Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-cphqk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-15T15:44:45.163Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2 - Climate Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2021

Andy Haines  and
Howard Frumkin
Andy Haines
Affiliation:
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Howard Frumkin
Affiliation:
University of Washington
Get access

Summary

Environmental changes, and the driving forces that dominate the Anthropocene outlined in Chapter 1, can have wide-ranging and pervasive effects on health through a range of direct and indirect pathways. One of the best recognized of these pathways is climate change – a relatively anodyne term that, thanks to growing awareness and alarm in recent years, is often now replaced by ‘global heating’, the ‘climate crisis’, or even the ‘climate emergency’.

Type
Chapter
Information
Planetary Health
Safeguarding Human Health and the Environment in the Anthropocene
 , pp. 34 - 76
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Pendergrass, AG, Knutti, R, Lehner, F, Deser, C, Sanderson, BM. Precipitation variability increases in a warmer climate. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):17966. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17966-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stocker, TF, Qin, D, Plattner, G-K, et al., editors. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2013.Google Scholar
McMichael, AJ, Woodward, A, Muir, C. Climate Change and the Health of Nations: Famines, Fevers, and the Fate of Populations. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press; 2017.Google Scholar
Firestone, RB, West, A, Kennett, JP, et al. Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007;104(41):16016–21. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706977104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinter, N, Scott, AC, Daulton, TL, et al. The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis: a requiem. Earth-Science Reviews. 2011;106(3):247–64. DOI: 10.1002/jqs.2724.Google Scholar
Whitmee, S, Haines, A, Beyrer, C, et al. Safeguarding human health in the Anthropocene Epoch: report of The Rockefeller Foundation–Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. The Lancet. 2015;386(10007):1973–2028.Google Scholar
Jordan, WC. The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haug, GH, Günther, D, Peterson, LC, et al. Climate and the collapse of Maya civilization. Science. 2003;299(5613):1731–5. doi: 10.1126/science.1080444.Google Scholar
Wright, LE, White, CD. Human biology in the classic Maya collapse: evidence from paleopathology and paleodiet. Journal of World Prehistory. 1996;10(2):147–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25801093?seq=1.Google Scholar
Benson, LV, Berry, MS, Jolie, EA, et al. Possible impacts of early-11th-, middle-12th-, and late-13th-century droughts on western Native Americans and the Mississippian Cahokians. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2007;26(3–4):336–50. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.001.Google Scholar
Fagan, B. Chaco Canyon: Archeologists Explore the Lives of an Ancient Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Gasparrini, A, Guo, Y, Hashizume, M, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. The Lancet. 2015; 386:369–75. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0.Google Scholar
Hatfield, JL, Prueger, JH. Temperature extremes: effect on plant growth and development. Weather and Climate Extremes. 2015; 10:4–10.Google Scholar
Bouma, MJ, Kovats, RS, Goubet, SA, Cox, JS, Haines, A. Global assessment of El Niño’s disaster burden. The Lancet. 1997;350(9089):1435–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(97)04509-1.Google Scholar
Lam, CH, Haines, A, McGregor, G, Chan, YE, Hajat, S. Time-series study of associations between rates of people affected by disasters and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;16(17). doi: 10.3390/ijerph16173146.Google Scholar
Kovats, RS, Bouma, MJ, Hajat, S, Worrall, E, Haines, A. El Niño and health. The Lancet. 2003;362(9394):1481–9. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14695-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marlier, ME, DeFries, RS, Voulgarakis, A, et al. El Niño and health risks from landscape fire emissions in southeast Asia. Nature Climate Change. 2013;3(2):131–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WHO. El Niño affects more than 60 million people. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. Available from www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/el-ni%C3%B1o-affects-more-than-60-million-people.Google Scholar
Ahmadalipour, A, Moradkhani, H. Escalating heat-stress mortality risk due to global warming in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Environment International. 2018;117:215–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.014.Google Scholar
Alonso, D, Bouma, MJ, Pascual, M. Epidemic malaria and warmer temperatures in recent decades in an East African highland. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011;278(1712):1661–9. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2020.Google Scholar
Smith, KR, Woodward, A, Campbell-Lendrum, D, et al. Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In Field, CB, Barros, VR, Dokken, DJ, et al., editors. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014. pp. 709–54.Google Scholar
