pre-election Violence: Evidence from Zimbabwe,” Electoral Studies. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2023.102583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Kadt, Daniel and Lieberman, Evan. 2020. “Nuanced Accountability: Voter Responses to Service Delivery in Southern Africa,” British Journal of Political Science 50(1): 185215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Kadt, Daniel, Johnson-Kanu, Ada, and Sands, Melissa. 2023. “State Violence, Party Formation, and Electoral Accountability: The Political Legacy of the Marikana Massacre,” American Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423000448.Google Scholar
de Wolf, Jan. 1983. “Dini ya Msambwa: Militant Protest or Millenarian Promise?Canadian Journal of African Studies 17(2): 265276.Google Scholar
de Zeeuw, Jeroen (ed.) 2008. From Soldiers to Politicians: The Transformation of Rebel Movements after War. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Democracy Watch. 2007. “The Party Foot Soldier Phenomenon and Ghanaian Democracy,” Center for Democratic Development 7(3): 46.Google Scholar
Dercon, Stefan and Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana. 2012. “Triggers and Characteristics of the 2007 Kenyan Electoral Violence,” World Development 40(4): 731744.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deshpande, J. V. 1993. “Assembly Elections: Winnability Is All,” Economic & Political Weekly 28(46–47): 2505.Google Scholar
Devasher, Madhavi and Gadjanova, Elena. 2021. “Cross-ethnic Appeals in Plural Democracies,” Nations and Nationalism. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12686: 117.Google Scholar
Dhattiwala, Raheel and Biggs, Michael. 2012. “The Political Logic of Ethnic Violence: The Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Gujarat, 2002,” Politics and Society 40(4): 483516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietz, Henry and Myers, David. 2007. “From Thaw to Deluge: Party System Collapse in Venezuela and Peru,” Latin American Politics and Society 49(2): 5986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dionne, Kim. 2011. “The Role of Executive Time Horizons in State Response to AIDS in Africa,” Comparative Political Studies 44(1): 5577.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doctor, Austin and Bagwell, Stephen. 2020. “Risky Business: Foreign Direct Investment and the Economic Consequences of Electoral Violence,” Journal of Global Security Studies 5(2): 339360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Driscoll, Barry. 2018. “Why Political Competition Can Increase Patronage,” Studies in Comparative International Development 53(4): 404427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupas, Pascaline and Robinson, Jonathan. 2010. “Coping with Political Instability: Micro Evidence from Kenya’s 2007 Election Crisis,” American Economic Review 100(2): 120124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupas, Pascaline and Robinson, Jonathan. 2012. “The (Hidden) Costs of Political Instability: Evidence from Kenya’s 2007 Election Crisis,” Journal of Development Economics 99(2):314329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dutta, Bhaskar and Gupta, Poonam. 2014. “How Indian Voters Respond to Candidates with Criminal Charges: Evidence from the 2009 Lok Sabha Elections,” Economic & Political Weekly 49(4): 4351.Google Scholar
Dyzenhaus, Alex. 2021. “Patronage or Policy? The Politics of Property Rights Formalization in Kenya,” World Development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105580.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Todd. 2003. Courting Democracy in Mexico: Party Strategies and Electoral Institutions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, Claire, Stigant, Susan, and Claes, Jonas. 2014. Elections and Violent Conflict in Kenya: Making Prevention Stick. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar
Elischer, Sebastian. 2010. “Political Parties, Elections and Ethnicity in Kenya,” in Branch, D., Cheeseman, N., and Gardner, L. (eds.) Our Turn to Eat: Politics in Kenya since 1950. Münster, Germany: Lit Verlag, pp. 199220.Google Scholar
Elischer, Sebastian. 2013. Political Parties in Africa: Ethnicity and Party Formation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Ellen. 1950. “Turkey Looks Toward the West,” Current History 19(111): 282286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engholm, G. M. 1956. “Kenya’s First Direct Election for Africans, March 1957,” Parliamentary Affairs 10(4): 424433.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1977. “Do Muslims Vote as A Block?Economic & Political Weekly 12(11): 458459.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1982. “The Guilty Men of Meerut,” Economic & Political Weekly 17(45):18031805.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1983. “Communal Killings in Hyderabad,” Economic & Political Weekly 18(40): 16881690.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1987. “Meerut: The Nation’s Shame,” Economic & Political Weekly, 22(25): 969971.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1988. “Gian Prakash Committee Report on Meerut Riots,” Economic & Political Weekly, 23(1/2): 30–31, 33.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1991a. “Lok Sabha Elections and Communalization of Politics,” Economic & Political Weekly 26(27–28): 1649, 1651–1652.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar. 1991b. “Making of the Hyderabad Riots,” Economic & Political Weekly 26(6): 271274.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1991c. “The Bloody Trail: Ramjanmabhoomi and Communal Violence in UP,” Economic & Political Weekly 26(4): 155, 157–159.Google Scholar
Engineer, Ashgar Ali. 1993. “Bombay Riots: Second Phase,” Economic & Political Weekly 28(12/13): 505508.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1997a. “An Analytical Study of the Meerut Riot,” in Ali Engineer, Asghar (ed.) Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (2nd edition). Hyderabad, India: Sangam Books, pp. 271280.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 1997b. “Communalism and Communal Violence, 1996,” Economic & Political Weekly 32(7): 323326.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 2002. “Communal Riots: Review of 2001,” Economic & Political Weekly 37(2): 100104.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 2004. Communal Riots after Independence: A Comprehensive Account. New Delhi, India: Shipra Publications.Google Scholar
Engineer, Asghar Ali. 2005. “Communal Riots, 2004,” Economic and Political Weekly 40(6):517520.Google Scholar
Engineer, Irfan, Dabhade, Neha, and Nair, Suraj. 2020. “India and Communal Violence: Mob Lynching in 2019,” Center for the Study of Society and Secularism, Mumbai, India.Google Scholar
Erdeniz, Gözde. 2016. “Challenges to the Religious-Political Establishment: The Cases of Anti-capitalist Muslims in Turkey and Women of the Wall in Israel,” in Rubin, Aviad and Sarfati, Yusuf (eds.) The Jarring Road to Democratic Inclusion: A Comparative Assessment of State-Society Engagements in Turkey and Israel. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, pp. 83112.Google Scholar
Erdogan, Mustafa. 1999. “Islam in Turkish Politics: Turkey’s Quest for Democracy without Islam,” Middle East Critique 8(15): 2549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ernstorfer, Anita. 2018. Peacebuilding Networks and Alliance in Kenya: A Retrospective Look at Collective Peacebuilding Effectiveness. Cambridge, MA: CDA Collaborative Learning Projects.Google Scholar
Esen, Berk and Gümüşçü, Şebnem. 2017. “A Small Yes for Presidentialism: The Turkish Constitutional Referendum of April 2017,” South European Society and Politic 22(3): 303326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ezeibe, Christian and Ikeanyibe, Okey. 2017. “Ethnic Politics, Hate Speech, and Access to Political Power in Nigeria,” Africa Today 63(4): 6483.Google Scholar
Farooqui, Adnan and Sridharan, E.. 2016. “Can Umbrella Parties Survive?Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54(3): 331361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feldmann, Linda. 1983. “High Kenyan Official Resigns Under Cloud,” The Christian Science Monitor, July 1.Google Scholar
Ferree, Karen. 2010. “The Social Origins of Electoral Volatility in Africa,” British Journal of Political Science 40(4): 759779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjelde, Hanne. 2020. “Political Party Strength and Electoral Violence,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 140155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjelde, Hanne and Höglund, Kristine. 2016. “Electoral Institutions and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa,” British Journal of Political Science 46(2): 297320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fjelde, Hanne and Höglund, Kristine. 2018. “Ethnic Politics and Elite Competition: The Roots of Electoral Violence in Kenya,” in Söderberg Kovacs, Mimmi and Bjarnesen, Jasper (eds.) Violence in African Elections: Between Democracy and Big Man Politics. London, UK: Zed Books, pp. 2746.Google Scholar
Franda, Marcus. 1962. “The Organizational Development of India’s Congress Party,” Pacific Affairs 35(3): 248260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fredland, Richard A. 1989. “Kenyan Government Cracks Down on Dissent,” Salem Press Encyclopedia.Google Scholar
Frenz, Margret. 2013. “Swaraj for Kenya, 1949–1965: The Ambiguities of Transnational Politics,” Past & Present 218(supplement 8): 151177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frye, Timothy, John Reuter, Ora, and Szakonyi, David. 2019. “Hitting Them with Carrots: Voter Intimidation and Vote Buying in Russia,” British Journal of Political Science 49(3): 857881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fujii, Lee Ann. 2010. “Shades of Truth and Lies: Interpreting Testimonies of War and Violence,” Journal of Peace Research 47(2): 231241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaitho, Macharia. 2020. “Hold Uhuru, Raila, and Ruto to Account if Politics Breeds Violence,” The Daily Nation, June 15.Google Scholar
Gandhi, Krishna. 1980. “Anatomy of the Moradabad Riots,” Economic & Political Weekly 15(36): 15051507.Google Scholar
