Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-lnqnp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T08:49:14.692Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 February 2024

Elliott Sober
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory
Concepts, Inferences, and Probabilities
, pp. 258 - 280
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, M. (2007). “How Do Natural Selection and Random Drift Interact?Philosophy of Science 74(5): 666679.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akaike, H. (1973). “Information Theory and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle.” In Petrov, B. and Csaki, F. (eds.), Second International Symposium on Information Theory. Akademiai Kiado, pp. 267281.Google Scholar
Andreasen, R. (1998). “A New Perspective on the Race Debate.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 49: 199225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Barrett, M., Clatterbuck, H., Goldsby, M. et al. (2012). “Puzzles for ZFEL – McShea and Brandon’s Zero Force Evolutionary Law.” Biology and Philosophy 27(5): 723735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baum, D. (1998). “Individuality and the Existence of Species through Time.” Systematic Biology 47(4): 641653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baum, D. (2008). “Reading a Phylogenetic Tree – The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups.” Nature Education 1(1): 190.Google Scholar
Baum, D. (2009). “Species as Ranked Taxa.” Systematic Biology 58(1): 7486.Google Scholar
Baum, D. and Smith, S. (2013). Tree Thinking – An Introduction to Phylogenetic Biology. Roberts & Co.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1984). “Chance and Natural Selection.” Philosophy of Science 51(2): 183211.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1992). “Random Drift.” In Keller, E. and Lloyd, E. (eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Harvard University Press, pp. 273281.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1995). “The Evolutionary Contingency Thesis.” In Wolters, G. and Lennox, J. (eds.), Concepts, Theories, and Rationality in the Biological Sciences. University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 4581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, J. (2006a). “Chance Variation – Darwin on Orchids.” Philosophy of Science 73(5): 629641.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (2006b). “Replaying Life’s Tape.” Journal of Philosophy 103(7): 336–362.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. and Finsen, S. (1989). “Rethinking the Propensity Interpretation: A Peek Inside Pandora’s Box.” In Ruse, M. (ed.), What the Philosophy of Biology Is. Kluwer, pp. 1730.Google Scholar
Bersaglieri, T., Sabeti, P. C., Patterson, N. et al. (2004). “Genetic Signatures of Strong Recent Positive Selection at the Lactase Gene.” American Journal of Human Genetics 74(6): 11111120.Google Scholar
Bethell, T. (1976). “Darwin’s Mistake.” Harper’s 252(1509): 70Google Scholar
Bier, E. and Sober, E. (2020). “CRISPR Gene Drive and the War against Malaria.” American Scientist 108(3): 162169.Google Scholar
Blomberg, S., Garland, T., and Ives, A. (2003). “Testing for Phylogenetic Signal in Comparative Data – Behavioral Traits Are More Labile.” Evolution 57(4): 717745.Google Scholar
Bois, J. (2016). “The Luria– Delbrück Fluctuation Experiment.” http://justinbois.github.io/bootcamp/2016/lessons/l29_luria_delbruck.html.Google Scholar
Bourrat, P. (2021). Facts, Conventions, and Levels of Selection. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. (1999). “Homeostasis, Species, and Higher Taxa.” In Wilson, R. (ed.), Species – New Interdisciplinary Essays. MIT Press, pp. 141185.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. (1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bradley, B. (2021). Darwin’s Psychology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. (1978). “Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 9(3): 181206.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. (2005). “The Difference between Selection and Drift: A Reply to Millstein.” Biology and Philosophy 20(1): 153170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. and Fleming, L. (2014). “Drift Sometimes Dominates Selection, and Vice Versa – A Reply to Clatterbuck, Sober and Lewontin.” Biology and Philosophy 29: 577585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgman, P. (1927). The Logic of Modern Physics. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Brigandt, I. and Love, A. (2017). “Reductionism in Biology.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/reduction-biology/Google Scholar
Buss, L. (1987). The Evolution of Individuality. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Byerly, H. and Michod, R. (1991). “Fitness and Evolutionary Explanation.” Biology and Philosophy 6(1): 4553.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1950). Logical Foundations of Probability. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1979). “Causal Laws and Effective Strategies.” Noûs 13(4): 419437.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. (1991). “Genes, Peoples and Languages.” Scientific American 265(5): 104110.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, L. and Feldman, M. (1981). Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Chang, H. (2021). “Operationalism.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/operationalism/Google Scholar