WHO. Health & Climate Change. COP24 Special Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.Google Scholar
Crimmins, A, Balbus, J, Gamble, JL, et al. The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, DC: US Global Climate Research Program (USGCRP); 2016.Google Scholar
Ebi, KL, Balbus, JM, Luber, G, et al. Human health. In Reidmiller, DR, Avery, CW, Easterling, DR, et al., editors. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment. II. Washington, DC: US Global Change Research Program; 2018. pp. 539–71.Google Scholar
Vardoulakis, S, Heaviside, C, editors. Health Effects of Climate Change in the UK 2012: Current Evidence, Recommendations and Research Gaps. Health Protection Agency, Public Health England; 2012.Google Scholar
Watts, N, Amann, M, Arnell, N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836–78.Google Scholar
McMichael, AJ. Globalization, climate change, and human health. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(14):1335–43. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1109341.Google Scholar
Patz, JA, Frumkin, H, Holloway, T, Vimont, DJ, Haines, A. Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health. JAMA. 2014;312(15):1565–80.Google Scholar
Semenza, JC. Climate change and human health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(7):7347–53.Google Scholar
Haines, A, Ebi, K. The imperative for climate action to protect health. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;380(3):263–73. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1807873.Google Scholar
Luber, G, Lemery, J. Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2015.Google Scholar
Levy, BS, Patz, JA. editors, Climate Change and Public Health. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, CD. Climate Change and Global Health. Wallingford, UK and Boston, MA: CABI; 2014.Google Scholar
Holmes, KJ, Wender, BA, Weisenmiller, R, Doughman, P, Kerxhalli-Kleinfield, M. Climate assessment moves local. Earth’s Future. 2020;8(2):e2019EF001402.Google Scholar
Hausfather, Z, Drake, HF, Abbott, T, Schmidt, GA. Evaluating the performance of past climate model projections. Geophysical Research Letters. 2019;47(1).Google Scholar
van Vuuren, DP, Edmonds, J, Kainuma, M, et al. The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change. 2011;109(1):5.Google Scholar
O’Neill, BC, Kriegler, E, Ebi, KL, et al. The roads ahead: narratives for shared socioeconomic pathways describing world futures in the 21st century. Global Environmental Change. 2017;42:169–80. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.004.Google Scholar
Riahi, K, van Vuuren, DP, Kriegler, E, et al. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: an overview. Global Environmental Change. 2017;42:153–68. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009.Google Scholar
Sellers, S, Ebi, KL. Climate change and health under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Framework. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;15(1). doi: 10.3390/ijerph15010003.Google Scholar
Zhang, DD, Lee, HF, Wang, C, et al. The causality analysis of climate change and large-scale human crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(42):17296–301. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1104268108.Google Scholar
Butzer, KW. Collapse, environment, and society. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2012;109(10):3632–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1114845109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Committee on Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change Attribution. Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2016.Google Scholar
Ornes, S. Core concept: how does climate change influence extreme weather? Impact attribution research seeks answers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(33):8232–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1811393115.Google Scholar
Risser, MD, Wehner, MF. Attributable human-induced changes in the likelihood and magnitude of the observed extreme precipitation during Hurricane Harvey. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017;44(24):12,457–64.Google Scholar
Mitchell, D, Heaviside, C, Vardoulakis, S, et al. Attributing human mortality during extreme heat waves to anthropogenic climate change. Environmental Research Letters. 2016;11(7):074006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074006.Google Scholar
Ebi, KL, Ogden, NH, Semenza, JC, Woodward, A. Detecting and attributing health burdens to climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017;125(8):085004.Google Scholar
Gauer, R, Meyers, BK. Heat-related illnesses. American Family Physician. 2019;99(8):482–9.Google Scholar
Kovats, RS, Hajat, S. Heat stress and public health: a critical review. Annual Review of Public Health. 2008;29:41–55. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.29.020907.090843.Google Scholar
Robine, JM, Cheung, SL, Le Roy, S, et al. Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2008;331(2):171–8.Google Scholar
Wondmagegn, BY, Xiang, J, Williams, S, Pisaniello, D, Bi, P. What do we know about the healthcare costs of extreme heat exposure? A comprehensive literature review. Science of The Total Environment. 2019;657:608–18. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.479.Google Scholar
