Acemoglu, Daron and Robinson, James A.. 2006. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Agresti, Alan. 2007. An Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis (2nd edition). Hoboken: Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar

Albrecht, Holger. 2007. “Authoritarian Opposition and the Politics of Challenge in Egypt.” In Schlumberger, Oliver (ed.) Debating Arab Authoritarianism: Dynamics and Durability in Nondemocratic Regimes. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 59–74.Google Scholar

Albrecht, Holger. 2013. Raging against the Machine: Political Opposition under Authoritarianism in Egypt. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar

Aldrich, Daniel P. 2008. Site Fights: Divisive Facilities and Civil Society in Japan and the West. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Almeida, Paul D. 2003. “Opportunity Organizations and Threat-Induced Contention: Protest Waves in Authoritarian Settings.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 109, No. 2, pp. 345–400.Google Scholar

American Civil Liberties Union. 2013. The War on Marijuana in Black and White. New York: American Civil Liberties Union.Google Scholar

Amnesty International. 1999. USA: Race, Rights and Police Brutality. London: Amnesty International.Google Scholar

Azari, Julia R. and Smith, Jennifer K.. 2012. “Unwritten Rules: Informal Institutions in Established Democracies.” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 37–55.Google Scholar

Becquelin, Nicolas. 2000. “Xinjiang in the Nineties.” The China Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 65–90.Google Scholar

Becquelin, Nicolas. 2004. “Staged Development in Xinjiang.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 178, pp. 358–378.Google Scholar

Beetham, David. 1991. The Legitimation of Power. Basingstoke: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Beinin, Joel and Vairel, Frédéric. 2011. “Introduction: The Middle East and North Africa beyond Classical Social Movement Theory.” In Beinin, Joel and Vairel, Frédéric (eds.) Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Beissinger, Mark. 2002. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of the Soviet State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bellin, Eva. 2012. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 127–149.Google Scholar

Belur, Jyoti. 2010. “Police ‘Encounters’ in Mumbai, India.” In Kuhns, Joseph B. and Knutsson, Johannes (eds.) Police Use of Force: A Global Perspective, Global Crime and Justice. Santa Barbara: Praeger, pp. 52–62.Google Scholar

Benchemsi, Ahmed. 2014. “Morocco’s Makhzen and the Haphazard Activists.” In Khatib, Lina and Lust, Ellen (eds.) Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 199–235.Google Scholar

Benney, Jonathan. 2016. “Weiwen at the Grassroots: China’s Stability Maintenance Apparatus as a Means of Conflict Resolution.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 25, No. 99, pp. 389–405.Google Scholar

Bernstein, Thomas P. and Lü, Xiaobo. 2000. “Taxation without Representation: Peasants, the Central and the Local States in Reform China.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 163, pp. 742–763.Google Scholar

Biddulph, Sarah. 2015. The Stability Imperative: Human Rights and Law in China. Toronto: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar

Bierma, Paige. 1994. “Torture behind Bars: Right Here in the United States of America.” The Progressive, July Issue.Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa. 2011. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Blecher, Marc. 2010. “Globalization, Structural Reform, and Labour Politics in China.” Global Labour Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 92–111.Google Scholar

Bo, Yibo. 2008. Review of Several Major Decisions and Events (Ruogan zhongda juece yu shijian de huigu; Volume 2). Beijing: Chinese Communist Party History Publishing House. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Boudreau, Vince. 2004. Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Boudreau, Vince. 2005. “Precarious Regimes and Matchup Problems in the Explanation of Repressive Policy.” In Davenport, Christian, Johnston, Hank, and Mueller, Carol (eds.) Repression and Mobilization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 33–57.Google Scholar

Bovingdon, Gardner. 2002. “The Not-So-Silent Majority Resistance: Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in Xinjiang.” Modern China, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 39–78.Google Scholar

Bovingdon, Gardner. 2010. The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bowman, Shayne and Willis, Chris. 2003. We Media: How Audiences Are Shaping the Future of News and Information. Arlington: The Media Center at the American Press Institute.Google Scholar

Boykoff, Jules. 2007. “Limiting Dissent: The Mechanisms of State Repression in the USA.” Social Movement Studies, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 281–310.Google Scholar

Brancati, Dawn. 2014. “Democratic Authoritarianism: Origins and Effects.” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 17, pp. 313–326.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael. 2007. “Formal versus Informal Institutions in Africa.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 96–110.Google Scholar

Bratton, Michael and van de Walle, Nicholas. 1997. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. 2004. “Management of Party Cadres in China.” In Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erick and Yongnian, Zheng (eds.) Bringing the Party Back In: How China Is Governed. Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 57–91.Google Scholar

Brownlee, Jason. 2007. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Brownlee, Jason, Masoud, Tarek, and Reynolds, Andrew. 2015. The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Brumberg, Daniel. 2002. “The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 56–67.Google Scholar

Bulag, Uradyn. 2010. “Alter/Native Mongolian Identity: From Nationality to Ethnic Group.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.) Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance (3rd edition). London; New York: Routledge, pp. 223–246.Google Scholar

Bunce, Valerie and Wolchik, Sharon L.. 2006. “Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 5–18.Google Scholar

Cai, Yongshun. 2002. “The Resistance of Chinese Laid-Off Workers in the Reform Period.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 170, pp. 327–344.Google Scholar

Cai, Yongshun. 2004. “Managed Participation in China.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 119, No. 3, pp. 425–451.Google Scholar

Cai, Yongshun. 2008. “Power Structure and Regime Resilience: Contentious Politics in China.” British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 411–432.Google Scholar

Cai, Yongshun. 2010. Collective Resistance in China: Why Popular Protests Succeed or Fail. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Calhoun, Craig. 1989. “Protest in Beijing: The Conditions and Importance of the Chinese Student Movement of 1989.” Partisan Review, Vol. 4, pp. 563–580.Google Scholar

Carlson, Matthew M. 2006. “Electoral Reform and the Evolution of Informal Norms in Japan.” Asian Survey, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 362–380.Google Scholar

Chan, Anita. 2011. “Strikes in China’s Export Industries in Comparative Perspective.” The China Journal, Vol. 65, pp. 27–51.Google Scholar

Chan, Cheris Shun-ching. 2004. “The Falun Gong in China: A Sociological Perspective.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 179, pp. 665–683.Google Scholar

Chan, Cheris Shun-ching. 2013. “Doing Ideology amid a Crisis: Collective Actions and Discourses of the Chinese Falun Gong Movement.” Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar

Chan, Chris King-Chi and Hui, Elaine Sio-Ieng. 2014. “The Development of Collective Bargaining in China: From ‘Collective Bargaining by Riot’ to ‘Party State-Led Wage Bargaining.’” The China Quarterly, Vol. 217, pp. 221–242.Google Scholar

Chang, Kai. 2010. “A Legal Analysis of the Legality of Strike: A Case Study of Nanhai Honda Strike” (Guanyu bagong hefaxing de falü fenxi). Strategy and Management, No. 4. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Chang, Paul Y. 2015. Protest Dialectics: State Repression and South Korea’s Democracy Movement. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Chang, Paul Y. and Vitale, Alex S.. 2013. “Repressive Coverage in an Authoritarian Context: Threat, Weakness, and Legitimacy in South Korea’s Democracy Movement.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 19–39.Google Scholar

Chen, Chih-jou Jay. 2017. “Policing Protest in China: Findings from Newspaper Data.” Taiwanese Sociology, Vol. 33: pp. 113–164. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Chen, Dan. 2017. “‘Supervision by Public Opinion’ or by Government Officials? Media Criticism and Central-Local Government Relations in China.” Modern China, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 620–645.Google Scholar

Chen, Feng. 2000. “Subsistence Crises, Managerial Corruption and Labour Protests in China.” The China Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 41–63.Google Scholar

