Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 July 2021
The story has to begin during the long (in human but not geological terms) period of the last nearly 12,000 years forming the Holocene Epoch, when humanity emerged from hunter-gatherer to agrarian communities and later into growing urban settlements founded on trade, and increasingly manufacturing. The Holocene was notable for its relative climatic stability, which allowed civilization as we know it to emerge. It was interrupted only by little ice ages – significant on human scale but minimally so on a geological scale. Much can be learned from the impacts of relatively modest fluctuations in climate on human society over this period (3). These lessons help us assess the likely effects of rapid climate and other changes on health and development in the future (see Chapter 2).
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