Watts, N, Amann, M, Ayeb-Karlsson, S, et al. The Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health. The Lancet. 2017;391:581–630. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32124-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, PL. Temporal trends in heat-related mortality: implications for future projections. Atmosphere. 2018;9(10):409. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9100409.Google Scholar
Arbuthnott, K, Hajat, S, Heaviside, C, Vardoulakis, S. Changes in population susceptibility to heat and cold over time: assessing adaptation to climate change. Environmental Health. 2016;15:S33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0102-7.Google Scholar
Matthews, TKR, Wilby, RL, Murphy, C. Communicating the deadly consequences of global warming for human heat stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017;114(15):3861–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617526114.Google Scholar
Gasparrini, A, Guo, Y, Sera, F, et al. Projections of temperature-related excess mortality under climate change scenarios. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2017;1(9):E360–7.Google Scholar
Tasian, GE, Pulido, JE, Gasparrini, A, et al. Daily mean temperature and clinical kidney stone presentation in five U.S. metropolitan areas: a time-series analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2014;122(10):1081–7.Google Scholar
Sorensen, C, Garcia-Trabanino, R. A new era of climate medicine: addressing heat-triggered renal disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2019;381(8):693–6.Google Scholar
Obradovich, N, Migliorini, R, Mednick, SC, Fowler, JH. Nighttime temperature and human sleep loss in a changing climate. Science Advances. 2017;3(5).Google Scholar
Kuehn, L, McCormick, S. Heat exposure and maternal health in the face of climate change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(8). doi:10.3390/ijerph14080853.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y, Yu, C, Wang, L. Temperature exposure during pregnancy and birth outcomes: an updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence. Environmental Pollution. 2017;225:700–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.066.Google Scholar
Spector, JT, Masuda, YJ, Wolff, NH, Calkins, M, Seixas, N. Heat exposure and occupational injuries: review of the literature and implications. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2019;6(4):286–96. doi: 10.1007/s40572-019-00250-8.Google Scholar
Mares, DM, Moffett, KW. Climate change and interpersonal violence: a ‘global’ estimate and regional inequities. Climatic Change. 2015;135(2):297–310.Google Scholar
Burke, M, González, F, Baylis, P, et al. Higher temperatures increase suicide rates in the United States and Mexico. Nature Climate Change. 2018;8(8):723–9.Google Scholar
Kjellstrom, T, Briggs, D, Freyberg, C, et al. Heat, human performance, and occupational health: a key issue for the assessment of global climate change impacts. Annual Review of Public Health. 2016;37:97–112. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021740.Google Scholar
Dunne, JP, Stouffer, RJ, John, JG. Reductions in labour capacity from heat stress under climate warming. Nature Climate Change. 2013;3(6):563–6.Google Scholar
Jacklitsch, B, Williams, J, Musolin, K, Coca, A, Kim, J-H, Turner, N. Occupational Exposure to Heat and Hot Environments: Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Revised 2016. Cincinnati, OH: US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2016. Available from www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2016-106.Google Scholar
Kjellstrom, T, Kovats, RS, Lloyd, SJ, Holt, T, Tol, RS. The direct impact of climate change on regional labor productivity. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health. 2009;64(4):217–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrews, O, Le Quéré, C, Kjellstrom, T, Lemke, B, Haines, A. Implications for workability and survivability in populations exposed to extreme heat under climate change: a modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2018;2(12):e540–7.Google Scholar
Kjellstrom, T. Impact of climate conditions on occupational health and related economic losses: a new feature of global and urban health in the context of climate change. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016;28(2 Suppl.):28s–37s.Google Scholar
Saulnier, DD, Brolin Ribacke, K, von Schreeb, J. No calm after the storm: a systematic review of human health following flood and storm disasters. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2017;32(5):568–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x17006574.Google Scholar
Paterson, DL, Wright, H, Harris, PNA. Health risks of flood disasters. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2018;67(9):1450–4. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy227.Google Scholar
Alirol, E, Sharma, SK, Bawaskar, HS, Kuch, U, Chappuis, F. Snake bite in South Asia: a review. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2010;4(1):e603.Google Scholar
Paranjothy, S, Gallacher, J, Amlot, R, et al. Psychosocial impact of the summer 2007 floods in England. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:145.Google Scholar