Chen, Feng. 2003. “Between the State and Labour: The Conflict of Chinese Trade Unions’ Double Identity in Market Reform.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 176, pp. 1006–1028.Google Scholar

Chen, Feng and Xin, Xu. 2012. “‘Active Judiciary’: Judicial Dismantling of Workers’ Collective Action in China.” The China Journal, Vol. 67, pp. 87–108.Google Scholar

Chen, Hui. 2012. “Contradictions among the People and Studies of Social Stability in the New Era” (Xinshiqi renmin neibu maodun yu shehui wending yanjiu). Study of Public Security, Vol. 207, No. 3, pp. 19–30. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Chen, Jie. 2004. Popular Political Support in Urban China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Jie and Dickson, Bruce J. 2008. “Allies of the State: Democratic Support and Regime Support among China’s Private Entrepreneurs.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 196, pp. 780–804.Google Scholar

Chen, Jie and Dickson, Bruce J. 2010. Allies of the State: China’s Private Entrepreneurs and Democratic Change. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi. 2008. “Collective Petitioning and Institutional Conversion.” In O’Brien, Kevin J. (ed.) Popular Protest in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 54–70.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi. 2012. Social Protest and Contentious Authoritarianism in China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi. 2013. “The Rising Cost of Stability.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 57–64.Google Scholar

Chen, Xi. 2017. “Origins of Informal Coercion in China.” Politics & Society, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 67–89.Google Scholar

Chen, Yi-Da, Abbasi, Ahmed, and Chen, Hsinchun. 2009. “Framing Social Movement Identity with Cyber-Artifacts: A Case Study of the International Falun Gong Movement.” Security Informatics, Vol. 9, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

China Labour Bulletin. 2013. A Report of China’s Labor Movement: 2011–2012 (Zhongguo gongren yundong guancha baogao: 2011–2012). Hong Kong: China Labour Bulletin. In Chinese.Google Scholar

China Labour Bulletin. 2015. A Report on China’s Labor Movement: 2013–2014 (Zhongguo gongren yundong guancha baogao: 2013–2014). Hong Kong: China Labour Bulletin. In Chinese.Google Scholar

China Labor Statistical Yearbook. 2005. Beijing: China Statistics Press. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Chomiak, Laryssa. 2014. “Architecture of Resistance in Tunisia.” In Khatib, Lina and Lust, Ellen (eds.) Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 22–51.Google Scholar

Chung, Jae Ho, Lai, Hongyi, and Xia, Ming. 2006. “Mounting Challenges to Governance in China: Surveying Collective Protestors, Religious Sects and Criminal Organizations.” The China Journal, Vol. 56, pp. 1–31.Google Scholar

Clarke, Michael. 2011. Xinjiang and China’s Rise in Central Asia—A History. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Cook, Sarah and Lemish, Leeshai. 2011. “610 Office: Policing the Chinese Spirit.” China Brief, Vol. XI, No. 17, pp. 6–10.Google Scholar

Culpepper, Rucker. 2012. “Nationalist Competition on the Internet: Uyghur Diaspora versus the Chinese State Media.” Asian Ethnicity, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 187–203.Google Scholar

Darden, Keith. 2008. “The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution.” Politics & Society, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 35–60.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian. 1995. “Multi-Dimensional Threat Perception and State Repression: An Inquiry into Why States Apply Negative Sanctions.” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 683–713.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian. 2007. “State Repression and Political Order.” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 10, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian. 2015. How Social Movements Die: Repression and Demobilization of the Republic of New Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Davenport, Christian, Soule, Sarah A., and Armstrong, David A. II. 2011. “Protesting While Black? The Differential Policing of American Activism 1960 to 1990.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 152–178.Google Scholar

Della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert. 1998. “Introduction: The Policing of Protest in Western Democracies.” In Della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert (eds.) Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 1–32.Google Scholar

Della Porta, Donatella and Fillieule, Olivier. 2003. “Policing Social Protest.” In Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., Kriesi, Hanspeter (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 217–241.Google Scholar

Deng, Yanhua. 2017. “‘Autonomous Redevelopment’: Moving the Masses to Remove Nail Households.” Modern China, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 494–522.Google Scholar

Deng, Yanhua and Yang, Guobin. 2013. “Pollution and Protest in China: Environmental Mobilization in Context.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 214, pp. 321–336.Google Scholar

Deng, Yanhua and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2013. “Relational Repression in China: Using Social Ties to Demobilize Protesters.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 215, pp. 533–552.Google Scholar

Deng, Yanhua and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2014. “Societies of Senior Citizens and Popular Protest in Rural Zhejiang.” The China Journal, Vol. 71, pp. 172–188.Google Scholar

Diamant, Neil Jeffrey, Lubman, Stanley B., and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2005. “Law and Society in the People’s Republic of China.” In Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O’Brien, Kevin J. (eds.) Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 3–27.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry Jay. 2002. “Thinking About Hybrid Regimes.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 21–35.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2007. “Integrating Wealth and Power in China: The Communist Party’s Embrace of the Private Sector.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 192, pp. 827–854.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2008. Wealth into Power: The Communist Party’s Embrace of China’s Private Sector. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dickson, Bruce J. 2016. The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dillon, Michael. 2004. Xinjiang – China’s Muslim Far North West. London; New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin. 2008. “The Resilient Authoritarians.” Current History, Vol. 107, No. 705, pp. 24–29.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin. 2013. “Vertical Accountability in Communist Regimes: The Role of Citizen Complaints in Bulgaria and China.” In Dimitrov, Martin (ed.) Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 276–302.Google Scholar

Dimitrov, Martin. 2015. “Internal Government Assessments of the Quality of Governance in China.” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 50–72.Google Scholar

Distelhorst, Greg, and Hou, Yue. 2017. “Constituency Service under Nondemocratic Rule: Evidence from China.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 1024–1040.Google Scholar

Dobson, W. J. 2013. The Dictator’s Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy. New York: Anchor.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer. 2003. “Tanks, Tear Gas, and Taxes: Toward a Theory of Movement Repression.” Sociological Theory, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 44–68.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer. 2011. “Political Repression: Iron Fists, Velvet Gloves, and Diffuse Control.” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, pp. 261–284.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer and Soule, Sara A.. 2006. “Seeing Blue: A Police-Centered Explanation of Protest Policing.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 145–164.Google Scholar

Earl, Jennifer, Soule, Sara A., and McCarthy, John D.. 2003. “Protests under Fire? Explaining the Policing of Protest.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 581–606.Google Scholar

Edin, Maria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 173, pp. 35–52.Google Scholar

Elfstrom, Manfred and Kuruvilla, Sarosh. 2014. “The Changing Nature of Labor Unrest in China.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 453–480.Google Scholar

Erie, Matthew S. 2016. China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Estlund, Cynthia. 2017. A New Deal for China’s Workers? Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Fahmy, Hazem. 2012. “An Initial Perspective on ‘The Winter of Discontent’: The Root Causes of the Egyptian Revolution.” Social Research, Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 349–376.Google Scholar

Fewsmith, Joseph. 2016. “The Challenges of Stability and Legitimacy.” In Ross, Robert S. and Bekkevold, Jo Inge (eds.) China in the Era of Xi Jinping: Domestic and Foreign Policy Challenges. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, pp. 92–114.Google Scholar

Fillieule, Olivier and Jobard, Fabien. 1998. “The Policing of Protest in France: Toward a Model of Protest Policing.” In Della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert (eds.) Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 70–90.Google Scholar

Fisher, Richard. 2010. China’s Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Fjelde, Hanne and Hegre, Håvard. 2014. “Political Corruption and Institutional Stability.” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 267–299.Google Scholar