Choi, S. and Fara, M. (2021) “Dispositions.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/dispositions/Google Scholar
Clarke, B. (1971). “Natural Selection and the Evolution of Proteins.” Nature 232(5311): 487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clatterbuck, H. (2022). “Darwin’s Causal Argument against Intelligent Design.” Philosopher’s Imprint. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3998/phimp.930.Google Scholar
Clatterbuck, H., Sober, E., and Lewontin, R. (2013). “Selection Never Dominates Drift (nor Vice Versa).” Biology and Philosophy 28(4): 577592.Google Scholar
Coddington, J. (1988). “Cladistic Tests of Adaptational Hypotheses.” Cladistics 4(1): 322.Google Scholar
Conway Morris, S. (2004). Life’s Solution – Inevitable Humans in a Lonely Universe. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cover, T. M. and Thomas, J. A. (2006). Elements of Information Theory, 2nd edition. Wiley.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. and Orr, H. A. (2004). Speciation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crick, F. H. C. (1957). “Nucleic Acids.” Scientific American 197(3): 188203.Google Scholar
Cummins, R. (1975). “Functional Analysis.” Journal of Philosophy (72): 741764.Google Scholar
Cunningham, D., Omland, K., and Oakley, T. (1998). “Reconstructing Ancestral Character States – A Critical Reappraisal.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13(9): 361366.Google Scholar
Cutter, A. D. (2019). A Primer of Molecular Population Genetics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Damuth, J. and Heisler, I. (1988). “Alternative Formulations of Multilevel Selection.” Biology and Philosophy 3(4): 407430.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859). On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Murray. Harvard University Press, 1964.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1860). “Letter of Asa Gray.” Letter no. 2998 in the Darwin Correspondence Project. www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP–LETT–2998.xml.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1860). “Letter to J.D. Hooker.” Letter no. 2816 in the Darwin Correspondence Project. www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP–LETT–2816.xml.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1862/1867). On the Various Contrivances by Which British and Foreign Orchids Are Fertilised by Insects. Murray. References to the revised edition of 1867, reprinted by University of Chicago Press, 1984.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1868). The Variation in Animals and Plants under Domestication. Murray.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Murray.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1958). The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882 with the Original Omissions Restored. Barlow, N. (ed.), Collins.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1959): On the Origin of Species – A Variorum Edition. Peckham, M. (ed.), University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982). The Extended Phenotype – The Gene as the Unit of Selection. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
De Queiroz, K. (2005). “Different Species Problems and Their Resolution.” BioEssays 27(120): 12631269.Google Scholar
Devitt, M. (2008). “Resurrecting Biological Essentialism.” Philosophy of Science 75(3): 344382.Google Scholar
Diaconis, P. (1998). “A Place for Philosophy? The Rise of Modeling in Statistical Science.” Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 56(4): 797805.Google Scholar
Dietrich, M. (1994). “The Origins of the Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution.” Journal of the History of Biology 27(1): 2159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dietrich, M. and Millstein, R. (2008). “The Role of Causal Processes in the Neutral and Nearly Neutral Theories.” Philosophy of Science 75(5): 548559.Google Scholar
Diez, J. and Lorenzano, P. (2015). “Are Natural Selection Explanatory Models A Priori?Biology and Philosophy 30(6): 787809.Google Scholar
Dixon, T. M. (2008). The Invention of Altruism – Making Moral Meanings in Victorian Britain. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. and Pavlovsky, O. (1957). “An Experimental Study of Interaction between Genetic Drift and Natural Selection.” Evolution 11(3): 311319.Google Scholar
Doolittle, W. F. (2000). “Uprooting the Tree of Life.” Scientific American 282(2): 9095.Google Scholar
Doolittle, W. F. and Inkpen, S. A. (2018). “Processes and Patterns of Interaction as Units of Selection: An Introduction to ITSNTS Thinking.” Proceedings of the National Academies of Science USA 115(16): 40064014.Google Scholar
Doudna, J. and Charpentier, R. (2014). “The New Frontier of Genome Engineering with CRISPR– Cas9.” Science 346(6213): 1077.Google Scholar
Dretske, F. (1988). Explaining Behavior – Reasons in a World of Causes. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A. and Reeve, H. K. (1994). “Behavioral Ecology and Levels of Selection – Dissolving the Group Selection Controversy.” Advances in the Study of Behavior 23: 101133.Google Scholar
Duhem, P. (1914) “La Théorie Physique – Son Objet, Sa Structure. Chevalier and Riviére.” 2nd edition. English translation as The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory, Princeton University Press, 1954.Google Scholar