Gardner, Amy. 2021. “‘I just Want to Find 11,780 Votes’: In Extraordinary Hour-Long Call, Trump Pressures Georgia Secretary of State to Recalculate the Vote in his Favor,” The Washington Post, January 3.Google Scholar
Gautam, Kul. 2005. “Mistakes, Miscalculations, and the Search for Middle Ground: An Exit Strategy for Nepal,” Liberal Democracy Nepal Bulletin 1(1): 19.Google Scholar
Gherghina, Sergiu. 2013. “One-Shot Party Primaries: The Case of the Romanian Social Democrats,” Politics 33(3): 185195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godbole, Girija. 2014. “Revealing and Concealing: Ethical Dilemmas of Maneuvering Identity in the Field – Experiences from Researching the Relationship between Land and Rural Women in Western India,” in Lunn, Jenny (ed.) Fieldwork in the Global South: Ethical Challenges and Dilemmas. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 8595.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, David. 1982a. “Kenyan Politics since Kenyatta,” Australian Journal of International Affairs 38(1): 2731.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, David. 1982b. Tom Mboya: The Man Kenya Wanted to Forget. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishers.Google Scholar
Good, Kenneth. 1968. “Kenyatta and the Organization of KANU,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 2(2): 115136.Google Scholar
Gottschalk, Keith. 2016. “Political Violence in South Africa Points to Rising Tensions in the ANC,” The Conversation, June 22.Google Scholar
Government of India. 1949. Sunderlal Committee Report on Police Action in Hyderabad. New Delhi, India: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2014. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches (Volume 2). New Delhi, India: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.Google Scholar
Government of India. 2018. Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh. New Delhi, India: Election Commission of India.Google Scholar
Government of Kenya. 1965. “Annual District Report.” Nyeri, Kenya: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1981. Census of India 1981—Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow, India: Director of Census Operations.Google Scholar
Government of Uttar Pradesh. 1987. Gian Prakash Committee Report on the 1987 Meerut Riots, published in installments in The Telegraph (Calcutta), November 22–30, 1987.Google Scholar
Graff, Violette and Galonnier, Juliette. 2013a. “Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India I (1947–1986),” Mass Violence and Resistance Research Network. Paris: SciencesPo.Google Scholar
Graff, Violette and Galonnier, Juliette. 2013b. “Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986–2011),” Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, Mass Violence Resistance Research Network. Paris: SciencesPo.Google Scholar
Graham, Carol. 1992. Peru’s APRA: Parties, Politics, and the Elusive Quest for Democracy. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guasti, Petra. 2020. “The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central and Eastern Europe: The Rise of Autocracy and Democratic Resilience,” Democratic Theory 7(2): 4760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guha, Ramachandra. 2019. India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers.Google Scholar
Gunter, Michael. 1989. “Political Instability in Turkey during the 1970s,” Journal of Conflict Studies 9(1): 6377.Google Scholar
Gurcan, Metin. 2015. “Arming Civilians as a Counterterror Strategy: The Case of the Village Guard System in Turkey,” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 8(1): 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana and LeBas, Adrienne. 2020. “Does Electoral Violence Affect Vote Choice and Willingness to Vote? Conjoint Analysis of a Vignette Experiment,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 7792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafner-Burton, Emilie, Hyde, Susan, and Jablonski, Ryan. 2014. “When do Governments Resort to Election Violence?British Journal of Political Science 44(1): 149179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardgrave, Robert. 1985. “India in 1984: Confrontation, Assassination, and Succession,” Asian Survey 25(2): 131144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmel, Robert and Robertson, John D.. 1985. “Formation and Success of New Parties: A Cross National Analysis,” International Political Science Review 6(4): 501523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harriss, John. 2007. “Antinomies of Empowerment: Observations on Civil Society, Politics, and Urban Governance in India,” Economic & Political Weekly 42(26): 27162724.Google Scholar
Harriss, John. 2010. “Political Change, Political Structure, and the Indian State since Independence,” in Brass, Paul (ed.) Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 5566.Google Scholar
Hasan, Mushirul. 2019. Legacy of a Divided Nation: India’s Muslims from Independence to Ayodhya. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, Zoya. 1979. “Review: On Indian Politics,” Social Scientist 8(2): 6265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, Zoya. 1996. “Communal Mobilization and Changing Majority in Uttar Pradesh,” Ludden, David (ed.) Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 8197.Google Scholar
Hassan, Mai. 2017. “The Strategic Shuffle: Ethnic Geography, the Internal Security Apparatus, and Elections in Kenya,” American Journal of Political Science 61(2): 382395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassan, Mai. 2020. Regime Threats and State Solutions: Bureaucratic Loyalty and Embeddedness in Kenya. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, Oliver and Ziegfeld, Adam. 2018. “Electoral Volatility and Turnout: Party Entry and Exit in Indian Elections,” Journal of Politics 80(2): 570584.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Patrick. 2000. “Degrees of Democracy: Some Comparative Lessons from India,” World Politics 52(4): 484519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Patrick. 2009. “Democratic Deepening in India and South Africa,” Journal of Asian and African Studies 44(1): 123149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickman, John. 2009. “Is Electoral Violence Effective? Evidence from Sri Lanka’s 2005 Presidential Election.” Contemporary South Asia 17(4): 429435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Höglund, Kristine. 2009. “Electoral Violence in Conflict-ridden Societies: Concepts, Causes, and Consequences,” Terrorism and Political Violence 21(3): 412427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, Steve and Mason, Jeff. 2020. “Irritated by Loss, Trump Hunkers Down at the White House and Avoids Talk of Future,” Reuters, December 18.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank and Githinji, Mwangi wa. 2009. “The Default Politics of Kenya,” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 16(1): 101117.Google Scholar
Holmquist, Frank, Weaver, Frederick S., and Ford, Michael D.. 1994. “The Structural Development of Kenya’s Political Economy,” African Studies Review 37(1): 69105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1985. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 1991. A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Donald. 2001. The Deadly Ethnic Riot. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Jeremy and Klaus, Kathleen. 2020. “Can Politicians Exploit Ethnic Grievances? An Experimental Study of Land Appeals in Kenya,” Political Behavior 42(1): 3558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horowitz, Michael, McDermott, Rose, and Stam, Allan. 2005. “Leader Age, Regime Type, and Violent International Relations,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(5): 661685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huber, Evelyne, Rueschemeyer, Dietrich, and Stephens, John. 1997. “The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy: Formal, Participatory, and Social Dimensions,” Comparative Politics 29(3): 323342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Barry, Irfan, Mohammod, Khan, Haider, Kumar, Krishna, Rothman, Dale, and Roberto Solórzano, José. 2015. Reducing Global Poverty. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2002. Playing with Fire: Weapons Proliferation, Political Violence, and Human Rights in Kenya. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2008. Ballots to Bullets: Organized Political Violence and Kenya’s Crisis of Governance. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2013a. High Stakes: Political Violence and the 2013 Elections in Kenya. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2013b. “Kenya: Discrimination against Rift Valley Displaced,” Human Rights Watch, January 17.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2014. “Kenya: Third Imam Killed in 2 Years,” Human Rights Watch, April 4.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2015. Insult to Injury: The 2014 Lamu and Tana River Attacks and Kenya’s Abusive Response. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2019. Vigilante Cow Protection in India: Vigilante Groups Attack Minorities, New York, NY: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar
Ichino, Nahomi and Nathan, Noah. 2016. “Democratizing the Party: The Effects of Primary Election Reforms in Ghana,” Working Paper, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
India Today. 2013. “Police Foil Telangana March, Hundreds Arrested in Hyderabad,” India Today, June 14.Google Scholar
India Today. 2019. “Arrest of L.K. Advani: The Incident that Bled India but Gave BJP Political Heft,” India Today, November 9.Google Scholar
India Today. 2020. “Won’t Listen After 3 Days: Kapil Mishra’s Ultimatum to Delhi Police to Vacate Jaffrabad Roads,” February 23.Google Scholar
International Criminal Court. 2011. Situation in the Republic of Kenya in the Case of the Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, and Joshua Arap Sang. Pre-Trial Chamber. The Hague, Netherlands.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2004. “Indonesia: Violence Erupts Again in Ambon,” Asia Briefing, Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, May 17.Google Scholar
International Crisis Group. 2022. “Kenya’s 2022 Election: High Stakes,” Brussels, Belgium: International Crisis Group, June 9.Google Scholar