Francisco, Ronald A. 1995. “The Relationship between Coercion and Protest: An Empirical Evaluation in Three Coercive States.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 263–282.Google Scholar

Francisco, Ronald A. 2005. “The Dictator’s Dilemma.” In Davenport, Christian, Johnston, Hank, and Mueller, Carol (eds.) Repression and Mobilization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 58–81.Google Scholar

Franklin, James C. 2009. “Contentious Challenges and Government Responses in Latin America.” Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 4, pp. 700–714.Google Scholar

Franklin, James C. 2015. “Persistent Challengers: Repression, Concessions, Challenger Strength, and Commitment in Latin America.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 61–80.Google Scholar

Freedom House. 2015. The Politburo’s Predicament: Confronting the Limitations of Chinese Communist Party Repression. Washington, D.C.: Freedom House.Google Scholar

Friedman, Eli. 2013. “Insurgency and Institutionalization: The Polanyian Countermovement and Chinese Labor Politics.” Theory and Society, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 295–327.Google Scholar

Friedman, Eli. 2014. Insurgency Trap: Labor Politics in Postsocialist China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Fu, Diana. 2016. “Disguised Collective Action in China.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 499–527.Google Scholar

Fu, Diana. 2017. Mobilizing without the Masses: Control and Contention in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Fu, Diana, and Distelhorst, Greg. 2018. “Grassroots Participation and Repression under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping.” The China Journal, Vol. 79, pp. 100–122.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Mary E. 2005. “Use the Law As Your Weapon!”: Institutional Change and Legal Mobilization in China.” In Diamant, Neil J., Lubman, Stanley B., and O’Brien, Kevin J. (eds.) Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 55–83.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Mary E. 2017. Authoritarian Legality in China: Law, Workers, and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Mary E. and Hanson, Jonathan K.. 2013. “Authoritarian Survival, Resilience, and the Selectorate Theory.” In Dimitrov, Martin (ed.) Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–204.Google Scholar

Gamson, William A. 1990. The Strategy of Social Protest. Belmont: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer. 2008. Political Institutions under Dictatorship. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2006. “Cooperation, Cooptation, and Rebellion under Dictatorships.” Economics & Politics, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 1279–1301.Google Scholar

Gartner, Scott Sigmund and Regan, Patrick M.. 1996. “Threat and Repression: The Non-Linear Relationship between Government and Opposition Violence.” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 273–287.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 1999. “What Do We Know About Democratization after Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 2, pp. 115–144.Google Scholar

Geddes, Barbara. 2003. Paradigms and Sand Castles: Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Gilley, Bruce. 2003. “The Limits of Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 18–26.Google Scholar

Giugni, Marco G. and Passy, Florence. 1998. “Contentious Politics in Complex Societies: New Social Movements between Conflicts and Cooperation.” In Giugni, Marco, McAdam, Doug and Tilly, Charles (eds.) From Contention to Democracy. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 81–108.Google Scholar

Gladney, Dru. 2004. Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Goldstein, Robert R. 1978. Political Repression in Modern America: 1870 to the Present. Cambridge: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Goldstone, Jack A. 2003. “Introduction: Bridging Institutionalized and Noninstitutionalized Politics.” In Goldstone, Jack A. (ed.) States, Parties, and Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–24.Google Scholar

Goldstone, Jack. 2004. “More Social Movements or Fewer? Beyond Political Opportunity Structures to Relational Fields.” Theory and Society, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 333–365.Google Scholar

Goldstone, Jack A. and Tilly, Charles. 2001. “Threat (And Opportunity): Popular Action and State Response in the Dynamics of Contentious Action.” In Aminzade, Ronald, Goldstone, Jack A., McAdam, Doug, Perry, Elizabeth J., Tarrow, Sidney, Sewell, William H., and Tilley, Charles (eds.) Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 179–194.Google Scholar

Goodwin, Jeff. 2001. No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2016. Dictators and Their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2017. “Rethinking China’s Coercive Capacity: An Examination of PRC Domestic Security Spending, 1992–2012.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 232, pp. 1002–1025.Google Scholar

Guo, Xuezhi. 2012. China’s Security State: Philosophy, Evolution, and Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gurr, Ted Robert. 1986. “The Political Origins of State Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis.” In Stohl, Michael and Lopez, George (eds.) Governmental Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research. New York: Greenwood Press, pp. 45–71.Google Scholar

Haggard, Stephan and Kaufman, Robert R.. 2016. Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Han, Enze. 2010. “Boundaries, Discrimination, and Interethnic Conflict in Xinjiang, China.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence, Vol. 4, No 2, pp. 172–184.Google Scholar

Han, Enze. 2013. Contestation and Adaptation: The Politics of National Identity in China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hann, Chris. 2011. “Smith in Beijing, Stalin in Urumchi: Ethnicity, Political Economy, and Violence in Xinjiang, 1759–2009.” Focaal – Journal of Global and Historical Anthropology, Vol. 60, pp. 108–123.Google Scholar

Hassid, Jonathan. 2008. “Controlling the Chinese Media: An Uncertain Business.” Asian Survey, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 414–430.Google Scholar

Hastings, Justin V. 2005. “Perceiving a Single Chinese State: Escalation and Violence in Uighur Protests.” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 28–38.Google Scholar

Hastings, Justin V. 2011. “Charting the Course of Uyghur Unrest.” The China Quarterly, No. 208, pp. 893–912.Google Scholar

He, Baogang and Warren, Mark E.. 2011. “Authoritarian Deliberation: The Deliberative Turn in Chinese Political Development.” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 269–289.Google Scholar

He, Baogang and Thøgersen, Stig. 2010. “Giving the People a Voice? Experiments with Consultative Authoritarian Institutions in China.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 19, No. 66, pp. 675–692.Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian. 2008. “Policy Experimentation in China’s Economic Rise.” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1–26.Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian. 2011. “Policy-Making through Experimentation: The Formation of a Distinctive Policy Process.” In Heilmann, Sebastian and Perry, Elizabeth J. (eds.) Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 62–101.Google Scholar

Heilmann, Sebastian and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 2011. “Embracing Uncertainty: Guerrilla Policy Style and adaptive Governance in China.” In Heilmann, Sebastian and Perry, Elizabeth J. (eds.) Mao’s Invisible Hand: The Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center, pp. 1–29.Google Scholar

Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven. 2004. “Informal Institutions and Comparative Politics: A Research Agenda.” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 725–740.Google Scholar

Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven. 2006a. “Introduction.” In Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven (eds.) Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar

Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven. 2006b. “Conclusion.” In Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven (eds.) Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, pp. 274–284.Google Scholar

Hess, David and Martin, Brian. 2006. “Backfire, Repression, and the Theory of Transformative Events.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 249–267.Google Scholar

Hess, Steve. 2016. “Sources of Authoritarian Resilience in Regional Protest Waves: The Post Communist Colour Revolutions and 2011 Arab Uprisings.” Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 1–29.Google Scholar

Heurlin, Christopher. 2016. Responsive Authoritarianism in China: Land, Protests, and Policy Making. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hierman, Brent. 2007. “The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002.” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 48–62.Google Scholar

Hillman, Ben. 2014. Patronage and Power: Local State Networks and Party-State Resilience in Rural China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Hillman, Ben. 2016. “Introduction: Understanding the Current Wave of Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang.” In Hillman, Ben and Tuttle, Gray (eds.) Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China’s West. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar

Ho, Peter. 2007. “Embedded Activism and Political Change in a Semiauthoritarian Context.” China Information, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 187–209.Google Scholar

Ho, Peter and Edmonds, Richard Louis. 2007. “Perspectives of Time and Change: Rethinking Embedded Environmental Activism in China.” China Information, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 331–344.Google Scholar