Dunn, L. C. (1953). “Variations in the Segregation Ratio as Causes of Variations of Gene Frequency.Acta Genetica et Statististica Medica 4(2–3): 139147.Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (2012). Processes of Life – Essays in Philosophy of Biology. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Earman, J. and Friedman, M. (1973). “The Meaning and Status of Newton’s Law of Inertia and the Nature of Gravitational Forces.” Philosophy of Science 40(3): 329–359Google Scholar
Earman, J. (1986). A Primer on Determinism. D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. (1972). Likelihood. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. (2000). “Carl Düsing (1884) on the Regulation of the Sex–Ratio.” Theoretical Population Biology 58(3): 255257.Google Scholar
Edwards, A. (2003). “Human Genetic Diversity – Lewontin’s Fallacy.” BioEssays 25(8): 798801.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Edwards, A. (2007). “Maximisation Principles in Evolutionary Biology.” In Matthen, M. and Stephens, C. (eds.), Philosophy of Biology. North Holland, pp. 347359.Google Scholar
Eells, E. (1991). Probabilistic Causality. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. and Cracraft, J. (1980). Phylogenetic Patterns and the Evolutionary Process. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. and Gould, S. (1972). “Punctuated Equilibria, an Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism.” In Schopf, T. (ed.), Models in Paleobiology. Freeman Cooper, pp. 82115.Google Scholar
Elgin, M. (2003). “Biology and A Priori Laws.” Philosophy of Science 70(5): 13801389.Google Scholar
Elgin, M. and Sober, E. (2015). “Causal, A Priori True, and Explanatory − A Reply to Lange and Rosenberg.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 93(1): 167171.Google Scholar
Elgin, M. and Sober, E. (2017). “Popper’s Shifting Appraisal of Evolutionary Theory.” Hopos – Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 7(1): 3155.Google Scholar
Ereshefsky, M. (2010). “Microbiology and the Species Problem.” Biology and Philosophy 25: 553568.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ereshefsky, M. (2014). “Species, Historicity, and Path Dependency.” Philosophy of Science 81(5): 714726.Google Scholar
Ereshefsky, M. (2022). “Species.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2022/entries/species/Google Scholar
Evans, W., Kenyon, C., Peres, Y., and Schulman, L. (2000). “Broadcasting on Trees and the Ising Model.” Advances in Applied Probability 10(2): 410433.Google Scholar
Farris, J. S. (1983). “The Logical Basis of Phylogenetic Analysis.” In Platnick, N. and Funk, V. (eds.), Advances in Cladistics – Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Meeting of the Willi Hennig Society. Columbia University Press, pp. 736.Google Scholar
Feldman, M. and Lewontin, R. (2008). “Race, Ancestry, and Medicine.” In Koenig, B., Lee, S., and Richardson, S. (eds.), Revisiting Race in a Genomic Age. Rutgers University Press, pp. 89101.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1973). “Maximum Likelihood and Minimum – Step Methods for Estimating Evolutionary Trees from Data on Discrete Characters.” Systematic Zoology 22(3): 240249.Google Scholar
Felsenstein, J. (1978). “Cases in Which Parsimony and Compatibility Methods Can Be Positively Misleading.” Systematic Biology 27(3): 401410.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1922). “On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 222(594–604): 309368.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1938). “Comment on H. Jeffrey’s ‘Maximum Likelihood, Inverse Probability, and the Method of Moments.’Annals of Eugenics 8(2): 146151.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. (1950). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1956). Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. Hassell Street Press.Google Scholar
Fitelson, B. (2011). “Favoring, Likelihoodism, and Bayesianism.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 83(3): 666672.Google Scholar
Fitelson, B. and Hitchcock, C. (2011). “Probabilistic Measures of Causal Strength.” In McKay Illari, P. and Russo, F. (eds.), Causality in the Sciences. Oxford University Press, pp. 600627.Google Scholar
Fitzgerald, D. and Rosenberg, S. (2019). “What Is Mutation? A Chapter in the Series: How Microbes ‘Jeopardize’ the Modern Synthesis.” PLoS Genetics 15(4): e1007995.Google Scholar
Fleeming Jenkin, H. (1867). “Review of The Origin of Species.” North British Review 46(92): 277318.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1974). “Special Sciences.” Synthese 28(2): 97115.Google Scholar
Forster, M. and Sober, E. (1994). “How to Tell When Simpler, More Unified, or Less Ad Hoc Theories Will Provide More Accurate Predictions.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 45(1): 135.Google Scholar
Frank, S. and Slatkin, M. (1990). “Evolution in a Variable Environment.” American Naturalist 136(2): 244260.Google Scholar
Freeland, S., Knight, R., Landweber, L., and Hurst, L. (2000). “Early Fixation of an Optimal Genetic Code.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 17(4): 511518.Google Scholar
Galavotti, M. C. (2015). A Philosophical Introduction to Probability. Center for the Study of Language and Information.Google Scholar
Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary Genius. Appleton.Google Scholar
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Garson, J. (2023). What Biological Functions Are and Why They Matter. University of Cambridge Press.Google Scholar
Gaut, B. and Lewis, P. (1995). “Success of Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Inference in the Four Taxon Case.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 152162.Google Scholar
Geoghegan, J. and Holmes, E. (2018). “The Phylogenomics of Evolving Virus Virulence,” Nature Reviews – Genetics 19: 756769.Google Scholar
Gerbault, P., Liebert, A., Itan, Y. et al. (2011). “Evolution of Lactase Persistence: an Example of Human Niche Construction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366(1566): 863877.Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. (1974). “A Radical Solution to the Species Problem.” Systematic Zoology 23(4): 536544.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., Swijtink, Z., Porter, T. et al. (1989). “Chance and Life – Controversies in Modern Biology.” In, The Empire of Chance – How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life. Cambridge University Press, pp. 132162.Google Scholar
Gilbert, S., Sapp, J., and Tauber, A. (2012). “Symbiotic View of Life – We Have Never Been Individuals.” Quarterly Review of Biology 87: 325341.Google Scholar
Gildenhuys, P. (2003). “The Evolution of Altruism – The Sober/Wilson Model.” Philosophy of Science 70(1): 2748.Google Scholar
Gildenhuys, P. (2009). “An Explication of the Causal Dimension of DriftBritish Journal for the Philosophy of Science 60(3): 521555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillespie, J. H. (1974). “Natural Selection for Within – Generation Variance in Offspring Number.” Genetics 76(3): 601606.Google Scholar
Gillies, D. (2016). “The Propensity Interpretation.” In Hájek, A. and Hitchcock, C. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Probability and Philosophy. Oxford University Press, pp. 406422.Google Scholar
Glasgow, J., Haslanger, S., Jeffers, C., and Spencer, Q. (2019). What Is Race? Four Philosophical Views. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Glennan, S. (1997). “Probable Causes and the Distinction between Subjective and Objective Chance.” Nous 4: 496518.Google Scholar
Glymour, B. (2001). “Selection, Indeterminism, and Evolutionary Theory.” Philosophy of Science 68: 518535.Google Scholar
Glymour, C., Spirtes, P., and Scheines, R. (1993). Causation, Prediction and Search. Springer, 2nd edition. MIT Press, 2001.Google Scholar
Goodman, N. (1965). Fact, Fiction and Forecast, 2nd edition. Bobbs–Merrill.Google Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2001). “Three Kinds of Adaptationism.” In Orzack, S. and Sober, E. (eds.), Adaptationism and Optimality. Cambridge University Press, pp. 303334.Google Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2012). “Darwinism and Cultural Change.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367: 21602170.Google Scholar
Goodnight, C. (1990). “Experimental Studies in Community Evolution 1 – The Response to Selection at the Community Level.” Evolution 44(6): 16141624.Google Scholar
Gottlieb, P. and Sober, E. (2017). “Aristotle on ‘Nature does Nothing in Vain.’Hopos – The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science 7(2): 246271.Google Scholar
Gould, S. (1977a). “Darwin’s Untimely Burial.” In Ever Science Darwin. W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 3948.Google Scholar
Gould, S. (1977b). “The Misnamed, Mistreated, and Misunderstood Irish Elk.” In Ever Since Darwin. W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 7990.Google Scholar
Gould, S. (1989). Wonderful Life – The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Gould, S. and Lewontin, R. (1979). “The Spandrels of San Marco – A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 205(1161): 581598.Google Scholar
Grafen, A. (1991). “Modeling in Behavioral Ecology.” In Krebs, J. and Davies, N. (eds.), Behavioral Ecology – An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp. 531.Google Scholar
Graves, L., Horan, B. and Rosenberg, A. (1999). “Is Indeterminism the Source of the Statistical Character of Evolutionary Theory?Philosophy of Science 66: 140157.Google Scholar
Gray, A. (1860). “Darwin on the Origin of Species.” Annals and Magazine of Natural History 6(35): 373386. Reprinted in Darwiniana, Harvard University Press, 1963, pp. 72–45.Google Scholar
Griffiths, P. (1996). “The Historical Turn in the Study of Adaption.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 47(4): 511532.Google Scholar
Griffiths, P. (1999). “Squaring the Circle – Natural Kinds with Historical Essences.” In Wilson, R. A. (ed.), Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays. MIT Press, pp. 208228.Google Scholar
Grimmett, G. and Stirzaker, D. (2001). Probability and Random Processes, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haber, M. and Velasco, J. (2022). “Phylogenetic Inference.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/phylogenetic-inference/Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1965). The Logic of Statistical Inference. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hájek, A. (2019). “Interpretations of Probability.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2019/entries/probability-interpret/Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964). “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behaviour I and II.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7(1): 116, 17–52.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1967). “Extraordinary Sex Ratios.” Science 156(3774): 477488.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1971). “Geometry for the Selfish Herd.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 31(2): 295311.Google Scholar