Lamond, JE, Joseph, RD, Proverbs, DG. An exploration of factors affecting the long term psychological impact and deterioration of mental health in flooded households. Environmental Research. 2015;140:325–34.Google Scholar
Tong, S. Flooding-related displacement and mental health. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2017;1(4):e124–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30062-1.Google Scholar
Khan, AE, Scheelbeek, PF, Shilpi, AB, et al. Salinity in drinking water and the risk of (pre)eclampsia and gestational hypertension in coastal Bangladesh: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e108715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30062-1.Google Scholar
Scheelbeek, PFD, Chowdhury, MAH, Haines, A, Vineis, P. Drinking water salinity and raised blood pressure: evidence from a cohort study in coastal Bangladesh. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2017;125(5):057007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Naser, AM, Rahman, M, Unicomb, L, et al. Drinking water salinity, urinary macro-mineral excretions, and blood pressure in the southwest coastal population of Bangladesh. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019;8(9):e012007.Google Scholar
Slette, IJ, Post, AK, Awad, M, et al. How ecologists define drought, and why we should do better. Global Change Biology. 2019;25(10):3193–200.Google Scholar
Smith, AB. 2010–2019: A landmark decade of U.S. billion-dollar weather and climate disasters. Washington, DC: NOAA; 2020. Available from www.climate.gov/news-features/blogs/beyond-data/2010-2019-landmark-decade-us-billion-dollar-weather-and-climate.Google Scholar
Andrade, E, Barrett, N, Colon-Ramos, U, et al. Ascertainment of the Estimated Excess Mortality from Hurricane María in Puerto Rico. Washington, DC: George Washington University; 2018.Google Scholar
Gething, PW, Smith, DL, Patil, AP, et al. Climate change and the global malaria recession. Nature. 2010;465(7296):342–5. doi: 10.1038/nature09098.Google Scholar
WHO. World Malaria Report 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.Google Scholar
Siraj, AS, Santos-Vega, M, Bouma, MJ, et al. Altitudinal changes in malaria incidence in highlands of Ethiopia and Colombia. Science. 2014;343(6175):1154–8.Google Scholar
Bhatt, S, Gething, PW, Brady, OJ, et al. The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature. 2013;496(7446):504–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12060.Google Scholar
Hales, S, de Wet, N, Maindonald, J, Woodward, A. Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. The Lancet. 2002;360(9336):830–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09964-6.Google Scholar
WHO. WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.Google Scholar
Ghazani, M, FitzGerald, G, Hu, W, Toloo, GS, Xu, Z. Temperature variability and gastrointestinal infections: a review of impacts and future perspectives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018;15(4).Google Scholar
Lake, IR, Barker, GC. Climate change, foodborne pathogens and illness in higher-income countries. Current Environmental Health Reports. 2018;5(1):187–96.Google Scholar
Cisse, G. Food-borne and water-borne diseases under climate change in low- and middle-income countries: further efforts needed for reducing environmental health exposure risks. Acta Tropica. 2019;194:181–8.Google Scholar
Kovats, RS, Edwards, SJ, Hajat, S, et al. The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiology and Infection. 2004;132(3):443–53. doi: 10.1017/s0950268804001992.Google Scholar
Lake, IR, Gillespie, IA, Bentham, G, et al. A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature and climate change on foodborne illness. Epidemiology and Infection. 2009;137(11):1538–47. doi: 10.1017/S0950268809002477.Google Scholar
Hales, A, Kovats, S, Lloyd, S, Campbell-Lendrum, D. Quantitative Risk Assessment of the Effects of Climate Change on Selected Causes of Death, 2030s and 2050s. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.Google Scholar
Cotty, PJ, Jaime-Garcia, R. Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxin contamination. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2007;119(1–2):109–15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.060.Google Scholar
Battilani, P, Toscano, P, Van der Fels-Klerx, HJ, et al. Aflatoxin B(1) contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:24328.Google Scholar
Assunção, R, Martins, C, Viegas, S, et al. Climate change and the health impact of aflatoxins exposure in Portugal – an overview. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2018;35(8):1610–21. doi: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1447691.Google Scholar
Adekiya, TA, Aruleba, RT, Oyinloye, BE, Okosun, KO, Kappo, AP. The effect of climate change and the snail-schistosome cycle in transmission and bio-control of schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;17(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17010181.Google Scholar
Kalinda, C, Chimbari, M, Mukaratirwa, S. Implications of changing temperatures on the growth, fecundity and survival of intermediate host snails of schistosomiasis: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017;14(1):80. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14010080.Google Scholar
Zheng, J, Gu, XG, Xu, YL, et al. Relationship between the transmission of schistosomiasis japonica and the construction of the Three Gorge Reservoir. Acta Tropica. 2002;82(2):147–56.Google Scholar