Holbig, Heike. 2009. “Ideological Reform and Political Legitimacy in China: Challenges in the Post-Jiang Era.” In Schubert, Gunter and Heberer, Thomas (eds.) Regime Legitimacy in Contemporary China: Institutional Change and Stability. London: Routledge, pp. 13–34.Google Scholar

Holland, Alisha C. 2015. “The Distributive Politics of Enforcement.” American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 59, No. 2, pp. 357–371.Google Scholar

Holland, Alisha C. 2016. “Forbearance.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 110, No. 2, pp. 232–246.Google Scholar

Howard, Philip N. and Hussain, Muzammil M.. 2013. Democracy’s Fourth Wave?: Digital Media and the Arab Spring. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Howell, Jude. 2011. “Civil Society in China.” In Edwards, Michael (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Civil Society. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 159–170.Google Scholar

Hu, Lianhe, Angang, Hu, Shenghong, He, and Yong, Guo. 2009. Report of Social Stability in Contemporary China (Dangdai zhongguo shehui wending wenti baogao). Beijing Red Flag Press.Google Scholar

Huggins, Martha K. 2010. “Systemic Police Violence in Brazil.” In Kuhns, Joseph B. and Knutsson, Johannes (eds.) Police Use of Force: A Global Perspective. Santa Barbara: Praeger, pp. 52–62.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2002. Dangerous Meditation – China’s Campaign Against Falungong. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2005. Devastating Blows Religious Repression of Uighurs in Xinjiang. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2009. ‘We Are Afraid to Even Look for Them’ – Enforced Disappearances in the Wake of Xinjiang’s Protests. New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Human Rights Watch. 2015. World Report 2015: China (Events of 2014). New York: Human Rights Watch.Google Scholar

Hung, Ho-fung. 2007. “Changes and Continuities in the Political Ecology of Popular Protest: Mid-Qing China and Contemporary Resistance.” China Information, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 299–329.Google Scholar

Hung, Ho-fung. 2011. Protest with Chinese Characteristics: Demonstrations, Riots, and Petitions in the Mid-Qing Dynasty. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Huntington, Samuel P. 1991. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

Hurst, William. 2004. “Collective Action by Chinese Laid-Off Workers: The Importance of Regional Political Economy.” Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 94–120.Google Scholar

Hurst, William. 2008. “Mass Frames and Worker Protest.” In O’Brien, Kevin J. (ed.) Popular Protest in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 71–87.Google Scholar

International Crisis Group. 2011a. Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (IV): Tunisia’s Way. Middle East/North Africa Report No. 106. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar

International Crisis Group. 2011b. Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (I): Egypt Victorious? Middle East/North Africa Report No. 101. Brussels: International Crisis Group.Google Scholar

Johnson, Thomas. 2013. “The Health Factor in Anti-Waste Incinerator Campaigns in Beijing and Guangzhou.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 214, pp. 356–375.Google Scholar

Johnston, Hank. 2011. States and Social Movements. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Johnston, Hank. 2012. “State Violence and Oppositional Protest in High-Capacity Authoritarian Regimes.” International Journal of Conflict and Violence, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 55–74.Google Scholar

Jumet, Kira D. 2017. Contesting the Repressive State: Why Ordinary Egyptians Protested during the Arab Spring. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Junker, Andrew. 2014a. “Follower Agency and Charismatic Mobilization in Falun Gong.” Sociology of Religion, Vol. 75, No. 3, pp. 418–441.Google Scholar

Junker, Andrew. 2014b. “The Transnational Flow of Tactical Dispositions: The Chinese Democracy Movement and Falun Gong.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 329–350.Google Scholar

Karklins, Rasma. 1987. “The Dissent/Coercion Nexus in the USSR.” Studies in Comparative Communism, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 321–341.Google Scholar

Keith, Ronald C. and Lin, Zhiqiu. 2003. “The ‘Falun Gong Problem’: Politics and the Struggle for the Rule of Law in China.” The China Quarterly, No. 175, pp. 623–642.Google Scholar

Kennedy, John James. 2009a. “Maintaining Popular Support for the Chinese Communist Party: The Influence of Education and the State-Controlled Media.” Political Studies, Vol. 57, pp. 517–536.Google Scholar

Kennedy, John James. 2009b. “Legitimacy with Chinese Characteristics: ‘Two Increases, One Reduction.’” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 18, No. 60, pp. 391–395.Google Scholar

Kerkvliet, Benedict J. Tria. 2010. “Governance, Development, and the Responsive–Repressive State in Vietnam.” Forum for Development Studies, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 33–59.Google Scholar

Khatib, Lina and Lust, Ellen. 2014. “Introduction. Reconsidering Activism in the Arab World: Arab Uprisings and Beyond.” In Khatib, Lina and Lust, Ellen (eds.) Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 1–21.Google Scholar

King, Gary, Pan, Jennifer, and Roberts, Margaret E. 2013. “How Censorship in China Allows Government Criticism but Silences Collective Expression.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Ruud. 1995 . Democracy from Below: New Social Movements and the Political System in West Germany. Boulder: Westview.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Ruud. 2004. “Protest in Time and Space: The Evolution of Waves of Contention.” In Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A., and Kriesi, Hanspeter (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 19–46.Google Scholar

Koopmans, Ruud and Rucht, Dieter. 2002. “Protest Event Analysis.” In Klandermans, Bert and Staggenborg, Suzanne (eds.) Methods in Social Movement Research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 231–259.Google Scholar

Kubik, Jan. 1994. The Power of Symbols against the Symbols of Power: The Rise of Solidarity and the Fall of State Socialism in Poland. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar

Kurzman, Charles. 1996. “Structural Opportunity and Perceived Opportunity in Social-Movement Theory: The Iranian Revolution of 1979.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 61, pp. 153–170.Google Scholar

Kurzman, Charles. 2004. The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Landry, Pierre F. 2008. Decentralized Authoritarianism in China: The Communist Party’s Control of Local Elites in the Post-Mao Era. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Landry, Pierre F., Davis, Deborah, and Wang, Shiru. 2010. “Elections in Rural China: Competition Without Parties.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 763–790.Google Scholar

Lauth, Hans‐Joachim. 2000. “Informal Institutions and Democracy.” Democratization, Vol.7, No. 4, pp. 21–50.Google Scholar

Lee, Ching Kwan. 2002. “From the Specter of Mao to the Spirit of the Law: Labor Insurgency in China.” Theory and Society, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 189–228.Google Scholar

Lee, Ching Kwan. 2007. Against the Law: Labor Protests in China’s Rustbelt and Sunbelt. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Lee, Ching Kwan and Zhang, Yonghong. 2013. “The Power of Instability: Unraveling the Microfoundations of Bargained Authoritarianism in China.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 118, No. 6, pp. 1475–1508.Google Scholar

Legewie, Joscha. 2016. “Racial Profiling and Use of Force in Police Stops: How Local Events Trigger Periods of Increased Discrimination.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 122, No. 2, pp. 379–424.Google Scholar

Lei, Ya-Wen. 2016. “Freeing the Press: How Field Environment Explains Critical News Reporting in China.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 122, No. 1, pp. 1–48.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2002. “The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism.” Journal of Democracy. Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 51–65.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Way, Lucan A.. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Murillo, Maria Victoria. 2009. Annual Review of Political Science. Vol. 12, pp. 115–133.Google Scholar

Li, Cheng. 2012. “The End of the CCP’s Resilient Authoritarianism? A Tripartite Assessment of Shifting Power in China.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 211, pp. 595–623.Google Scholar

Li, Lianjiang. 2008. “Political Trust and Petitioning in the Chinese Countryside.” Comparative Politics, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 209–226.Google Scholar