Hansen, T. F. (2017). “On the Definition and Measurement of Fitness in Finite Populations.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 419: 3643.Google Scholar
Hartl, D. and Clark, A. (2007). Principles of Population Genetics, 4th edition. Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Hausman, D. M. and Woodward, J. (1999). “Independence, Invariance and the Causal Markov Condition.The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50(4): 521583.Google Scholar
Heath, J. (2020). “Methodological Individualism.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/methodological-individualism/Google Scholar
Hein, J, Schierup, M., and Wiuf, C. (2005). Gene Genealogies, Variation and Evolution – A Primer in Coalescent Theory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Heisler, I. L. and Damuth, J. (1987). “A Method for Analyzing Selection in Hierarchically Structured Populations.” American Naturalist 130(4): 582602.Google Scholar
Helgeson, C. (2018). “Modus Darwin Reconsidered.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 69(1): 193213.Google Scholar
Hempel, C. (1965). “Aspects of Scientific Explanation.” In Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in Philosophy of Science. Free Press, pp. 331497.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. (1950/1966). Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik, Deutscher Zentralverlag. Translated by D. Davis and R. Zangerl as Phylogenetic Systematics, University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Herbert, S. (1971). “Darwin, Malthus, and Selection.” Journal of the History of Biology 30(4): 209217.Google Scholar
Hillis, D., Huelsenbeck, J., and Cunningham, C. (1993). “Application and Accuracy of Molecular Phylogenies.” Science 264: 671676.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, C. and Redei, M. (2021). “Reichenbach’s Common Cause Principle.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/physics-Rpcc/Google Scholar
Hodge, J. (1987). “Natural Selection as a Causal, Empirical, and Probabilistic Theory.” In Kruger, L., Gigerenzer, G., and Morgan, M. (eds.), The Probabilistic Revolution, vol. 2. MIT Press, pp. 233270.Google Scholar
Hoefer, C. (2019). Chance in the World – A Humean Guide to Objective Chance. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. (1997). “Raising Darwin’s Consciousness.” Human Nature 8(1): 149.Google Scholar
Hubby, J. and Lewontin, R. (1966). “A Molecular Approach to the Study of Genic Heterozygosity in Natural Populations. 1. The Number of Alleles at Different Loci in Drosophila pseudoobscura.” Genetics 54(2): 577594.Google Scholar
Hull, D. (1965). “The Effect of Essentialism on Taxonomy – Two Thousand Years of Stasis.” British Journal for Philosophy of Science 15(60): 314326, 16(61): 1–18.Google Scholar
Hull, D. (1968). “The Operational Imperative – Sense and Nonsense in Operationalism.” Systematic Zoology 17(4): 438457.Google Scholar
Hull, D. (1970). “Contemporary Systematic Philosophies.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1: 1954.Google Scholar
Hull, D. (1978). “A Matter of Individuality.” Philosophy of Science 45(3): 335360.Google Scholar
Hull, D. (1988). Science as a Process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Humphreys, P. (1985). “Why Propensities Cannot be Probabilities.” Philosophical Review (94)4: 557570.Google Scholar
Huxley, T. H. (1860). “The Origin of Species.” Westminster Review 17: 541570.Google Scholar
Jablonka, E. and Lamb, M. (2005). Evolution in Four Dimensions – Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life. MIT Press.Google Scholar
James, M. and Burgos, A. (2022). “Race.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Google Scholar
Jenkins, F. (1867). “The Origin of Species.” North British Review 46: 277318.Google Scholar
Jensen, A. (1969). “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?Harvard Education Review 39(1): 1123.Google Scholar
Johnson, L. (1970). “Rainbow’s End – The Quest for an Optimal Taxonomy.” Systematic Zoology 19(3): 203239.Google Scholar
Keller, J. (1986). “The Probability of Heads.” American Mathematical Monthly 93(3): 191197.Google Scholar
Kevles, D. (1998). In the Name of Eugenics – Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1957). “Some Problems of Stochastic Processes in Genetics.” Annals of Mathematical Statistics 28(4): 882901.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1962). “On the Probability of Fixation of Mutant Genes in a Population.” Genetics 47(6): 713719.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1967). “On the Evolutionary Adjustment of Spontaneous Mutation Rates.” Genetics Research 9(1): 2334.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1968). “Evolutionary Rate at the Molecular Level.” Nature 217(5129): 624626.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1983). The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. (1991). “The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution – A Review of Recent Evidence.” Japanese Journal of Genetics 66(4): 367386.Google Scholar