Zhou, XN, Yang, GJ, Yang, K, et al. Potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission in China. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;78(2):188–94.Google Scholar
Stensgaard, AS, Vounatsou, P, Sengupta, ME, Utzinger, J. Schistosomes, snails and climate change: current trends and future expectations. Acta Tropica. 2019;190:257–68. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.Google Scholar
Chambers, JS. The Conquest of Cholera. New York: MacMillan; 1938.Google Scholar
Constantin de Magny, G, Colwell, RR. Cholera and climate: a demonstrated relationship. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 2009;120:119–28.Google Scholar
Vezzulli, L, Brettar, I, Pezzati, E, et al. Long-term effects of ocean warming on the prokaryotic community: evidence from the vibrios. ISME J. 2012;6(1):21–30.Google Scholar
Baker-Austin, C, Trinanes, J, Gonzalez-Escalona, N, Martinez-Urtaza, J. Non-cholera vibrios: the microbial barometer of climate change. Trends in Microbiology. 2017;25(1):76–84. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.09.008.Google Scholar
Gobler, CJ, Doherty, OM, Hattenrath-Lehmann, TK, et al. Ocean warming since 1982 has expanded the niche of toxic algal blooms in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017;114(19):4975–80. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619575114.Google Scholar
Wells, ML, Trainer, VL, Smayda, TJ, et al. Harmful algal blooms and climate change: learning from the past and present to forecast the future. Harmful Algae. 2015;49:68–93. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hal.2015.07.009.Google Scholar
Escobar, MTL, Sotto, LPA, Jacinto, GS, et al. Eutrophic conditions during the 2010 fish kill in Bolinao and Anda, Pangasinan, Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management. 2013;35(Special Issue No. 1).Google Scholar
San Diego-McGlone, ML, Azanza, RV, Villanoy, CL, Jacinto, GS. Eutrophic waters, algal bloom and fish kill in fish farming areas in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 2008;57(6):295–301.Google Scholar
Knox, J, Hess, T, Daccache, A, Wheeler, T. Climate change impacts on crop productivity in Africa and South Asia. Environmental Research Letters. 2012;7(3):034032.Google Scholar
Challinor, AJ, Watson, J, Lobell, DB, et al. A meta-analysis of crop yield under climate change and adaptation. Nature Climate Change. 2014;4(4):287–91.Google Scholar
Porter, JR, Xie, L, Challinor, AJ, et al. Food security and food production systems. In Field, CB, Barros, VR, Dokken, DJ, et al., editors. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014. pp. 485–533.Google Scholar
Deutsch, CA, Tewksbury, JJ, Tigchelaar, M, et al. Increase in crop losses to insect pests in a warming climate. Science. 2018;361(6405):916–19. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheelbeek, PFD, Bird, FA, Tuomisto, HL, et al. Effect of environmental changes on vegetable and legume yields and nutritional quality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(26):6804–9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800442115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beach, RH, Sulser, TB, Crimmins, A, et al. Combining the effects of increased atmospheric carbon dioxide on protein, iron, and zinc availability and projected climate change on global diets: a modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2019;3(7):e307–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30094-4.Google Scholar
Myers, SS, Smith, MR, Guth, S, et al. Climate change and global food systems: potential impacts on food security and undernutrition. Annual Review of Public Health. 2017;38:259–77. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044356.Google Scholar
Zhu, C, Kobayashi, K, Loladze, I, et al. Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels this century will alter the protein, micronutrients, and vitamin content of rice grains with potential health consequences for the poorest rice-dependent countries. Science Advances. 2018;4(5).Google Scholar
Myers, SS, Wessells, KR, Kloog, I, Zanobetti, A, Schwartz, J. Effect of increased concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide on the global threat of zinc deficiency: a modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 2015;3(10):e639–45.Google Scholar
Smith, MR, Myers, SS. Impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global human nutrition. Nature Climate Change. 2018;8(9):834–9.Google Scholar
Moore, ERH, Smith, MR, Humphries, D, Dubrow, R, Myers, SS. The mismatch between anthropogenic CO2 emissions and their consequences for human zinc and protein sufficiency highlights important environmental justice issues. Challenges. 2020;11(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/challe11010004.Google Scholar
Van Dingenen, R, Dentener, FJ, Raes, F, et al. The global impact of ozone on agricultural crop yields under current and future air quality legislation. Atmospheric Environment. 2009;43(3):604–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.033.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, EA, Lemonnier, P, Wedow, JM. The influence of rising tropospheric carbon dioxide and ozone on plant productivity. Plant Biology. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12973.Google Scholar