Li, Lianjiang, Liu, Mingxing, and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2012. “Petitioning Beijing: The High Tide of 2003–2006.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 210, pp. 313–334.Google Scholar

Li, Yao. 2013. “Fragmented Authoritarianism and Protest Channels: A Case Study of Resistance to Privatizing a Hospital.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 195−224.Google Scholar

Li, Yao. 2017. “A Zero-Sum Game? Repression and Protest in China.” Government and Opposition: An International Journal of Comparative Politics, doi:10.1017/gov.2017.24.Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L. 2007. “China’s Courts: Restricted Reform.” The China Quarterly, No. 191, pp. 620–638.Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L. 2011. “The Media and the Courts: Towards Competitive Supervision?” The China Quarterly, No. 208, pp. 833–850.Google Scholar

Liebman, Benjamin L. 2013. “Malpractice Mobs: Medical Dispute Resolution in China.” Columbia Law Review, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 181–264.Google Scholar

Lipsky, Michael. 1970. “Introduction.” In Lipsky, Michael (ed.) Law and Order: Police Encounters. New York: Aldine Publishing Company, pp. 1–7.Google Scholar

Liu, Xiaobo. 1992. The Monologues of a Doomsday’s Survivor (Mori xingcunzhe de zibai). Taiwan: China Times Publishing Company. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Long, Scott. 2012. “Regression Models for Nominal and Ordinal Outcomes.” In Best, Henning and Wolf, Christof (eds.) The SAGE Handbook of Regression Analysis and Causal Inference. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 173–204.Google Scholar

Lorentzen, Peter L. 2013. “Regularizing Rioting: Permitting Public Protest in an Authoritarian Regime.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, Vol. 8, pp. 127–158.Google Scholar

Lorentzen, Peter L. 2017. “Designing Contentious Politics in Post-1989 China.” Modern China, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 459–493.Google Scholar

Lu, Xueyi, Peilin, Li, and Guanjing, Chen. 2012. Blue Book of Chinese Society of 2013: Analysis and Forecast of Chinese Society (Zhongguo shehui lanpishu 2013: zhongguo shehui xingshi fenxi yu yuce). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Lu, Yao, and Tao, Ran. 2017. “Organizational Structure and Collective Action: Lineage Networks, Semiautonomous Civic Associations, and Collective Resistance in Rural China.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 122, No. 6, pp. 1726–1774.Google Scholar

Lubman, Stanley B. 1999. Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after Mao. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Luehrmann, Laura M. 2003. “Facing Citizen Complaints in China, 1951–1996.” Asian Survey, Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 845–866.Google Scholar

Luo, Qiangqiang, Andreas, Joel, and Li, Yao. 2017. “Grapes of Wrath: Twisting Arms to Get Villagers to Cooperate with Agribusiness in China.” The China Journal, Vol. 77, pp. 27–50.Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2005. Structuring Conflict in the Arab World: Incumbents, Opponents and Institutions. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2006. “Elections under Authoritarianism: Preliminary Lessons from Jordan.” Democratization, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 456–471.Google Scholar

Lust-Okar, Ellen. 2008. “Taking Political Participation Seriously.” In Lust-Okar, Ellen and Zerhouni, Saloua (eds.) Political Participation in the Middle East and North Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, pp. 1–11.Google Scholar

Lynch, Marc. 2012. The Arab Uprising: The Unfinished Revolutions of the New Middle East. New York: Public Affairs.Google Scholar

Ma, Yuan. 2014. “‘Normalization’ and Informal Governance in Preserving Stability at the Grassroots” (Jiceng weiwen shijian zhong de “guifanhua” xingtai yu feizhengshi zhili). Journal of Public Administration, No. 6, pp. 67–87. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Machiavelli, Niccolò. 1532 (1988). Machiavelli: The Prince. Skinner, Quentin and Price, Russell (eds.). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin. 2004. “What Is China? Who Is Chinese? Han-Minority Relations, Legitimacy, and the State.” In Gries, Peter Hays and Rosen, Stanley (eds.) State and Society in 21st-Century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 216–234.Google Scholar

Mackerras, Colin. 2012. “Causes and Ramifications of the Xinjiang July 2009 Disturbances.” Sociology Study, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 496‐510.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 41, No. 4–5, pp. 715–741.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz and Kricheli, Ruth. 2010. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 13, pp. 123–143.Google Scholar

Malesky, Edmund and Schuler, Paul. 2010. “Nodding or Needling: Analyzing Delegate Responsiveness in an Authoritarian Parliament.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 104, No. 3, pp. 482–502.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2015. Information for Autocrats: Representation in Chinese Local Congresses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Manion, Melanie. 2017. “‘Good Types’ in Authoritarian Elections.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 362–394.Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. 2012. The Sources of Social Power (Volume 2): The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760 –1914 (2nd edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1983. “Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 735–754.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug and Boudet, Hilary S.. 2012. Putting Social Movements in Their Place: Explaining Opposition to Energy Projects in the United States, 2000–2005. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug, Sampson, Robert, Weffer, Simon, and MacIndoe, Heather. 2005. “There Will Be Fighting in the Streets: The Distorting Lens of Social Movement Theory.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–18.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney G., and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McCarthy, John and McPhail, Clark. 1998. “The Institutionalization of Protest in the United States.” In Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney (eds.) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 83–110.Google Scholar

McPhail, Clark, Schweingruber, David, and McCarthy, John D.. 1998. “Protest Policing in the United States, 1960–1995.” In Della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert (eds.) Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 49–69.Google Scholar

Meng, Jianzhu. 2008. “Thoroughly Study and Practice the Scientific Outlook on Development; Be Loyal Guards of the Party and Close Friends of the Masses” (Shenru xuexi shijian kexue fazhanguan, zuodangde zhongchengweishi he renminqunzhong de tiexinren). Qiushi, No. 21, pp. 15–18. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Meng, Tianguang, Pan, Jennifer, and Yang, Ping. 2017. “Conditional Receptivity to Citizen Participation.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 399–433.Google Scholar

Mertha, Andrew C. 2008. China’s Water Warriors: Citizen Action and Policy Change. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Meyer, David S. 2015. The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America (2nd edition). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. “A Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century.” In Meyer, David S. and Tarrow, Sidney (eds.) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar

Michelson, Ethan. 2008. “Justice from Above or Below? Popular Strategies for Resolving Grievances in Rural China.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 193, pp. 43–64.Google Scholar

Miller, Michael K. 2015. “Elections, Information, and Policy Responsiveness in Autocratic Regimes.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 691–727.Google Scholar

Millward, James. 2004. Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment. Policy Studies 6. Washington, D.C.: East-West Center Washington.Google Scholar

Millward, James. 2007. Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Millward, James. 2009. “Introduction: Does the 2009 Urumchi Violence Mark a Turning Point?” Central Asian Survey, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 347–360.Google Scholar

Minzner, Carl F. 2006. “Xinfang: An Alternative to Formal Chinese Legal Institutions.” Stanford Journal of International Law, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 103–179.Google Scholar

Minzner, Carl F. 2011. “China’s Turn against Law.” The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 59, pp. 935–984.Google Scholar

Moss, Dana M. 2014. “Repression, Response, and Contained Escalation under ‘Liberalized’ Authoritarianism in Jordan.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 489–514.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2007. The Struggle for Constitutional Power: Law, Politics, and Economic Development in Egypt. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Moustafa, Tamir. 2014. “Law and Courts in Authoritarian Regimes.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 281–299.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 2003. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 6–17.Google Scholar

Nathan, Andrew J. 2013. “China at the Tipping Point? Foreseeing the Unforeseeable.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 20–25.Google Scholar

Naughton, Barry J. and Yang, Dali L.. 2004. “Holding China together: Introduction.” In Naughton, Barry J and Yang, Dali L. (eds.) Holding China together: Diversity and National Integration in the Post-Deng Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar

Noakes, Stephen and Ford, Caylan. 2015. “Managing Political Opposition Groups in China: Explaining the Continuing Anti-Falun Gong Campaign.” The China Quarterly, No. 223, pp. 658–679.Google Scholar

North, Douglass C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Oberschall, Anthony. 1996. “Opportunities and Framing in the Eastern European Revolts of 1989.” In McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John and Zald, Mayer (eds.) Comparative Perspectives in Social Movements. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 93–121.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 1996. “Rightful Resistance.” World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 31–55.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. 2003. “Neither Transgressive nor Contained: Boundary-Spanning Contention in China.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 51–64.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Li, Lianjiang. 2004. “Suing the Local State: Administrative Litigation in Rural China.” The China Journal, Vol. 51, pp. 75–96.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Li, Lianjiang. 2005. “Popular Contention and Its Impact in Rural China.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 235–259.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Li, Lianjiang. 2006. Rightful Resistance in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Han, Rongbin. 2009. “Path to Democracy? Assessing Village Elections in China.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 18, No. 60, pp. 359–378.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Deng, Yanhua. 2015a. “The Reach of the State: Work Units, Family Ties and ‘Harmonious Demolition.’” The China Journal, Vol. 74, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar

O’Brien, Kevin J. and Deng, Yanhua. 2015b. “Repression Backfires: Tactical Radicalization and Protest Spectacle in Rural China.” Journal of Contemporary China. Vol. 24, No. 93, pp. 457–470.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo and Schmitter, Philippe C.. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Oliver, Pamela and Myers, Daniel. 1999. “How Events Enter the Public Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 105, No. 1, pp. 38–87.Google Scholar

Olzak, Susan. 1992. The Dynamics of Ethnic Competition and Conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Olzak, Susan, Beasley, Maya, and Olivier, Johan. 2003. “The Impact of State Reforms on Protest against Apartheid in South Africa.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 27–50.Google Scholar

Opp, Karl-Dieter and Roehl, Wolfgang. 1990. “Repression, Micromobilization, and Political Protest.” Social Forces, Vol. 69, No. 2, pp. 521–547.Google Scholar

Ownby, David. 2008. Falun Gong and the Future of China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Palmer, David A. 2007. Qigong Fever: Body, Science, and Utopia in China. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 2006. China’s Trapped Transition: The Limits of Developmental Autocracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 2012. “Is CCP Rule Fragile or Resilient? Journal of Democracy, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 27–41.Google Scholar

Pei, Minxin. 2016. China’s Crony Capitalism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Penny, Benjamin. 2012. The Religion of Falun Gong. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2001. “Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Popular Protest in Modern China.” Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–180.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2002a. “Introduction.” Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. ix–xxx.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2002b. “Contradictions under Socialism: Shanghai’s Strike Wave of 1957.” Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 206–237.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2007. “Studying Chinese Politics: Farewell to Revolution?” The China Journal, Vol. 57, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2008. “Chinese Conceptions of ‘Rights’: From Mencius to Mao – and Now.” Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 37–50.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2010. “Popular Protest: Playing by the Rules.” In Fewsmith, Joseph (ed.) China Today, China Tomorrow: Domestic Politics, Economy, and Society. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 11–28.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2012. “The Illiberal Challenge of Authoritarian China.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 3–15.Google Scholar

Perry, Elizabeth J. 2014. “Growing Pains: Challenges for a Rising China.” Daedalus, Vol. 143, No. 2, pp. 5–13.Google Scholar

Pfaff, Steven, and Yang, Guobin. 2001. “Double-Edged Rituals and the Symbolic Resources of Collective Action: Political Commemorations and the Mobilization of Protest in 1989.” Theory and Society, Vol. 30, pp. 539–589.Google Scholar

Potter, Pitman. 1999. “The Chinese Legal System: Continuing Commitment to the Primacy of State Power.” The China Quarterly, No. 159, pp. 673–683.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Punch, Maurice. 2010. Shoot to Kill: Police Accountability, Firearms and Fatal Force. Bristol: Policy Press.Google Scholar

Qi, Peng and Zexu, Wang. 2013. “Thoughts on Strategies to Handle Mass Incidents by Law in the Transition Period” (Zhuanxingqi quntixing shijian falü zhili celue sikao). Legal System and Society, No. 8, pp. 81–86. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Rasler, Karen. 1996. “Concessions, Repression, and Political Protest in the Iranian Revolution.” American Sociological Review, Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 132–152.Google Scholar

Reilly, James. 2012. Strong Society, Smart State: The Rise of Public Opinion in China’s Japan Policy. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Reny, Marie-Eve. 2018. “Compliant Defiance: Informality and Survival among Protestant House Churches in China.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 27, No. 111, pp. 472–485.Google Scholar

Reny, Marie-Eve and Hurst, William. 2013. “Social Unrest.” In Ogden, Chris (ed.) Handbook of China’s Governance and Domestic Politics. New York: Routledge, pp. 210–220.Google Scholar

Repnikova, Maria. 2017. Media Politics in China: Improvising Power under Authoritarianism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rigger, Shelley. 2014. “Taiwan’s Democratization and Mainland China’s Future.” In Zhou, Kate Xiao, Rigger, Shelley, and White, Lynn T. III (eds.) Democratization in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia? New York: Routledge, pp. 36–50.Google Scholar

Ritter, Emily Hencken and Conrad, Courtenay R.. 2016. “Preventing and Responding to Dissent: The Observational Challenges of Explaining Strategic Repression.” American Political Science Review, Vol. 110, No. 1, pp. 85–99.Google Scholar

Robertson, Graeme B. 2011. The Politics of Protest in Hybrid Regimes: Managing Dissent in Post-communist Russia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Van Rooij, Benjamin. 2010. “The People vs. Pollution: Understanding Citizen Action against Pollution in China.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 19, No. 63, pp. 55–77.Google Scholar

Rootes, Christopher. 2004. “Environmental Movements.” In Snow, David A., Soule, Sarah A. and Kriesi, Hanspeter (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements. Malden: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 608–640.Google Scholar

Saich, Tony. 2000. “Negotiating the State: The Development of Social Organization in China.” The China Quarterly, No. 161, pp. 124–141.Google Scholar

Saich, Tony. 2007. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Governance in Rural and Urban China.” Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1–28.Google Scholar

Saich, Tony. 2011. “Citizens’ Perceptions of Adequate Governance: Satisfaction Levels Among Rural and Urban Chinese.” In Zhang, Everett, Kleinman, Arthur, and Weiming, Tu (eds.) Governance of Life in Chinese Moral Experience: The Quest for an Adequate Life. London: Routledge, pp. 199–214.Google Scholar

Saich, Tony. 2016. “State-Society Relations in the People’s Republic of China Post-1949.” Governance and Public Policy in China, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1–57.Google Scholar

Schubert, Gunter. 2008. “One-Party Rule and the Question of Legitimacy in Contemporary China: Preliminary Thoughts on Setting up a New Research Agenda.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 17, No. 54, pp. 191–204.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1976. The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Scott, James C. 1990. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Seidman, Gay. 2009. “Armed Struggle in the South African Anti-Apartheid Movement.” In Goodwin, Jeff and Jasper, James M. (eds.) The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts (2nd edition). Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 279–294.Google Scholar

Selden, Mark and Perry, Elizabeth J.. 2010. “Introduction: Reform and Resistance in Contemporary China.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.) Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance (3rd edition). London; New York: Routledge, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar

Shambaugh, David. 2008. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Shambaugh, David. 2016. China’s Future. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Shi, Fayong. 2008. “Social Capital at Work: The Dynamics and Consequences of Grassroots Movements in Urban China.” Critical Asian Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 233–262.Google Scholar