Kimura, M. and Ohta, T. (1971). “Protein Polymorphism as a Phase of Molecular Evolution.” Nature 229(5285): 467469.Google Scholar
King, J. and Jukes, T. (1969). “Non– Darwinian Evolution.” Science 164(3881): 788798.Google Scholar
Kishino, H. and Hasegawa, M. (1989). “Evaluation of the Maximum Likelihood Estimate of the Evolutionary Tree Topologies from DNA Sequence Data, and the Branching Order in Hominoidea.” Journal of Molecular Evolution 29(2): 170179.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1990). “The Division of Cognitive Labor.” Journal of Philosophy 87(1): 522.Google Scholar
Kitcher, P., Sterelny, K., and Waters, K. (1990). “The Illusory Riches of Sober’s Monism.” Journal of Philosophy 87: 158161.Google Scholar
Knight, R., Freeland, S., and Landweber, L. (2001). “Rewiring the Keyboard – Evolvability of the Genetic Code.” Nature Reviews: Genetics 2(1): 4958.Google Scholar
Krebs, J. and Davies, N. (1981). An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology. Sinauer.Google Scholar
Kreitman, M. (1983). “Nucleotide Polymorphism at the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Locus of Drosophila melanogaster.” Nature 304(5925): 412417.Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1972/1980). “Naming and Necessity” In Davidson, D., Harman, G. and Reidel, D. (eds.), Semantics of Natural Language. D. Reidel Publishing Co. Expanded version. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1978): “Falsification and the Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes.” In The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes – Philosophical Papers, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K., Uller, T., Feldman, M. et al. (2015). “The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis – Its Structure, Assumptions and Predictions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282(1813): 20151019.Google Scholar
Lamarck, J. B. (1809). Philosophie Zoologique. 2 volume. Savy. Translated by H. Elliot, The Zoological Philosophy. 1914. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Lamotte, M. (1959). “Polymorphism of Natural Populations of Cepaea Nemoralis.” Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 24: 6584.Google Scholar
Lange, M. and Rosenberg, A. (2011). “Can There Be A Priori Causal Models of Natural Selection?Australasian Journal of Philosophy 89(4): 591599.Google Scholar
Laplace, P. (1812). A Philosophical Essay on Probability. Translated by F. Truscott and F. Emory. Dover Publications, 1951.Google Scholar
LaPorte, J. (2004). Natural Kinds and Conceptual Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lean, C., Doolittle, F. W., and Bielawska, J. (2022). “Community–Level Evolutionary Processes – Linking Community Genetics with Replicator–Interactor Theory.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 119(46): e2202538119.Google Scholar
Lederberg, E. and Lederberg, J. (1952). “Replica Plating and Indirect Selection of Bacterial Mutants,” Journal of Bacteriology 63(3): 399406.Google Scholar
Lemey, P., Salemi, M., and Vandamme, A.-M (2009). The Phylogenetic Handbook – A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing, 2nd edition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lennox, J. (2001). Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lenski, R. E. and Mittler, J. E. (1993). “The Directed Mutation Controversy and Neo– Darwinism.” Science 259(5092): 188194.Google Scholar
Levine, P. (2017). Eugenics – A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewens, T. (2015). Cultural Evolution – Conceptual Challenges. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewin, R. (1980). “Evolutionary Theory under Fire.” Science 210(4472): 883887.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1973). Counterfactuals. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1980). “A Subjectivist’s Guide to Objective Chance.” In Jeffrey, R. C. (ed.), Studies in Inductive Logic and Probability. Volume II. University of California Press, pp. 263293.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1986). “Postscript to ‘Causation.’” In Philosophical Papers, volume 2. Oxford University Press, pp. 172–213.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. (1994). “Humean Supervenience Debugged.” Mind 103: 473490.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1970a). “Race and Intelligence.” Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 26(3): 28.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1970b). “The Units of Selection.” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1: 118.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1972). “The Apportionment of Human Diversity.” Evolutionary Biology, 381–398.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1974). “The Analysis of Variance and the Analysis of Causes.” American Journal of Human Genetics (26): 400411.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. and Dunn, L. (1963). “The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Polymorphism in the House Mouse.” Genetics (45)6: 705722.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. and Hubby, J. (1966). “A Molecular Approach to the Study of Genic Heterozygosity in Natural populations. 2. Amount of Variation and Degree of Heterozygosity in Natural Populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura.” Genetics 54(2): 595609.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R., Rose, S., and Kamin, L. (1990). Not in Our Genes – Biology, Ideology and Human Nature. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Li, J., Asher, D., Tang, H. et al. (2008). “Worldwide Human Relationships Inferred from Genome – Wide Patterns of Variation.” Science 319(5866): 11001104.Google Scholar