Ishiyama, John and Widmeier, Michael. 2013. “Territorial Control, Levels of Violence, and the Electoral Performance of Former Rebel Political Parties after Civil Wars,” Civil Wars 15(4): 531550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iyer, Sriya and Shrivastava, Anand. 2018. “Religious Riots and Electoral Politics in India,” Journal of Development Economics 131: 104122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Karl and Pye, Lucian. 1978. Political Power and Communications in Indonesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1996. The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 1999. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics, 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation, and Mobilization (with Special Reference to Central India). New Delhi, India: Penguin Books India.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2003. “Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?” Working Paper No. 17, University of Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2019. “A De-Facto Ethnic Democracy? Obliterating and Targeting the Other, Hindu Vigilantes, and the Ethnic State,” in Chatterji, Angana, Blom Hansen, Thomas, and Jaffrelot, Christophe (eds.) Majoritarian State: How Hindu Nationalism is Changing India. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 4168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaffrelot, Christophe. 2021. Modi’s India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Jaffrey, Sana. 2021. “Right-wing Populism and Vigilante Violence in Asia,” Studies in Comparative International Development 56(2): 223249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jain, Bharti. 2013. “Government Releases Data of Riot Victims Identifying Religion,” Times of India, September 24.Google Scholar
Jairath, Vinod and Kidwai, Huma. n.d. “Violence of Silence: ‘Police Action’ in Hyderabad and its Aftermath,” Working Paper, University of Hyderabad.Google Scholar
Jalal, Ayesha. 1995. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective (No. 1). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensenius, Francesca. 2011. “Review Essay – Power and Influence in India: Bosses, Lords, and Captains,” Forum for Development Studies 38(3): 391398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, Gordon. 2005. Provincial Politics and Indian Nationalism: Bombay and the Indian National Congress, 1880–1915. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kagwanja, Peter. 2009. “Courting Genocide: Populism, Ethno-nationalism, and the Informalization of Violence in Kenya’s 2008 Post-Election Crisis,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27(3): 365387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahl, Colin. 2006. States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakar, Sudhir. 1996. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kakar, Sudhir. 2000. “The Time of Kali: Violence between Religious Groups in India,” Social Research 67(3): 877899.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanogo, Tabatha. 1987. Squatters and the Roots of May Mau, 1905–63. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Kanyinga, Karuti. 1996. “The Politics of Development Space in India,” in Semnoda, Joseph and Therkildsen, Ole (eds.) Service Provision Under Stress in East Africa: State, NGOs, and People’s Organizations in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Copenhagen, Denmark: Centre for Development Research, pp. 7086.Google Scholar
Kanyinga, Karuti. 2009. “The Legacy of the White Highlands: Land Rights, Ethnicity, and the Post-2007 Election Violence in Kenya,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27(3): 325344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanyinga, Karuti and Njoka, John. 2002. “The Role of Youth in Politics: The Social Praxis of Party Politics among the Urban Lumpen in Kenya,” African Journal of Sociology 4(2): 89111.Google Scholar
Karpat, Kemal. 1988. “Turkish Democracy at Impasse: Ideology, Party Politics, and the Third Military Intervention,” International Journal of Turkish Studies 2(1): 2729.Google Scholar
Kasara, Kimuli. 2017. “Does Local Ethnic Segregation Lead to Violence? Evidence from Kenya,” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 11(4): 441470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaufman, Robert and Haggard, Stephan 2019. “Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Countries,” Perspectives on Politics 17(2): 417432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keer, Dhananjay. 1971. Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Mumbai, India: Popular Prakashan.Google Scholar
Kemboi, Weldon. 2017. “Likoni Residents Vow to Form Vigilante Groups to Fight Criminal Gangs,” Baraka FM, March 3.Google Scholar
Kenny, Paul. 2017a. Populism and Patronage: Why Populists Win Elections in India, Asia, and Beyond. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kenny, Paul. 2017b. “The Origins of Patronage Politics: State Building, Centrifugalism, and Decolonization,” British Journal of Political Science 45(1): 141171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenny, Paul. 2020. “‘The Enemy of the People’: Populists and Press Freedom,” Political Research Quarterly 73(2): 261275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya Human Rights Commission. 2011. Lest We Forget: The Faces of Impunity in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya Human Rights Commission.Google Scholar
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. 2008. On the Brink of the Precipice: A Human Rights Account of Kenya’s Post-2007 Election Violence. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Commission on Human Rights.Google Scholar
Kenya National Commission on Human Rights. 2012. 29 Days of Terror in the Delta: KNCHR Account into the Atrocities at Tana Delta. Nairobi, Kenya: Kenya National Commission on Human Rights.Google Scholar
Kenyatta, Jomo. 1968. Suffering without Bitterness: The Founding of the Kenya Nation. Nairobi, Kenya: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Khalid, Hussein. 2021. “Hustlers versus Dynasties Rhetoric Getting Out of Hand,” The Star, February 5.Google Scholar
Khamisi, Joe. 2011. The Politics of Betrayal: Diary of a Kenyan Legislator. Bloomington, IN: Trafford Publishing.Google Scholar
Khosla, Madhav. 2020. India’s Founding Moment: The Constitution of a Most Surprising Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kimenyi, Mwangi and Ndung’u, Njuguna. 2005. “Sporadic Ethnic Violence: Why Has Kenya Not Experienced a Full-Blown Civil War?” in Collier, Paul and Sambanis, Nicholas (eds.) Understanding Civil War. Washington, DC: The World Bank, pp. 123156.Google Scholar
Kinzer, Stephen. 1996. “In Turkey, New Accusations of Links between Police, Politicians, and Criminals,” The New York Times, December 31.Google Scholar
Kirchner, Katja. 2013. “Conflicts and Politics in the Tana Delta, Kenya: An Analysis of the 2012 2013 Clashes and the General and Presidential Elections 2013,” M.A. Thesis (African Studies Centre), University of Leiden. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Kirpal, Raman. 2013. “Muzaffarnagar Riots: How the BJP, SP, and BSP Fanned the Flames,” Firstpost, September 16.Google Scholar
Kiruga, Morris. 2020. “Fallout with Kenyatta: Door Closed on Succession for Ruto,” The Africa Report, June 10.Google Scholar
Klašnja, Marko. 2017. “Uninformed Voters and Corrupt Politicians,” American Politics Research 45(2): 256279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klašnja, Marko and Tucker, Joshua. 2013. “The Economy, Corruption, and the Vote: Evidence from Experiments in Sweden and Moldova,” Electoral Studies 32(2): 536543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klašnja, Marko, Lupu, Noam, and Tucker, Joshua. 2020. “When Do Voters Sanction Corrupt Politicians?Journal of Experimental Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/XPS.2020.13, 1–11.Google Scholar
Klaus, Kathleen. 2017. “Contentious Land Narratives and the Nonescalation of Election Violence: Evidence from Kenya’s Coast Region,” African Studies Review 60(2): 5172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klaus, Kathleen. 2020. Political Violence in Kenya: Land, Elections, and Claim-Making. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klingemann, Hans-Dieter. 1999. “Mapping Political Support in the 1990s: A Global Analysis,” in Norris, Pippa (ed.) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 3156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2001. “‘Ethnic Clashes’ and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya’s Electoral Despotism,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 35(3): 473517.Google Scholar
Klopp, Jacqueline. 2009. “The NCCK and the Struggle against ‘Ethnic’ Clashes in Kenya,” in Knighton, Ben (ed.) Religion and Politics in Kenya: Essays in Honor of a Meddlesome Priest. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 183200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochanek, Stanley. 1967a. “Political Recruitment in the Indian National Congress: The Fourth General Election,” Asian Survey 7(5): 292304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kochanek, Stanley. 1967b. The Congress Party of India: The Dynamics of a One-party Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Kochanek, Stanley. 1987. “Briefcase Politics in India: The Congress Party and the Business Elite,” Asian Survey 27(12): 12781301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 1990. Democracy and Discontent: India’s Growing Crisis of Governability. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 1994. “Centralization and Powerlessness: India’s Democracy in a Comparative Perspective” in Migdal, Joel, Kohli, Atul, and Shue, Vivienne (eds.) State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 89107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohli, Atul. 2004. State-directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolarova, Rumyana and Spirova, Maria. 2019. “Bulgaria: Stable Coalitions of Unstable Parties,” in Bergman, Torbjörn, Ilonszki, Gabriella, and Müller, Wolfgang C. (eds.) Coalition Governance in Central Eastern Europe. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 86128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Köllner, Patrick, Sil, Rudra, and Ahram, Ariel. 2018. “Comparative Area Studies: What It Is, What It Can Do,” in Ahram, Ariel, Köllner, Patrick, and Sil, Rudra (eds.) Comparative Area Studies: Methodological Rationales and Cross-Regional Applications. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kothari, Rajni. 1964. “The Congress ‘System’ in India,” Asian Survey 4(12): 11611173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krause, Jana. 2018. Resilient Communities: Non-violence and Civilian Agency in Communal War. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kriger, Norma. 2005. “ZANU(PF) Strategies in General Elections, 1980–2000; Discourse and Coercion,” African Affairs 104(414): 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, Anirudh. 2007. “Politics in the Middle: Mediating Relationships between the Citizens and the State in Rural North India,” in Herbert Kitschelt and Steven Wilkinson (eds.) Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 141158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishna, Gopal. 1966. “The Development of the Indian National Congress as a Mass Organization, 1918–1923,” The Journal of Asian Studies 25(3): 413430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krishnan, Varun. 2018. “The Cow Vigilante Menace: UP Records Highest Number of Incidents,” The Hindu, December 5.Google Scholar