Shi, Fayong and Cai, Yongshun. 2006. “Disaggregating the State: Networks and Collective Resistance in Shanghai.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 186, pp. 314–332.Google Scholar

Shi, Tianjian. 2001. “Cultural Impact on Political Trust: A Comparison of Mainland China and Taiwan.” Comparative Politics, Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 401–420.Google Scholar

Shi, Tianjian. 2015. The Cultural Logic of Politics in Mainland China and Taiwan. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shock, Kurt. 2005. Unarmed Insurrections: People Power Movements in Nondemocracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Shue, Vivienne. 1991. “Powers of State, Paradoxes of Dominion.” in Lieberthal, Kenneth, Kallgren, Joyce, MacFarquhar, Roderick, and Wakeman, Frederic (eds.) Perspectives on Modern China: Four Anniversaries. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 205–225.Google Scholar

Siavelis, Peter. 2006. “Accommodating Informal Institutions and Chilean Democracy.” In Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven (eds.) Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, pp. 33–55.Google Scholar

Skocpol, Theda. 1979. States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan. 2010. Ordering Power: Contentious Politics and Authoritarian Leviathans in Southeast Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Slater, Dan, and Fenner, Sofia. 2011. “State Power and Staying Power: Infrastructural Mechanisms and Authoritarian Durability.” Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 14–29.Google Scholar

Soule, Sarah A. and Davenport, Christian. 2009. “Velvet Glove, Iron Fist, or Even Hand? Protest Policing in the United States, 1960–1990.” Mobilization: An International Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar

Spires, Anthony J. 2011. “Contingent Symbiosis and Civil Society in an Authoritarian State: Understanding the Survival of China’s Grassroots NGOs.” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp. 1–45.Google Scholar

Stern, Rachel E. 2014. “The Political Logic of China’s Environmental Courts.” The China Journal, Vol. 72, pp. 53–75.Google Scholar

Stern, Rachel E. and Hassid, Jonathan. 2012. “Amplifying Silence: Uncertainty and Control Parables in Contemporary China.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 45, No. 10, pp. 1230–1254.Google Scholar

Stern, Rachel E. and O’Brien, Kevin J.. 2011. “Politics at the Boundary: Mixed Signals and the Chinese State.” Modern China, Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 174–198.Google Scholar

Stockmann, Daniela. 2013. Media Commercialization and Authoritarian Rule in China. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stockmann, Daniela and Gallagher, Mary E.. 2011. “Remote Control: How the Media Sustain Authoritarian Rule in China.” Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 436–467.Google Scholar

Su, Yang and He, Xin. 2010. “Street as Courtroom: State Accommodation of Labor Protest in South China.” Law & Society Review, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 157–184.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tang, Wenfang. 2005. Public Opinion and Political Change in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Tang, Wenfang. 2016. Populist Authoritarianism: Chinese Political Culture and Regime Sustainability. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2002a. “The Institutional Lessons of Disaster: Reorganizing the People’s Armed Police after Tiananmen.” In Mulvenon, James C. (ed.) The People’s Liberation Army as Organization. Washington, D.C.: RAND, pp. 587–635.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2002b. Torture in China: Calls for Reform from within China’s Law Enforcement System. Prepared Statement to Accompany Testimony Before the Congressional-Executive Committee on China. Washington, D.C.: Congressional-Executive Committee on China.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2004. “China Rethinks Unrest.” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3. pp. 137–156.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot. 2009. “How China Manages Internal Security Challenges and Its Impact on PLA Missions.” In Beyond the Strait: PLA Missions Other than Taiwan. Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, pp. 39–98.Google Scholar

Tanner, Murray Scot and Green, Eric. 2007. “Principals and Secret Agents: Central versus Local Control Over Policing and Obstacles to ‘Rule of Law’ in China.” The China Quarterly No. 191, pp. 644–670.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney G. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (3rd edition). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney and Tilly, Charles. 2007. “Contentious Politics and Social Movements.” In Boix, Carles and Stokes, Susan C. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics, pp. 435–460. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Teets, Jessica. 2013. “Let Many Civil Societies Bloom: The Rise of Consultative Authoritarianism in China.” The China Quarterly, No. 213, pp. 19–38.Google Scholar

Teets, Jessica. 2014. Civil Society under Authoritarianism: The China Model. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Terrone, Antonio. 2016. “Propaganda in the Public Square: Communicating State Directives on Religion and Ethnicity to Uyghurs and Tibetans in Western China.” In Hillman, Ben and Tuttle, Gray (eds.) Ethnic Conflict and Protest in Tibet and Xinjiang: Unrest in China’s West. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 40–59.Google Scholar

Thaxton, Ralph. 2016. Force and Contention in Contemporary China: Memory and Resistance in the Long Shadow of the Catastrophic Past. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Thompson, E. P. 1971. “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century.” Past and Present, No. 50, pp. 76–136.Google Scholar

Thompson, E. P. 1974. “Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture.” Journal of Social History. Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 382–405.Google Scholar

Thornton, Patricia. 2010. “The New Cybersects: Popular Religion, Repression and Resistance.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.) Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance (3rd edition). London; New York: Routledge, pp. 215–238.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. New York: Random. House.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1984. “Social Movements and National Politics.” In Bright, Charles and Harding, Susan (eds.) Statemaking and Social Movements: Essays in History and Theory. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, pp. 297–317.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 1995. Popular Contention in Great Britain 1758–1834. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2003. The Politics of Collective Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2006. Regimes and Repertoires. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2008. Contentious Performances. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles and Tarrow, Sidney. 2007. Contentious Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tomba, Luigi. 2014. The Government Next Door: Neighborhood Politics in Urban China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tong, James. 2009. Revenge of the Forbidden City: The Suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Tong, James. 2012. “Banding after the Ban: The Underground Falungong in China, 1999–2011.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 21, No. 78, pp. 1045–1062.Google Scholar

Tong, Xin. 2006. “The Persisting Socialist Cultural Tradition” (Yanxu de shehuizhuyi wenhua chuantong). Sociological Studies. No. 1, pp. 59–76. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Tong, Yanqi and Lei, Shaohua. 2013. Social Protests in Contemporary China, 2003–2010: Transitional Pains and Regime Legitimacy. Abingdon; New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo. 2012. Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Truex, Rory. 2016. Making Autocracy Work: Representation and Responsiveness in Modern China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Truex, Rory. 2018. “Focal Points, Dissident Calendars, and Preemptive Repression.” Journal of Conflict Resolution doi: 10.1177/0022002718770520.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2007. Capitalism without Democracy: The Private Sector in Contemporary China. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2013. “Cause or Consequence? Private-Sector Development and Communist Resilience in China.” In Dimitrov, Martin (ed.) Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 205–234.Google Scholar

Tsai, Kellee S. 2016. “Adaptive Informal Institutions,” in Falleti, Tulia, Fioretes, Orfeo, and Sheingate, Adam (eds.) Oxford Handbook of Historical Institutionalism. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 270–287.Google Scholar

Tsai, Lily L. 2007. Accountability Without Democracy: Solidary Groups and Public Goods Provision in Rural China. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tsang, Steve. 2009. “Consultative Leninism: China’s New Political Framework,” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 18, No. 62, pp. 865–880.Google Scholar

Tsinghua University. 2010. “Achieving Long-Term Stability through the Institutionalization of Interest Expression” (Yi liyi biaoda zhiduhua shixian shehui de changzhi jiuan). Report by Research Group on Social Development, Department of Sociology. In Chinese. Beijing: Tsinghua University.Google Scholar

Ulfelder, Jay. 2005. “Contentious Collective Action and the Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes.” International Political Science Review, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 311–334.Google Scholar