Li, W. H. (1978). “Maintenance of Genetic Variability under the Joint Effect of Mutation, Selection and Random Drift.” Genetics 90(2): 349382.Google Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae. Translated by W. Turton (1806) as A General System of Nature through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals Vegetables and Minerals Systematically Divided into their Several Classes Orders Genera Species and Varieties with their Habitations Manners Economy Structure and Peculiarities. Lackington, Allen, and Company.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. (2020). “Units and Levels of Selection.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/selection-units/Google Scholar
Lorenz, E. N. (1972). “Predictability – Does the Flap of a Butterfly’s Wings in Brazil Set Off a Tornado in Texas?” American Association for the Advancement of Science presentation, December 29.Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1963). Das sogenannte Böse – Zur Naturgeschichte der Aggression. 1966 English translation On Aggression. Harper. 1974 edition.Google Scholar
Luria, S. and Delbrück, M. (1943). “Mutations of Bacteria from Virus Sensitivity to Virus Resistance.” Genetics 28(6): 491511.Google Scholar
Lyell, C. (1830–1833). The Principles of Geology, Being an Attempt to Explain the Former Changes of the Earth’s Surface, by Reference to Causes Now in Operation. Volumes 1,2,3. Murray.Google Scholar
Malet, K. (2007). “Species, Concepts of.” Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. DOI: 10.1016/B978–0–12–822562–2.00022–0.Google Scholar
Malthus, T. (1798). An Essay on the Principle of Population. A.M. Kelly, 1965.Google Scholar
Matthen, M. and Ariew, A. (2002). “Two Ways of Thinking about Fitness and Natural Selection.” Journal of Philosophy 119: 5583.Google Scholar
Mannouris, C. (2011). “Darwin’s ‘Beloved Barnacles’ – Tough Lessons in Variation.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 33(1): 5170.Google Scholar
Marouli, E., Graff, M., Medina-Gomez, C. et al. (2017). “Rare and Low– Frequency Coding Variants Alter Human Adult Height.” Nature 542(7640): 186190.Google Scholar
Maudlin, T. (2019). Philosophy of Physics – Quantum Mechanics. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M. (2024). “Can Math Save the Propensity Interpretation of Fitness?” unpublished.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M. and Sober, E. (2023a). “Gradualism, Natural Selection, and the Randomness of Mutation – Fisher, Kimura, and Orr, Connecting the Dots.” Biology and Philosophy.Google Scholar
Maxwell, M. and Sober, E. (2023b). “When Does Drift Dominate Selection? A Zeroing-Out Criterion.” unpublished.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982). Evolution and the Theory of Games. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1989). “The Causes of Extinction.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B 325(1228): 241252.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1991). “Byerly and Michod on Fitness.” Biology and Philosophy 6(1): 37.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. and Haigh, J. (1974). “The Hitch–hiking Effect of a Favourable Gene.” Genetics Research 23(1): 2335.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. and Price, G. (1973). “The Logic of Animal Conflict.” Nature 246(5427): 1518.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1959). “Typological versus Population Thinking.” In Meggers, J. (ed.), Evolution and Anthropology: A Centennial Appraisal. The Anthropological Society of Washington, pp. 110. Reprinted in Mayr (1976).Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1970). Populations, Species, and Evolution. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1976). Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (2007). “Darwin’s Five Theories of Evolution” In What Makes Biology Unique? Cambridge University Press, pp. 97115.Google Scholar
McShea, D. and Brandon, R. (2010). Biology’s First Law. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Meunier, R. (2022). “Gene.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2022/entries/gene/Google Scholar
Mikkola, M. (2022). “Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender.” In Zalta, E. and Nodelman, U. (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2023/entries/feminism-gender/Google Scholar
Miller, D. W. (1994). Critical Rationalism – A Restatement and Defence. Open Court.Google Scholar
Mills, S. and Beatty, J. (1979). “The Propensity Interpretation of Fitness.” Philosophy of Science 46(2): 263288.Google Scholar
Millstein, R. (2002a). “Are Random Drift and Natural Selection Conceptually Distinct?Biology and Philosophy 17(1): 3353.Google Scholar