IPCC. Climate Change and Land. An IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems; 2019. Available from www.ipcc.ch/srccl/.Google Scholar
Green, R, Cornelsen, L, Dangour, AD, et al. The effect of rising food prices on food consumption: systematic review with meta-regression. BMJ. 2013;346:f3703.Google Scholar
Springmann, M, Mason-D’Croz, D, Robinson, S, et al. Global and regional health effects of future food production under climate change: a modelling study. The Lancet. 2016;387(10031):1937–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01156-3.Google Scholar
Black, RE, Allen, LH, Bhutta, ZA, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet. 2008;371(9608):243–60.Google Scholar
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, WHO. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019: Safeguarding Against Economic Slowdowns and Downturns. Rome: FAO; 2019.Google Scholar
Lloyd, SJ, Kovats, RS, Chalabi, Z. Climate change, crop yields, and undernutrition: development of a model to quantify the impact of climate scenarios on child undernutrition. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011;119(12):1817–23.Google Scholar
Smith, LC, Haddad, L. Reducing child undernutrition: past drivers and priorities for the post-MDG era. World Development. 2015;68:180–204.Google Scholar
Lloyd, SJ, Bangalore, M, Chalabi, Z, et al. A global-level model of the potential impacts of climate change on child stunting via income and food price in 2030. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2018;126(9):097007.Google Scholar
Carleton, TA. Crop-damaging temperatures increase suicide rates in India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017;114(33):8746–51.Google Scholar
Carleton, TA. Reply to Plewis, Murari et al., and Das: The suicide–temperature link in India and the evidence of an agricultural channel are robust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(2):E118–21.Google Scholar
Belesova, K, Gasparrini, A, Sié, A, Sauerborn, R, Wilkinson, P. Annual crop-yield variation, child survival, and nutrition among subsistence farmers in Burkina Faso. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2017;187(2):242–50.Google Scholar
Rojas-Downing, MM, Nejadhashemi, AP, Harrigan, T, Woznicki, SA. Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management. 2017;16:145–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001.Google Scholar
Pauly, D, Zeller, D. Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nature Communications. 2016;7:10244.Google Scholar
Pörtner, H-O, Karl, DM, Boyd, PW, et al. Ocean systems. In Field, CB, Barros, VR, Dokken, DJ, et al., editors. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014. pp. 411–84.Google Scholar
Barange, M, Bahri, T, Beveridge, MCM, et al. Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Aquaculture: Synthesis of Current Knowledge, Adaptation and Mitigation Options. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2018. Contract No. 627.Google Scholar
Golden, CD, Allison, EH, Cheung, WW, et al. Nutrition: fall in fish catch threatens human health. Nature. 2016;534(7607):317–20. doi: 10.1038/534317a.Google Scholar
Clements, JC, Chopin, T. Ocean acidification and marine aquaculture in North America: potential impacts and mitigation strategies. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2016;9(4):326–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12140.Google Scholar
Froehlich, HE, Gentry, RR, Halpern, BS. Global change in marine aquaculture production potential under climate change. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2018;2(11):1745–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0669-1.Google Scholar
Hallegate, S, Bangalore, M, Bonzanigo, L, et al., editors. Shock Waves: Managing the Impacts of Climate Change on Poverty. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2016.Google Scholar
Headey, DD. Food prices and poverty. The World Bank Economic Review. 2016;32(3):676–91.Google Scholar
Ivanic, M, Martin, W, Zaman, H. Estimating the short-run poverty impacts of the 2010–11 surge in food prices. World Development. 2012;40(11):2302–17.Google Scholar
Denny, EK, Walter, BF. Ethnicity and civil war. Journal of Peace Research. 2014;51(2):199–212. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343313512853.Google Scholar
Franck, R, Rainer, I. Does the leader’s ethnicity matter? Ethnic favoritism, education, and health in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Political Science Review. 2012;106(2):294–325. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000172.Google Scholar
Schleussner, C-F, Donges, JF, Donner, RV, Schellnhuber, HJ. Armed-conflict risks enhanced by climate-related disasters in ethnically fractionalized countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(33):9216–21.Google Scholar
IPCC. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, RK and Meyer, LA (editors)]. Geneva: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 2014.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, M, Campos, M, Warren, R, et al. Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities. In Field, CB, Barros, VR, Dokken, DJ, et al., editors. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2014. pp. 1039–99.Google Scholar