Kuenzi, Michelle and Lambright, Gina. 2001. “Party System Institutionalization in 30 African Countries,” Party Politics 7(4): 437468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Abhimanyu. 2017. “The Lynching that Changed India,” Al Jazeera, October 5.Google Scholar
Kumar, Radha. 1997. The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights in India, 1800–1990. New Delhi, India: Zubaan.Google Scholar
Lamptey, Afua and Salihu, Naila. 2012. “Interrogating the Relationship between the Politics of Patronage and Electoral Violence in Ghana,” in Aning, Kwesi and Danso, Kwaku (eds.) Managing Election-Related Violence for Democratic Stability in Ghana. Accra, Ghana: Friedrich-Ebert-Stifung.Google Scholar
Landau, Jacob. 1982. “The Nationalist Action Party in Turkey,” Journal of Contemporary History 17(4): 587606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lang’at, Patrick and Nyassy, Daniel. 2020. “Former Minister’s Appointment at Kenya Petroleum Refineries Revoked in Mysterious Circumstances,” The Nation, July 2.Google Scholar
LeBas, Adrienne. 2011. From Protest to Parties: Party-building and Democratization in Africa. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeBas, Adrienne. 2013. “Violence and Urban Order in Nairobi, Kenya and Lagos, Nigeria,” Studies in Comparative International Development 48(3): 240262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven. 2018. “Peru: The Institutionalization of Politics without Parties,” in Mainwaring, Scott (ed.) Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 326358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levitsky, Steven, Loxton, James, and Van Dyck, Brandon. 2016. “Introduction: Challenges of Party-building in Latin America,” in Levitsky, Steven, Loxton, James, Van Dyck, Brandon, and Dominguez, Jorge I. (eds.) Challenges of Party-building in Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Evan and Singh, Prerna. 2012. “The Institutional Origins of Ethnic Violence,” Comparative Politics 45(1): 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lieberman, Evan and Singh, Prerna. 2017. “Census Enumeration and Group Conflict: A Global Analysis of the Consequences of Counting,” World Politics 69(1): 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindberg, Staffan. 2007. “Institutionalization of Party Systems? Stability and Fluidity among Legislative Parties in Africa’s Democracies,” Government & Opposition 42(2): 215241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linke, Andrew. 2022. “Post-election Violence in Kenya: Leadership Legacies, Demography, and Motivations,” Territory, Politics, Governance 10(2): 180199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam. 2016. Party Brands in Crisis: Partisanship, Brand Dilution, and the Breakdown of Political Parties in Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam. 2018. “Party Brands, Party Erosion, and Party Breakdown,” in Mainwaring, Scott (ed.) Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 359379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam and Riedl, Rachel. 2013. “Political Parties and Uncertainty in Developing Democracies,” Comparative Political Studies 46(110): 13391365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lupu, Noam and Peisakhin, Leonid. 2017. “The Legacy of Political Violence across Generations,” American Journal of Political Science 61(4): 836851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle. 2008. “Courting the Kalenjin: The Failure of Dynasticism and the Strength of the ODM Wave in Kenya’s Rift Valley Province,” African Affairs 107(429): 541568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle. 2014. “Electing the ‘Alliance of the Accused’: The Success of the Jubilee Alliance in Kenya’s Rift Valley,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8(1): 93114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle. 2011. I Say to You: Ethnic Politics and the Kalenjin in Kenya. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle. 2018. Performances of Injustice: The Politics of Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation in Kenya. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynch, Gabrielle and Anderson, David. 2015. “Democratization and Ethnic Violence in Kenya: Electoral Cycles and Shifting Identities,” in Bertrand, Jacques and Haklai, Oded (eds.) Democratization and Ethnic Minorities: Conflict or Compromise? Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 83102.Google Scholar
Magu, Stephen. 2018. The Socio-cultural, Ethnic, and Historic Foundations of Kenya’s Electoral Violence: Democracy on Fire. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahendra, K.L. 2006. Recollections and Reflections. Hyderabad, India: Prachee Publications.Google Scholar
Mahoney, James and Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. 2003. Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maina, Wachira. 1998. “Kenya: The State, Donors, and the Politics of Democratization,” in Van Rooy, Alison (ed.) Civil Society and the Aid Industry: The Politics and Promise. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, pp. 134167.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott. 2018. “Party System Institutionalization, Predictability, and Democracy,” in Mainwaring, Scott (ed.) Party Systems in Latin America: Institutionalization, Decay, and Collapse. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 71101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott and Scully, Timothy. 1995. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Mainwaring, Scott and Zoco, Edurne. 2007. “Political Sequences and the Stabilization of Inter Party Competition: Electoral Volatility in New and Old Democracies,” Party Politics 13(2): 155178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Makali, David. 2002. “Shakombo Shot Himself in the Foot,” The Nation, May 11.Google Scholar
Maksiç, Adis. 2015. “Priming the Nation for War: Ana Analysis of Organizational Origins and Discursive Machinations of the Serb Democratic Party in Pre-war Bosnia-Herzegovina,” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 35(3): 334343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, Aditi. 2016. “Mobilizing a Defensive Kikuyu-Kalenjin Alliance: The Politicization of the International Criminal Court in Kenya’s 2013 Presidential Election,” African Conflict & Peacebuilding Review 6(2): 4873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, Aditi. 2018. “Constitutional Reform and New Patterns of Electoral Violence: Evidence from Kenya’s 2013 Elections,” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 56(3): 340359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, Aditi. 2020. “Devolution and Electoral Violence in Kenya,” in Bakarrr Bah, Abu (ed.) Post Conflict Institutional Design: Peacebuilding and Democracy in Africa. London, UK: Zed Books, pp. 164196.Google Scholar
Malik, Aditi. 2021. “Hindu-Muslim Violence in Unexpected Places: Theory and Evidence from Rural India,” Politics, Groups, & Identities 9(1): 4058.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, Aditi and Onguny, Philip. 2020. “Elite Strategies, Emphasis Frames, and Mass Perspectives on Electoral Violence in Kenya,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 38(4): 560578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malik, Aditi and Prasad, Monica. 2022. “Peace by Committee: State, Society, and the Control of Communal Violence in Bhagalpur, Bihar,” India Review 21(2): 181215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maloba, Wunyamari O. 2017. The Anatomy of Neo-Colonialism in Kenya: British Imperialism and Kenyatta, 1963–1978. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mander, Harsh. 2018. “Hashimpura: 31 Years after Custodial Massacre of Muslims by Men in Uniform, Justice is Incomplete,” Scroll Media, November 2.Google Scholar
Manning, Carrie. 2007. “Revolutionaries to Politicians: The Case of Mozambique,” in Deonandan, Kalowatie, Close, David, and Prevost, Gary (eds.) From Revolutionary Movements to Political Parties: Cases from Latin America and Africa. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 181210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mares, Isabella and Young, Lauren. 2016. “Do Voters Punish Electoral Malfeasance?” Working Paper. Columbia University.Google Scholar
Martin, Pilly. 2012. “Conflicts between Pastoralists and Farmers in Tana River District,” in Witsenburg, Karen and Zaal, Fred (eds.) Spaces of Insecurity: Human Agency in Violent Conflicts in Kenya. Leiden, The Netherlands: African Studies Centre, pp. 167193.Google Scholar