United Nations. 2014. Concluding Observations on the Third to Fifth Periodic Reports of United States of America. Report by Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2014. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of National Findings. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar

Vairel, Frédéric. 2011. “Protesting in Authoritarian Situations: Egypt and Morocco in Comparative Perspective.” In Beinin, Joel and Vairel, Frédéric (eds.) Social Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, pp. 27–42.Google Scholar

Waddington, P.A.J. 1998. “Controlling Protest in Contemporary Historical and Comparative Perspective.” In Della Porta, Donatella and Reiter, Herbert (eds.) Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 117–140.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2004. “The Party Elite and China’s Trajectory of Change.” China: An International Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 189–209.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2009a. “Unruly Stability: Why China’s Regime Has Staying Power.” Current History, Vol. 108, No. 719, pp. 257–263.Google Scholar

Walder, Andrew G. 2009b. “Political Sociology and Social Movement.” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 35, pp. 393–412.Google Scholar

Wallace, Jeremy L. 2014. Cities and Stability: Urbanization, Redistribution, and Regime Survival in China. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wang, Juan. 2012. “Shifting Boundaries between the State and Society: Village Cadres as New Activists in Collective Petition.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 211, pp. 697–717.Google Scholar

Wang, Juan. 2015. “Managing Social Stability: The Perspective of a Local Government in China.” Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1–25.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua. 2014. “Coercive Capacity and the Durability of the Chinese Communist State.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 47, pp. 13–25.Google Scholar

Wang, Yuhua and Minzner, Carl. 2015. “The Rise of the Security State.” The China Quarterly, Vol. 222, pp. 339–359.Google Scholar

Wang, Zhengxu. 2006. “Explaining Regime Strength in China.” China: An International Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 217–237.Google Scholar

Weiner, Myron. 1971. “Political Participation: Crisis of the Political Process.” In Binder, Leonard and La Palombara, Joseph (eds.) Crises and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 159–204.Google Scholar

Weller, Robert. 2012. “Responsive Authoritarianism and Blind-Eye Governance in China.” In Bandelj, Nina and Solinger, Dorothy J. (eds.) Socialism Vanquished, Socialism Challenged: Eastern Europe and China, 1989–2009. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 83–102.Google Scholar

Whyte, Martin King. 2010. Myth of the Social Volcano: Perceptions of Inequality and Distributive Injustice in Contemporary China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Williams, Kristian. 2015. Our Enemies in Blue: Police and Power in America (3rd edition). Chico: AK Press.Google Scholar

Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wong, Stan Hok-wui and Peng, Minggang. 2015 “Petition and Repression in China’s Authoritarian Regime: Evidence from a Natural Experiment.” Journal of East Asian Studies, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 27–67.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2005. Waste Management in China: Issues and Recommendations. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.Google Scholar

Wright, Teresa. 2004. “Contesting State Legitimacy in the 1990s: The China Democracy Party and the China Labor Bulletin.” In Gries, Peter Hays and Rosen, Stanley (eds.) State and Society in 21st-century China: Crisis, Contention, and Legitimation. New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 123–140.Google Scholar

Wright, Teresa. 2010. Accepting Authoritarianism: State-Society Relations in China’s Reform Era. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Xie, Yue. 2012. “The Political Logic of Weiwen in Contemporary China.” Issues and Studies, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 1–41.Google Scholar

Xie, Yue. 2013. “Rising Central Spending on Public Security and the Dilemma Facing Grassroots.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 79–109.Google Scholar

Yan, Xiaojun. 2016. “Patrolling Harmony: Pre-Emptive Authoritarianism and the Preservation of Stability in W County.” Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 25, No. 99, pp. 406–421.Google Scholar

Yang, Dali L. 2004. Remaking the Chinese Leviathan: Market Transition and the Politics of Governance in China. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Yang, Dali L. 2007. “China’s Long March to Democracy.” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 58–64.Google Scholar

Yang, Guobin and Calhoun, Craig. 2007. “Media, Civil Society, and the Rise of a Green Public Sphere in China.” China Information, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 211–236.Google Scholar

Yao, Yusheng. 2013. “Village Elections and Their Impact: An Investigative Report on a Northern Chinese Village.” Modern China, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 37–68.Google Scholar

Youwei, . 2015. “The End of Reform in China: Authoritarian Adaptation Hits a Wall.” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 2–7.Google Scholar

Yu, Jianrong. 2004. “Institutional Defects of Xinfang System and Its Political Outcomes” (Xinfang de zhidu queshi jiqi zhengzhi houguo). Phoenix Weekly, Vol. 165, No. 32. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Yu, Jianrong. 2005. “Critique of China’s Petition System” (Zhongguo xinfang zhidu pipan). China Reform, Issue 2. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Yu, Jianrong. 2007. “China’s Disturbances and Governance Crisis” (Zhongguo de saoluan shijian yu guanzhi weiji). Teahouse for Sociologists, 1, pp. 26–37. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhang, Mingjun and Peng, Chen. 2012. “Analytical Reports of Typical Mass Incidents in China in 2011” (2011 niandu zhongguo shehui dianxing quntixing shijian fenxi baogao). China Social and Public Security Research Reports, Vol. 1, pp. 1–29. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhang, Mingjun and Peng, Chen. 2014. “Analytical Reports of Typical Mass Incidents in China in 2013” (2013 niandu zhongguo shehui dianxing quntixing shijian fenxi baogao). China Social and Public Security Research Reports, Vol. 5, pp. 1–12. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhang, Mingjun and Peng, Chen. 2015. “Analytical Reports of Typical Mass Incidents in China in 2014” (2014 niandu zhongguo shehui dianxing quntixing shijian fenxi baogao). China Social and Public Security Research Reports, Vol. 6, pp. 1–10. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhang, Mingjun and Xiaoliang, Liu. 2017. “Analytical Report on Mass Incidents in China in 2016 (2016 nian zhongguo shehui quntixing shijian fenxi baogao).” China Social and Public Security Research Reports, Vol. 10, pp. 3–18. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhang, Shengqian. 2006. “On Legal Countermeasures to Deal with Mass Incidents” (Lun quntixing shijian chuzhi de falü duice). Journal of Hubei University of Police, Vol. 92, No. 5, pp. 58–61. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin. 2001. The Power of Tiananmen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin. 2010. “Authoritarian Regime and Contentious Politics.” In Leicht, Kevin T. and Jenkins, Craig C. (eds.) Handbook of Politics: State and Society in Global Perspective. New York: Springer, pp. 459–476.Google Scholar

Zhao, Dingxin. 2012. “Will Revolution Take Place in China Today? (Dangjin zhongguo huibuhui fasheng geming)” Twenty-First Century, Vol. 134, pp. 4–16. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhao, Yuezhi and Wusan, Sun. 2007. “Public Opinion Supervision: Possibilities and Limits of the Media in Constraining Local Officials.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Goldman, Merle (eds.) Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, pp. 300–326.Google Scholar

Zheng, Yongnian. 2015. “The Institutionalization of the Communist Party and the Party System in China.” In Hicken, Allen and Kuhonta, Erik Martinez (eds.) Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 162–188.Google Scholar

Zhi, . 2014. Record of the Shining Hospital Takeover (Guangliang yiyuan guishu jishi; 2nd edition), unpublished manuscript. In Chinese.Google Scholar

Zhou, Kai and Yan, Xiaojun. 2014. “The Quest for Stability: Policing Popular Protest in the People’s Republic of China.” Problems of Post-Communism, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 3–17.Google Scholar

Zweig, David. 2010. “To the Courts or to the Barricades? Can New Political Institutions Manage Rural Conflict?” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.) Chinese Society: Change, Conflict and Resistance (3rd edition). London; New York: Routledge, pp. 123–147.Google Scholar