von Uexkull, N, Croicu, M, Fjelde, H, Buhaug, H. Civil conflict sensitivity to growing-season drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016;113(44):12391–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607542113.Google Scholar
Hsiang, SM, Burke, M, Miguel, E. Quantifying the influence of climate on human conflict. Science. 2013;341(6151):1235367. DOI: 10.1126/science.1235367.Google Scholar
Burke, M, Hsiang, SM, Miguel, E. Climate and conflict. Annual Review of Economics. 2015;7(1):577–617. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430.Google Scholar
Black, R, Adger, WN, Arnell, NW, et al. The effect of environmental change on human migration. Global Environmental Change. 2011;21:S3–11.Google Scholar
Kaczan, DJ, Orgill-Meyer, J. The impact of climate change on migration: a synthesis of recent empirical insights. Climatic Change. 2020;158(3):281–300.Google Scholar
Brown, O. Migration and Climate Change. Geneva: International Organization for Migration; 2008. Contract No. 31.Google Scholar
Baird, R, Migiro, K, Nutt, D, et al. Human Tide: The Real Migration Crisis. London: Christian Aid; 2007.Google Scholar
Rigaud, KK, de Sherbinin, A, Jones, B, et al. Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2018.Google Scholar
Nicholls, RJ, Marinova, N, Lowe, JA, et al. Sea-level rise and its possible impacts given a ‘beyond 4°C world’ in the twenty-first century. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 2011;369(1934):161–81. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0291.Google Scholar
Hsiang, SM, Sobel, AH. Potentially extreme population displacement and concentration in the tropics under non-extreme warming. Scientific Reports. 2016;6:25697.Google Scholar
UNDESA. International Migration Report 2017. New York: UNDESA. Contract No. ST/ESA/SER.A/403.Google Scholar
Findlay, AM. Migrant destinations in an era of environmental change. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions. 2011;21:S50–8.Google Scholar
Feng, S, Krueger, AB, Oppenheimer, M. Linkages among climate change, crop yields and Mexico–US cross-border migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2010;107(32):14257–62. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1002632107.Google Scholar
Marchiori, L, Maystadt, J-F, Schumacher, I. The impact of weather anomalies on migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 2012;63(3):355–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2012.02.001.Google Scholar
Kelley, CP, Mohtadi, S, Cane, MA, Seager, R, Kushnir, Y. Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015;112(11):3241–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421533112.Google Scholar
Mueller, V, Gray, C, Kosec, K. Heat stress increases long-term human migration in rural Pakistan. Nature Climate Change. 2014;4(3):182–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2103.Google Scholar
Bohra-Mishra, P, Oppenheimer, M, Hsiang, SM. Nonlinear permanent migration response to climatic variations but minimal response to disasters. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;111(27):9780–5.Google Scholar
de Sherbinin, A, Castro, M, Gemenne, F, et al. Preparing for resettlement associated with climate change. Science. 2011;334(6055):456–7. DOI: 10.1126/science.1208821.Google Scholar
Missirian, A, Schlenker, W. Asylum applications respond to temperature fluctuations. Science. 2017;358(6370):1610–4. doi: 10.1126/science.aao0432.Google Scholar
Borderon, M, Sakdapolrak, P, Muttarak, R, et al. Migration influenced by environmental change in Africa: a systematic review of empirical evidence. Demographic Research. 2019;41:491–544. https://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.18.Google Scholar
Renaud, FG, Bogardi, JJ, Dun, O, Warner, K. Control, Adapt or Flee: How to Face Environmental Migration? Bonn, Germany: United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security; 2007.Google Scholar
Kniveton, D, Schmidt-Verkerk, K, Smith, C, Black, R. Climate Change and Migration. IOM Migration Research Series: UN; 2008.Google Scholar
Warner, K, Erhart, C, de Sherbinin, A, Adamo, SB, Chai-Onn, TC. In Search of Shelter: Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration and Displacement. A policy paper prepared for the 2009 Climate Negotiations. Bonn, Germany: United Nations University, CARE, CIESN Columbia University; 2009.Google Scholar
Piguet, E, Pécoud, A, de Guchteneire, P, editors. Migration and Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press; 2011.Google Scholar
Black, R, Bennett, SRG, Thomas, SM, Beddington, JR. Migration as adaptation. Nature. 2011;478(7370):447–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/478477a.Google Scholar
Fussell, E, Sastry, N, VanLandingham, M. Race, socioeconomic status, and return migration to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Population and Environment. 2009;31(1–3):20–42. doi: 10.1007/s11111-009-0092-2.Google Scholar
Naik, A. Migration and natural disasters. In Laczko, F, Aghazarm, A, editors. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence. Geneva: International Organization for Migration; 2009. pp. 245–317.Google Scholar
Government Office for Science. Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change: Future Challenges and Opportunities. London: Government Office for Science; 2011.Google Scholar
Dannenberg, AL, Frumkin, H, Hess, JJ, Ebi, KL. Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Climatic Change. 2019;153(1–2):1–14. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-019-02382-0.Google Scholar