Martz, John. 1999. “Political Parties and Candidate Selection in Venezuela and Colombia,” Political Science Quarterly 114(4): 639659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matanock, Aila. 2017a. “Bullets for Ballots: Electoral Participation Provisions and Enduring Peace after Civil Conflict,” International Security 41(4): 93132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matanock, Aila. 2017b. Electing Peace: From Civil Conflict to Political Participation. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maupeu, Hervé. 2008. “Revisiting Post-election Violence,” Les Cahiers d’Afrique d l’Est/The East African Review 38: 193230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClendon, Gwyneth and Riedl, Rachel Beatty. 2015. “Religion as a Stimulant of Political Participation: Experimental Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya,” Journal of Politics 77(4): 10451057.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLane, John. 1988. “The Early Congress, Hindu Populism, and the Wider Society” in Sisson, Richard and Wolpert, Stanley (eds.) Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 4761.Google Scholar
McMillan, Alistair. 2008. “Deviant Democratization in India,” Democratization 15(4): 733749.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehler, Andreas. 2007. “Political Parties and Violence in Africa: Systematic Reflections against Empirical Background,” in Basedau, Matthias, Erdmann, Gero, and Mehler, Andreas (eds.) Votes, Money, and Violence: Political Parties and Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa. Uppsala, Sweden: Elanders Gotab, pp. 194223.Google Scholar
Mghanga, Mwandawiro. 2010. Usipoziba ufa utajenga ukuta: Land, Elections, and Conflicts in Kenya’s Coast province. Nairobi, Kenya: Heinrich Böll Stifung East and Horn of Africa.Google Scholar
Miguel, Edward. 2004. “Tribe or Nation? Nation Building and Public Goods in Kenya versus Tanzania,” World Politics 56(3): 327362.Google Scholar
Morgan, Jana. 2011. Bankrupt Representation and Party System Collapse. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Morris-Jones, W. H. 1966. “Dominance and Dissent: Their Inter-relations in the Indian Party System,” Government & Opposition 1(4): 451466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris-Jones, W. H. 1967. “The Indian Congress Party: A Dilemma of Dominance,” Modern Asian Studies 1(2): 109132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morse, Yonatan. 2019. How Autocrats Compete: Parties, Patrons, and Unfair Elections in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mudi, Maureen. 2011. “Ex-Minister Shakombo Declares Candidature,” The Star, July 25.Google Scholar
Mueller, Susanne. 2008. “The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 2(2): 185210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, Susanne. 2011. “Dying to Win: Elections, Political Violence, and Institutional Decay in Kenya,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29(1): 99117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mueller, Susanne. 2014b. “The Resilience of the Past: Government and Opposition in Kenya,” Canadian Journal of African Studies 48(2): 333352.Google Scholar
Müller-Crepon, Carl. 2022. “Local Ethno-political Polarization and Election Violence in Majoritarian vs. Proportional Systems,” Journal of Peace Research 59(2): 242258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mumo, Michael and Mayoyo, Patrick. 1998. “Aspirant ‘was to be Killed,’” The Nation, September 30.Google Scholar
Mungai, Allan. 2022. “Presidential Candidates Pledge to Uphold Peace in Polls,” The Standard.Google Scholar
Muralidharan, Sukumar. 2014. “Alternate Histories: Hyderabad 1948 Compels a Fresh Evaluation of the Theology of India’s Independence and Partition,” History and Sociology of South Asia 8(2): 119138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mutahi, Patrick. 2005. “Political Violence in the Elections,” in Maupeu, Hervé, Katumanga, Musambayi, and Mitullah, Winnie (eds.) The Moi Succession: Elections 2002. Nairobi, Kenya: Transafrica Press, pp. 6996.Google Scholar
Mutua, Makau Wa. 1992. “The Troubled Transition,” Africa Report 37(5): 3438.Google Scholar
Mwakwaya, Mwakwaya. 2017. “Tana River Politics Takes Shape as Communities Rush for ‘Negotiated Democracy’ Ahead of Polls,” The Coast, June 22.Google Scholar
Naidu, Ratna. 1990. Old Cities, New Predicaments: A Study of Hyderabad. New Delhi, Delhi: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Nath, Suman. 2022. Democracy and Social Cleavage in India: Ethnography of Riots, Everyday Politics, and Communalism in West Bengal, c. 2012–2021. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naqvi, Farah. 2010. “This Thing Called Justice: Engaging with Laws on Violence against Women in India,” in Datta, Bishakha (ed.) Nine Degrees of Justice: New Perspectives on Violence against Women in India. New Delhi, India: Zubaan Books, pp. 1351.Google Scholar
Naqvi, Saba. 2013. “Masjid is Far: Why Banking on Hindu-Muslim Polarization is a Folly,” Outlook, August 19.Google Scholar
Nasong’o, Shadrack. 2007. “Negotiating New Rules of the Game: Social Movements, Civil Society, and the Kenyan Transition,” in Murunga, Godwin and Nasong’o, Shadrack (eds.) Kenya: The Struggle for Democracy. Dakar, Senegal and London, UK: Codesria and Zed Books, pp. 1957.Google Scholar
Nathan, Noah. 2023. The Scarce State: Inequality and Political Power in the Hinterland. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nderitũ, Alice Wairumũ. 2018. Kenya: Bridging Ethnic Divides, A Commissioner’s Experience on Cohesion and Integration. Nairobi, Kenya: Mdahalo Bridging Divides Limited.Google Scholar
Ndonga, Simon. 2012. “Dhadho Godhana Sacked over Tana Killings.” Capital News, September 13.Google Scholar
Nehru, Jawaharlal. 1954. Jawaharlal Nehru’s Speeches, 1949–1953. New Delhi, India: Government Printer.Google Scholar
News24. 2016. “Ghana ‘at the Brink of Deadly Political Violence’ as it Heads to the Polls,” News24, December 7.Google Scholar
Noorani, A.G. 1990. “Indira Gandhi and Indian Muslims,” Economic & Political Weekly 25(44): 24172420.Google Scholar
Novaes, Lucas. 2018. “Disloyal Brokers and Weak Parties,” American Journal of Political Science 62(1): 8498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ochami, David. 2012. “How Years of Impunity Bred Tana Conflict,” The Standard, August 26.Google Scholar
Oded, Arye. 1996. “Islamic Extremism in Kenya: The Rise and Fall of Sheikh Khalid Balala,” Journal of Religion in Africa 26(4): 406415.Google Scholar
Odinga, Oginga. 1968. Not Yet Uhuru: The Autobiography of Oginga Odinga. Nairobi, Kenya: Heinmann.Google Scholar
O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1998. “Horizontal Accountability in New Democracies,” Journal of Democracy 9(3): 112126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. 1972. “The Politics of Constitutional Change in Kenya since Independence, 1963–1969,” African Affairs 71(282): 934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okoth-Ogendo, H.W.O. 1991. Tenants of the Crown: Evolution of Agrarian Law and Institutions in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies Press.Google Scholar
Okpu, Ugbana. 1985. “Inter-Party Political Relations in Nigeria, 1979–1983,” Africa Spectrum 30(2): 191209.Google Scholar
Olzak, Susan, Shanahan, Suzanne, and McEneaney, Elizabeth. 1996. “Poverty, Segregation, and Race Riots: 1960–1993,” American Sociological Review 61(4): 590613.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omolo, Ken. 2002. “Political Ethnicity in the Democratization Process in Kenya,” African Studies 61(2): 209221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opalo, Ken. 2019. Legislative Development in Africa: Politics and Postcolonial Legacies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Opalo, Ken. 2022. “Hustlers versus Dynasties? The Elusive Quest for Issue-based Politics in Kenya,” Working Paper. Georgetown University.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oucho, John. 2002. Undercurrents of Ethnic Conflicts in Kenya. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Outlook. 2022a. “Ambedkar and the Uniform Civil Code,” Outlook Magazine, February 3.Google Scholar
Outlook. 2022b. “Nehru and the Hindu Code Bill,” Outlook Magazine, February 3.Google Scholar
Otzen, Ellen. 2015. “Kenyan MP’s Murder Unsolved 40 Years On,” BBC News, March 11.Google Scholar
Owusu Kyei, Justice and Lidewyde Berckmoes. 2020. “Political Vigilante Groups in Ghana: Violence or Democracy?Africa Spectrum 55(3): 321338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbudun, Ergun. 1981. “The Turkish Party System: Institutionalization, Polarization, and Fragmentation,” Middle Eastern Studies 17(2): 228240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbudun, Ergun. 1994. “State Elites and Democratic Political Culture in Turkey,” in Diamond, Larry (ed.) Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 247268.Google Scholar
Özbudun, Ergun. 1996. “Democratization in the Middle East: Turkey – How Far from Consolidation?Journal of Democracy 7(3): 123138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Özbudun, Ergun. 2002. “The Institutional Decline of Parties in Turkey,” in Diamond, Larry and Gunther, Richard (eds.) Political Parties and Democracy, Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, pp. 238265.Google Scholar
Özbudun, Ergun. 2012. “Turkey – Plural Society and Monolithic State,” in Kuru, Ahmed T. and Stepan, Alfred (eds.) Democracy, Islam, and Secularism in Turkey. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 6194.Google Scholar
Pai, Sudha. 2014. “Understanding the Defeat of the BSP in Uttar Pradesh: National Election 2014,” Studies in Indian Politics 2(2): 153167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pai, Sudha and Kumar, Sajjan. 2018. Everyday Communalism: Riots in Contemporary Uttar Pradesh. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paller, Jeffrey. 2014. “Informal Institutions and Personal Rule in Urban Ghana,” African Studies Review 57(3): 123142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pande, Rohini. 2011. “Can Informed Voters Enforce Better Governance? Evidence from Low Income Democracies,” Annual Review of Economics 3(1): 215237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panikkar, K.N. 1993. “Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya,” Social Scientist 21(7): 6378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parsons, Timothy. 2012. “Being Kikuyu in Meru: Challenging the Tribal Geography of Colonial Kenya,” Journal of African History 53(1): 6586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pattison, James. 2011. Orma Livelihoods in Tana River District, Kenya: A Study of Constraints, Adaptation, and Innovation, PhD Dissertation, University of Edinburgh. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Pedersen, Mogens N. 1979. “The Dynamics of Party Systems: Changing Patterns of Electoral Volatility,” European Journal of Political Research 7(1): 126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peic, Goran. 2014. “Civilian Defense Forces, State Capacity, and Government Victory in Counterinsurgency Wars,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 37(2): 162184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelletier, Alexandre and Soedirgo, Jessica. 2017. “The De-escalation of Violence and the Political Economy of Peace-Mongering,” South East Asia Research 25(4): 325341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2000. “Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics,” American Political Science Review 94(2): 251267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierson, Patrick. 2021. “Political Assassinations and Voter Behavior: Evidence from South Africa,” Working Paper. Emory University.Google Scholar
Posner, Daniel. 2007. “Regime Change and Ethnic Cleavages in Africa,” Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 13021327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Bingham G. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Powell, Eleanor and Tucker, Joshua. 2014. “Revisiting Electoral Volatility in Post-Communist Countries: New Data, New Results and New Approaches,” British Journal of Political Science 44(1): 123147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prakash, Gyan. 2002. “Civil Society, Community, and the Nation in India,” Etnográfica 6(1): 2739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purshotham, Sunil. 2015. “Internal Violence: The ‘Police Action’ in Hyderabad,” Comparative Studies in History and Society 57(2): 435466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyne-Mercier, Lee, Grace John-Stewart, Barbara Richardson, Njeri Kagondu, Joan Thiga, Noshy, Haidy, Kist, Nadia, and Chung, Michael. 2011. “The Consequences of Post-election Violence on Antiretroviral HIV Therapy in Kenya,” Aids Care 23(5): 562568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raghuvanshi, Umesh. 2015. “Speeches, Video by Sangeet Som, Rana Fueled Muzaffarnagar Riots.” Hindustan Times, October 14.Google Scholar
Rakner, Lise and van de Walle, Nicolas. 2009. “Democratization by Elections? Opposition Weakness in Africa,” Journal of Democracy 20(3): 108121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raleigh, Clionadh. 2022. “Kenya’s Political Violence Landscape in the Lead-up to the 2022 Elections,” Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, August 9.Google Scholar
Rao, Neena Ambre and Thaha, S. Abdul. 2012. “Muslims of Hyderabad—Landlocked in the Walled City,” in Gayer, Laurent and Jaffrelot, Christophe (eds.) Muslims in Indian Cities: Trajectories of Marginalization. Noida, India: HarperCollins Publishers, pp. 189212.Google Scholar
Rauschenbach, Mascha and Paula, Katrin. 2019. “Intimidating Voters with Violence and Mobilizing them with Clientelism,” Journal of Peace Research 56(5): 682696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, Thiven. 2005. “The Congress Party Model: South Africa’s African National Congress (ANC) and India’s Indian National Congress (INC) as Dominant Parties,” African & Asian Studies 4(3): 271300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reddy, Deepa. 2006. Religious Identity and Political Destiny: Hindutva in the Culture of Ethnicism. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.Google Scholar
Reeder, Bryce and Bech Seeberg, Merete. 2018. “Fighting for your Friends? A Study of Intra Party Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Democratization 25(6): 10331051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, Ben, Norlund, Per, and Newman, Edward. 2008. Political Parties in Conflict-prone Societies: Regulation, Engineering and Democratic Development. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press.Google Scholar
Reno, William. 2011. Warfare in Independent Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 1999. Report of the Judicial Commission Appointed to Inquire into Tribal Clashes in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 2008. Commission of Inquiry on Post-election Violence. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 2013. Judicial Commission of Inquiry into the Ethnic Violence in Tana River, Tana North, and Tana Delta Districts. Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 2017a. End of Assignment Report (Dr. Roselyn Akombe). Nairobi, Kenya: Government Printer.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 2017b. “Annex 2: Status of Preparations for the Fresh Presidential Election,” Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission, Nairobi, Kenya. 16 October.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 2019. Kenya Population and Housing Census: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics. Nairobi Kenya: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.Google Scholar
Reuters. 2017. “Three Dead in Machete Attack on Kenya Vote Tallying Center on Coast,” Reuters News, August 9.Google Scholar
Richburg, Keith. 1991. “Tribalism Still Shapes Kenyan Political Life,” The Washington Post, December 5.Google Scholar
Riedl, Rachel. 2014. Authoritarian Origins of Democratic Party Systems in Africa. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riedl, Rachel and Dickovick, J. Tyler. 2014. “Party Systems and Decentralization in Africa,” Studies in Comparative International Development 49(3): 321342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Amanda. 2014. “National versus Ethnic Identification in Africa: Modernization, Colonial Legacy, and the Origins of Territorial Nationalism,” World Politics 66(4): 709746.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosberg, Carl. 1963. “Independent Kenya: Problems and Prospects,” The Africa Report 8(11): 37.Google Scholar
Rosberg, Carl and Nottingham, John. 1966. The Myth of “Mau Mau”: Nationalism in Kenya. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, A.M. 1964. “His Life was India’s; Nehru’s Aim to Salve Nation’s Wounds Exemplifies a Garland of his Legacies,” New York Times, May 28.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, Steven. 2021. “Dangerous Disconnect: Voter Backlash, Elite Misperception, and the Costs of Violence as an Electoral Tactic,” Political Behavior 43(4): 17311754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenzweig, Steven. 2023. Voter Backlash and Elite Misperception: The Logic of Violence in Electoral Competition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, Barry. 2002. “Turkey’s Political Parties: A Remarkably Important Issue,” in Rubin, Barry and Heper, Metin (eds.) Political Parties in Turkey. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, pp. 1215.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Susanne. 1981. “Transformation of the Congress Party: Why 1980 Was not a Restoration,” Economic & Political Weekly 16(18): 811813, 815–818.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Susanne. 1987. In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Susanne. 2010. “The Coffee House and the Ashram Revisited: How Gandhi Democratized Habermas’ Public Sphere,” in Rudolph, Lloyd and Rudolph, Susanne (eds.) Postmodern Gandhi and Other Essays: Gandhi in the World and at Home. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 140176.Google Scholar
Rudolph, Susanne and Rudolph, Lloyd. 1980. “The Centrist Future of Indian Politics,” Asian Survey 20(6): 575594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, Susanne and Rudolph, Lloyd. 2015. “The Coffee House and the Ashram: Gandhi, Civil Society and Public Spheres,” in Wolf, Siegfried O., Schöttli, Jivanta, Frommherz, Dominik, Fürstenberg, Kai, Gallenkamp, Marian, König, Lion, and Pauli, Markus (eds.) in Politics in South Asia: Culture, Rationality, and Conceptual Flow. New York, NY: Springer, pp. 157168.Google Scholar
Ruth-Lovell, Saskia, Lührmann, Anna, and Grahn, Sandra. 2019. “Democracy and Populism: Testing a Contentious Relationship,” Working Paper #91, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutten, Marcel. 2001. “‘Fresh Killings’: The Njoro and Laikipia Violence in the 1997 Kenyan Election Aftermath” in Rutten, Marinus MEM, Mazrui, Alamin M., and Grignon, François (eds.) Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Africa. Kampala, Uganda: Fountain Publishers Limited. pp. 536582.Google Scholar
Rutten, Marcel and Owuor, Sam. 2009. “Weapons of Mass Destruction: Land, Ethnicity, and the 2007 Elections in Kenya,” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27(3): 305324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sabar-Friedman, Galia. 1995. “‘Politics’ and ‘Power’ in the Kenyan Discourse and Recent Events: The Church of the Province of Kenya (CPK),” Canadian Journal of African Studies 29(3): 429453.Google Scholar
Sahoo, Sarbeswar. 2013. “Doing Development or Creating Dependency? NGOs and Civil Society in India,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 36(2): 258272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, Sumit. 2002. Modern India, 1885–1947. New Delhi, India: Macmillan India.Google Scholar
Savkova, Lyubka. 2005. “Election Briefing No. 21: Europe and the Parliamentary Election in Bulgaria, 25 June 2005,” European Parties Elections and Referendums Network. Brighton, United Kingdom, pp. 1–12.Google Scholar
Saxena, Rekha. 1996. “Party System in Transition,” in Prasad Singh, Mahendra and Saxena, Rekha (eds.) India’s Political Agenda: Perspectives on the Party System. New Delhi, India: Kalinga Publications, pp. 4981.Google Scholar