Koslov, L. The case for retreat. Public Culture. 2016;28(2 79):359–87.Google Scholar
Jacobson, C, Crevello, S, Chea, C, Jarihani, B. When is migration a maladaptive response to climate change? Regional Environmental Change. 2018;19(1):101–12.Google Scholar
Geddes, A, Adger, WN, Arnell, NW, Black, R, Thomas, DSG. Migration, environmental change, and the challenges of governance. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. 2012;30(6):951–67.Google Scholar
Cunsolo, A, Ellis, NR. Ecological grief as a mental health response to climate change-related loss. Nature Climate Change. 2018;8(4):275–81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0092-2.Google Scholar
Marshall, N, Adger, WN, Benham, C, et al. Reef grief: investigating the relationship between place meanings and place change on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Sustainability Science. 2019;14(3):579–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00666-z.Google Scholar
Albrecht, GA. ‘Solastalgia’: a new concept in health and identity. PAN: Philosophy Activism Nature. 2005;3:44–59. https://doi.org/10.4225/03/584f410704696.Google Scholar
Nicolosi, E, Corbett, JB. Engagement with climate change and the environment: a review of the role of relationships to place. Local Environment. 2018;23(1):77–99.Google Scholar
Verlie, B. Bearing worlds: learning to live-with climate change. Environmental Education Research. 2019;25(5):751–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1637823.Google Scholar
Head, L, Harada, T. Keeping the heart a long way from the brain: the emotional labour of climate scientists. Emotion, Space and Society. 2017;24:34–41.Google Scholar
Colino, S. Fearing the future: pre-traumatic stress reactions. US News and World Report. 24 May 2017.Google Scholar
Ng, FY, Wilson, LA, Veitch, C. Climate adversity and resilience: the voice of rural Australia. Rural and Remote Health. 2015;15(4):3071.Google ScholarPubMed
Ellis, NR, Albrecht, GA. Climate change threats to family farmers’ sense of place and mental wellbeing: a case study from the Western Australian Wheatbelt. Social Science & Medicine. 2017;175:161–8.Google Scholar
Cunsolo Willox, A, Harper, S, Ford, J, et al. Climate change and mental health: an exploratory case study from Rigolet, Nunatsiavut, Canada. Climatic Change. 2013;121(2):255–70. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-013-0875-4.Google Scholar
Cunsolo Willox, A, Harper, SL, Ford, JD, et al. ‘From this place and of this place’: climate change, sense of place, and health in Nunatsiavut, Canada. Social Science & Medicine. 2012;75(3):538–47. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.03.043.Google Scholar
Barnett, J, Adger, WN. Climate change, human security and violent conflict. Political Geography. 2007;26(6):639–55.Google Scholar
Barnett, J, Tschakert, P, Head, L, Adger, WN. A science of loss. Nature Climate Change. 2016;6(11):976–8. doi: 10.1038/nclimate3140.Google Scholar
Fritze, JG, Blashki, GA, Burke, S, Wiseman, J. Hope, despair and transformation: climate change and the promotion of mental health and wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 2008;2(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-2-13.Google Scholar
Searle, K, Gow, K. Do concerns about climate change lead to distress? International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2010;2(4):362–79.Google Scholar
Clayton, S, Manning, C, Krygsman, K, Speiser, M. Mental Health and Our Changing Climate: Impacts, Implications, and Guidance. American Psychological Association and EcoAmerica; 2017.Google Scholar
Burke, SEL, Sanson, AV, Van Hoorn, J. The psychological effects of climate change on children. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2018;20(5):35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0896-9.Google Scholar
Nugent, C. Terrified of climate change? You might have eco-anxiety. Time. 21 November 2019.Google Scholar
Taylor, M, Murray, J. ‘Overwhelming and terrifying’: the rise of climate anxiety. Guardian. 10 February 2020.Google Scholar
Burgess, K. Young people seek help for anxiety over climate change. The Times. 4 January 2020.Google Scholar
Plautz, J. The environmental burden of generation Z. Washington Post. 3 February 2020.Google Scholar
Busby, E. Climate change activism ‘reducing mental health symptoms among young people’. Independent. 28 November 2017 .Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Climate Change
  • Andy Haines, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Howard Frumkin, University of Washington
  • Book: Planetary Health
  • Online publication: 01 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108698054.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Climate Change
  • Andy Haines, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Howard Frumkin, University of Washington
  • Book: Planetary Health
  • Online publication: 01 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108698054.002
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Climate Change
  • Andy Haines, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Howard Frumkin, University of Washington
  • Book: Planetary Health
  • Online publication: 01 July 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108698054.002
Available formats
×