Sayari, Sabri. 2007. “Towards A New Turkish Party System?Turkish Studies 8(2): 197210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayari, Sabri. 2010. “Political Violence and Terrorism in Turkey, 1976–1980: A Retrospective Analysis,” Terrorism and Political Violence 22(2): 198215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayari, Sabri and Hoffman, Bruce. 1994. “Urbanization and Insurgency: The Turkish Case, 1976–1980,” Small Wars & Insurgencies 5(2): 162179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas. 2002. “Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation,” Journal of Democracy 13(2): 3650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andrea and Santiso, Javier. 1998. “Democracy and Time: An Invitation,” International Political Science Review 19(1): 518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schedler, Andreas, Diamond, Larry, and Plattner, Marc. 1999. The Self-restraining State; Power and Accountability in New Democracies. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiff, Adam. 2021. Midnight in Washington: How We Lost Our Democracy. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Schneider, Mark. 2004. “Breaking the Wave: Explaining the Emergence of Ethnic Peace in a City of Historic Ethnic Violence,” Undergraduate Thesis (Department of Political Science), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Schuberth, Moritz. 2015. “A Transformation from Political to Criminal Violence? Politics, Organized Crime, and the Shifting Functions of Haiti’s Armed Groups,” Conflict, Security, and Development 15(2): 169196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scott-Villiers, Patta. 2017. “Small Wars in Marsabit County: Devolution and Political Violence in Northern Kenya,” Conflict, Security, & Development 17(3): 247264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeberg, Merete Bech and Wahman, Michael. 2019. “Why does Malawi have 1,331 Candidates Running for 193 Seats in Parliament,” The Monkey Cage Blog, The Washington Post, March 11.Google Scholar
Seeberg, Michael. 2014. “Mapping Anomalous Democracies during the Cold War,” Australian Journal of Political Science 49(1): 102110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seawright, Jason. 2012. Party-system Collapse: The Roots of Crisis in Peru and Bolivia. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, Atreyee. 2012. “‘Exist, endure, erase the city’ (Sheher mein jiye, is ko sahe, ya ise mitaye?): Child Vigilantes and Micro-cultures of Urban Violence in a Riot-affected Hyderabad Slum,” Ethnography 13(1): 7186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serra, Gilles. 2016. “Vote Buying with Illegal Resources: Manifestation of a Weak Rule of Law in Mexico,” Journal of Politics in Latin America 8(1): 129150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shah, Ghanshyam. 1970. “Communal Riots in Gujarat: Report of a Preliminary Investigation,” Economic & Political Weekly 5(3/5): 187189, 191, 193, 195, 197–200.Google Scholar
Shah, Seema. 2012. Intra-ethnic Electoral Violence in War-torn, Divided Societies: The Case of Sri Lanka, PhD Dissertation (Department of Political Science), University of California Los Angeles. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Shani, Ornit. 2018. How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of Universal Franchise. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sharma, Nagendar. 2009. “Gujarat Disowns Kodnani Affidavit,” Hindustan Times, February 24.Google Scholar
Shear, Michael and Saul, Stephanie. 2021. “Trump, in Taped Call, Pressured Georgia Official to ‘Find’ Votes to Overturn Election,” New York Times, January 5.Google Scholar
Shiundu, Alphonce. 2014. “Boy Juma Boy Relives Glorious Past, Opens Up on His Fury with State,” The Standard.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, Niloufer. 2022. Under the Gun: Political Parties and Violence in Pakistan. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singh, Mahendra Pratap. 1981. Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1981. New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications.Google Scholar
Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skocpol, Theda and Somers, Margaret. 1980. “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22(2): 174197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, David. 2015. India as a Secular State. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smith, Donald. 1958. Nehru and Democracy: The Political Thought of an Asian Democrat. London, UK: Orient Longmans.Google Scholar
Söderberg-Kovacs, Mimmi. 2007. From Rebellion to Politics: The Transformation of Rebel Groups to Political Parties in Civil War Peace Processes, PhD Dissertation (Department of Peace and Conflict Research), Uppsala University. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Speight, Jeremy and Wittig, Katrin. 2018. “Pathways from Rebellion: Rebel-party Configurations in Côte d’Ivoire and Burundi,” African Affairs 117(446): 2143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sridharan, E. 1991. “Leadership Time Horizons in India: The Impact of Economic Restructuring,” Asian Survey 31(12): 12001213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staniland, Paul. 2014. “Violence and Democracy,” Comparative Politics 47(1): 99118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staniland, Paul. 2021. Ordering Violence: Explaining Armed Group-state Relations from Conflict to Cooperation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Steeves, Jeffrey. 1999. “The Political Evolution of Kenya: The 1997 Elections and Succession in Politics,” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 37(1): 7194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steeves, Jeffrey. 2006. “Presidential Succession in Kenya: The Transition from Moi to Kibaki,” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 44(2): 211233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stokes, Susan. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott. 2012. “Retreating from the Brink: Theorizing Mass Violence and the Dynamics of Restraint,” Perspectives on Politics 10(2): 343362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Straus, Scott and Taylor, Charlie. 2012. “Democratization and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990–2008,” in Bekoe, Dorina (ed.) Voting in Fear: Electoral Violence in Sub Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, pp. 1538.Google Scholar
Strohm, Rachel. 2019. “What Do We Learn from Cross-regional Comparisons in Political Science?” Working Paper, University of California-Berkeley.Google Scholar
Stuligross, David and Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. “Ethnic Diversities, Constitutional Designs, and Public Policies in India,” in Reynolds, Andrew (ed.) The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management, and Democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, pp. 429458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Gita. 2006. “Ruling Continuities: Colonial Rule, Social Forces, and Path Dependence in British India and Africa,” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 44(1):84117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suhas, Prashant and Banerjee, Vasabjit. 2021. “The Association of Electoral Volatility and Religious Riots in India,” Politics & Religion 14(4): 787808.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susewind, Raphael, and Dhattiwala, Raheel. 2014. “Spatial Variation in the ‘Muslim Vote’ in Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh, 2014,” Internationales Asien Forum/International Quarterly for Asian Studies 45(3–4): 353381.Google Scholar
Tajima, Yuhki. 2018. “Political Development and the Fragmentation of Protection Markets: Politically Affiliated Gangs in Indonesia,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(5): 11001126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamarkin, Mordechai. 1978. “The Roots of Political Stability in Kenya,” African Affairs 77(208): 297320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tatsumi, Kayoko. 2009. Coalition Politics, Ethnic Violence, and Citizenship: Muslim Political Agency in Meerut, India, 1950–2004, PhD Dissertation (Institute of Development Studies), London School of Economics and Political Science. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles, Pevehouse, Jon, and Straus, Scott. 2017. “Perils of Pluralism: Electoral Violence and Incumbency in sub-Saharan Africa,” Journal of Peace Research 54(3): 397411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thaler, Kai. 2017. “Mixed Methods Research in the Study of Political and Social Violence and Conflict,” Journal of Mixed Methods Research 11(1): 5976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tharoor, Shashi. 2003. Nehru: The Invention of India. New York, NY: Arcade Publishing.Google Scholar
The Monitor. 2022. “Blissful are Kenya’s Peacemakers,” The Monitor, August 16.Google Scholar
The New Humanitarian. 2012. “Several Thousand Displaced after Fresh Clashes in Isiolo,” The New Humanitarian, April 2.Google Scholar
Thomas, Lynn. 2003. Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomson, Henry, Buhaug, Halvard, Urdal, Henrik, and Rosvold, Elisabeth. 2021. “Group Organization, Elections and Urban Political Mobilization in the Developing World,” Democratization 28(8): 15251544.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Mark. 2012. “Asia’s Hybrid Dynasties,” Asian Affairs 43(2): 204220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Throup, David. 2020. “Daniel arap Moi and One-Party Rule,” in Cheeseman, Nic, Kanyinga, Karuti, and Lynch, Gabrielle (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 5668.Google Scholar
Throup, David and Hornsby, Charles. 1998. Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar
Ticku, Rohit. 2015. “Riot Rewards? Study of BJP’s Electoral Performance and Hindu-Muslim Riots.” Working Paper No. 19/2015. Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies.Google Scholar
Times of India. 1938. “Hyderabad Riot Casualties: No Women Injured,” The Times of India, May 13.Google Scholar
Times of India. 2000. “Government Shield’s UP’s Most Wanted Policemen,” The Times of India, May 17.Google Scholar
Times of India. 2003. “Clashes between Communities, A Recent History,” The Times of India, December 15.Google Scholar
Times of India. 2012. “Akbaruddin is in Trouble for Hate Speech,” The Times of India, December 29.Google Scholar
Tilly, Charles. 1984. Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Tordoff, William. 2002. Government and Politics in Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Toros, Emre and Birch, Sarah. 2019. “Who are the Targets of Familial Electoral Coercion? Evidence from Turkey,” Democratization 26(8): 13421361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toros, Emre and Birch, Sarah. 2021. “How Citizens Attribute Blame for Electoral Violence: Regional Differences and Party Identification in Turkey,” Southeast European & Black Sea Studies 21(2): 251271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Travaglianti, Manuela. 2014. Threatening Your Own: Electoral Violence within Ethnic Groups in Burundi and Beyond, PhD Dissertation (Department of Politics), New York University. Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
Tudor, Maya. 2013a. “Explaining Democracy’s Origins: Lessons from South Asia,” Comparative Politics 45(3): 253272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudor, Maya. 2013b. The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tudor, Maya and Slater, Dan. 2016. “The Content of Democracy: Nationalist Parties and Inclusive Ideologies in India and Indonesia,” in Bermeo, Nancy and Yashar, Deborah (eds.) Parties, Democracy, and Movements in the Developing World. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 2860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, Megan. 2020. “Elite Competition, Social Movements, and Election Violence in Nigeria,” International Security 45(3): 4078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tyce, Mathew. 2019. “The Politics of Industrial Policy in a Context of Competitive Clientelism,” African Affairs 118(472): 553579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Un, Kheang. 2019. Cambodia: Return to Authoritarianism. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ünal, Mustafa Coşar. 2012. Counterterrorism in Turkey: Policy Choices and Policy Effects toward the Kurdistan People’s Party. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNDP. 2011. Understanding Electoral Violence in Asia. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
Unnithan, Sandeep. 2013. “Muzaffarnagar Communal Violence: The Three Crucial Akhilesh Failures,” India Today, September 10.Google Scholar
Vaishnav, Milan. 2015. Understanding the Indian Voter. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.Google Scholar
Vaishnav, Milan. 2017. When Crime Pays: Money and Muscle in Indian Politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
van Bruinessen, Martin. 1996. “Turkey’s Death Squads,” Middle East Report 199: 2023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VanderLippe, John. 2005. The Politics of Turkish Democracy: İsmet İnönü and the Formation of the Multi-Party System, 1938–1950. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
van de Walle, Nicolas. 2003. “Presidentialism and Clientelism in Africa’s Emerging Party Systems,” The Journal of Modern African Studies 41(2): 297321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Klinken, Gerry and Mon Thanzin Aung, Su. 2017. “The Contentious Politics of Anti-Muslim Scapegoating in Myanmar,” Journal of Contemporary Asia 47(3): 353375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varkey, Ouseph. 1979. “The CPI-Congress Alliance in India,” Asian Survey 19(9): 881895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 1998. “Why Democracy Survives: India Defies the Odds,” Journal of Democracy 9(3): 3650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2001. “Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond,” World Politics 53(3): 362398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2002. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (2nd edition). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2017. “Crime and Context,” Indian Express, July 7.Google Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2019. “Modi Consolidates Power: Electoral Vibrancy, Mounting Liberal Deficits,” Journal of Democracy 30(4): 6377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2022. “India’s Democratic Longevity and Its Troubled Trajectory,” in Mainwaring, Scott and Masoud, Tarek (eds.) Democracy in Hard Places. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 3472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volisi, Victor. 2019. “Agro-Pastoral Conflicts and Cooperation in Kenya: The Case of Orma and Pokomo in Tana Delta, 1992–2017,” M.A. Thesis (Department of Armed Conflict and Peace Studies), University of Nairobi, Unpublished Manuscript.Google Scholar
von Borzyskowski, Inken and Kuhn, Patrick. 2020. “Dangerously Informed: Voter Information and Pre-Electoral Violence in Africa,” Journal of Peace Research 57(1): 1529.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VonDoepp, Peter. 1996. “Political Transition and Civil Society: The Cases of Kenya and Zambia,” Studies in Comparative International Development 31(1): 2447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vyakweli, Mbaruku. 2005. “Civic Elections at the Coast,” in Maupeu, Hervé, Katumanga, Musambayi, and Mitullah, Winnie (eds.) The Moi Succession: Elections 2002. Nairobi, Kenya: Transafrica Press, pp. 349374.Google Scholar
Wachanga, D. Ndirangu. 2011. “Kenya’s Indigenous Radio Stations and Their Use of Metaphors in the 2007 Election Violence,” Journal of African Media Studies 3(1): 109125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadekar, Neha. 2022. “Tensions Simmer in Kenya as Candidate Who Lost Presidential Election Contests Vote,” PBC News, August 17.Google Scholar
Wahman, Michael. 2023. Controlling Territory, Controlling Voters: The Electoral Geography of African Campaign Violence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahman, Michael and Goldring, Edward. 2020. “Pre-Election Violence and Territorial Control: Political Dominance and Subnational Election Violence in Polarized African Electoral Systems,” Journal of Peace Research 51(1): 93110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wanyade, Peter. 2009. “Civil Society and Transition Politics in Kenya: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives,” in Chege, Michael (ed.) Discourses on Civil Society in Kenya. Nairobi, Kenya: African Research and Resource Forum (ARRF), pp. 819.Google Scholar
Wanyama, Fredrick. 2010. “Voting without Institutionalized Political Parties: Primaries, Manifestos, and the 2007 General Elections in Kenya,” in Kanyinga, Karuti and Okello, Duncan (eds.) Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions: The Kenya 2007 General Elections. Nairobi, Kenya: Society for International Development (SID) and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS), University of Nairobi, pp. 61100.Google Scholar
Wanyama, Frederick and Elklit, Jørgen. 2018. “Electoral Violence during Party Primaries in Kenya,” Democratization 25(6): 10161032.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
wa Wamwere, Koigi. 2003. Towards Genocide in Kenya: The Curse of Negative Ethnicity. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press.Google Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1957. Party Politics in India: The Development of a Multi-Party System. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, Myron. 1967. Party Building in a New Nation: The Indian National Congress. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Weitz-Shapiro, Rebecca. 2014. Curbing Clientelism in Argentina: Politics, Poverty, and Social Policy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welsh, David. 1996. “Ethnicity in sub-Saharan Africa,” International Affairs 72(3): 477491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitfield, Lindsay. 2009. “‘Chand for a Better Ghana’: Party Competition, Institutionalization, and Alternation in Ghana’s 2008 Elections,” African Affairs 108(433): 621641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Widner, Jennifer. 1992. The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From “Harambee!” to “Nyayo!” Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2000. “India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence,” Asian Survey 40(5):767791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2008. “Which Group Identities Lead to Most Violence? Evidence from India,” in Kalyvas, Stathis, Shapiro, Ian, and Masoud, Tarek (eds.) Order, Conflict, and Violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, pp. 271300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, Steven. 2015. “Where’s the Party? The Decline of Party Institutionalization and What (if Anything) that Means for Democracy,” Government & Opposition 50(3): 420445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willis, Justin and Chome, Ngala. 2014. “Marginalization and Political Participation on the Kenyan Coast: The 2013 Elections,” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8(1): 115134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, Elisabeth. 2000. Forging Democracy from Below: Insurgent Transitions in South Africa and El Salvador. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wood, Elisabeth. 2003. Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, Thomas. 2009. “‘Poll Poison?’ Politicians and Polling in the 2007 Kenya ElectionJournal of Contemporary African Studies 27(3): 279304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Joseph. 2008. “To Invest or Insure? How Authoritarian Time Horizons Impact Foreign Aid Effectiveness,” Comparative Political Studies 41(7): 9711000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yardımcı-Geyikçi, Şebnem and Yavuzyilmaz, Hajan. 2020. “Party (De)Institutionalization in Times of Political Uncertainty: The Case of the Justice and Development Party in Turkey,” Party Politics https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820960010.Google Scholar
Ziegfeld, Adam. 2012. “Coalition Government and Party System Change: Explaining the Rise of Regional Political Parties in India,” Comparative Politics 45(1): 6987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegfeld, Adam. 2016. Why Regional Parties? Clientelism, Elites, and the Indian Party System. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Aditi Malik, College of the Holy Cross, Massachusetts
  • Book: Playing with Fire
  • Online publication: 25 October 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Aditi Malik, College of the Holy Cross, Massachusetts
  • Book: Playing with Fire
  • Online publication: 25 October 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Aditi Malik, College of the Holy Cross, Massachusetts
  • Book: Playing with Fire
  • Online publication: 25 October 2024
Available formats
×