Millstein, R. (2002b). “How not to Argue for the Indeterminism of Evolution – A Look at Two Recent Attempts to Settle the Issue.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Millstein, R. (2006). “Natural Selection as a Population-Level Causal Process.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57(4): 627653.Google Scholar
Millstein, R. (2009). “Populations as Individuals.” Biological Theory 4(3): 267273.Google Scholar
Millstein, R. (2021). “Genetic Drift.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/genetic-drift/Google Scholar
Mishler, B. and Wilkins, J. (2008). “The Hunting of the SNaRC – A Snarky Solution to the Species.” Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology 10(1).Google Scholar
Mitchell, W. and Valone, T. (1990). “The Optimization Research Program –Studying Adaptations by their Function.Quarterly Review of Biology 65(1): 4352.Google Scholar
Monroe, J., Srikant, T., Carbonell–Bejerano, P. et al. (2022). “Mutation Bias Reflects Natural Selection in Arabidopsis thaliana.” Nature 602: 101105.Google Scholar
Moutinho, A., Eyre-Walker, A., and Dutheil, J. (2022). “Strong Evidence for the Adaptive Walk Model of Gene Evolution in Drosophila and Arabidopsis. PLoS Biology 20(9): e3001775. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001775.Google Scholar
Muirhead, C. and Presgraves, D. (2021). “Satellite DNA-mediated Diversification of a Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive Gene Family in Drosophila.” Nature Ecology and Evolution 5(12): 16041612.Google Scholar
Müller–Wille, S. (2007). “Collection and Collation – Theory and Practice of Linnaean Botany.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Science 38(3): 541562.Google Scholar
Novembre, J. (2022). “The Background and Legacy of Lewontin’s Apportionment of Human Genetic Diversity.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 20120404. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0404.Google Scholar
Ohta, T. (1973). “Slightly Deleterious Mutant Substitutions in Evolution.” Nature 246(5428): 9698.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2002). “Darwinian Metaphysics – Species and the Question of Essentialism.” Synthese (131): 191213.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2006). Evolution and the Levels of Selection. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2020). “Biological Altruism.” In Zalta, E. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/altruism-biological/Google Scholar
Okasha, S. and Otsuka, J. (2020). “The Price Equation and the Causal Analysis of Evolutionary Change.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 375: 20190365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0365Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. (1998). “The Population Genetics of Adaptation – The Distribution of Factors Fixed during Adaptive Evolution.” Evolution 52(4): 935949.Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. (2000). “Adaptation and the Cost of Complexity.” Evolution 54(1): 1320.Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. (2009). “Darwin and Darwinism – The (Alleged) Social Implications of The Origin of Species.” Genetics 183(3): 767772.Google Scholar
Orr, H. A. and Coyne, J. A. (1992). “The Genetics of Adaptation – A Reassessment.The American Naturalist 140(5): 725742.Google Scholar
Orzack, S. and Sober, E. (1994). “Optimality Models and the Test of Adaptationism.” American Naturalist 143(3): 361380.Google Scholar
Orzack, S. and Sober, E. (2001). “Adaptation, Phylogenetic Inertia, and the Method of Controlled Comparisons.” In Orzack, S. and Sober, E. (eds.), Adaptationism and Optimality. Cambridge University Press, pp. 4563.Google Scholar
Ospovat, D. (1981). The Development of Darwin’s Theory. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (1849). On the Nature of Limbs. University of Chicago Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Padian, K. (1999). “Charles Darwin’s Views of Classification in Theory and Practice.” Systematic Biology 48(2): 352364.Google Scholar
Paley, W. (1802). Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. Faulder.Google Scholar
Park, J. H., Wacholder, S., Gail, M. H. et al. (2010). “Estimation of Effect Size Distribution from Genome – Wide Association Studies and Implications for Future Discoveries.” Nature Genetics, 42(7): 570575.Google Scholar
Parker, G. (1978). “Searching for Mates.” In Krebs, J. and Davies, N. (eds.), Behavioral Ecology – An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwells, pp. 214244.Google Scholar
Parker, G., Simmons, L., Stockley, P., McChristie, D., and Charnov, E. (1999). “Optimal Copula Duration in Yellow Dung Flies − Effects of Female Size and Egg Content.” Animal Behaviour 57(4): 795805.Google Scholar
Paul, D. (1995). Controlling Human Heredity – 1865 to the Present. Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Pawitan, Y. (2001). In All Likelihood – Statistical Modelling and Inference Using Likelihood. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pearl, J. (2000). Causality – Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pedroso, M. (2014). “Origin Essentialism in Biology.” The Philosophical Quarterly 64(254): 6081.Google Scholar
Pence, C. and Ramsey, G., (2013). “A New Foundation for the Propensity Definition of Fitness.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 64: 851881.Google Scholar
Pence, C. and Ramsey, G. (2015). “Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?Philosophy of Science 82(5): 10811091.Google Scholar
Peterson, E. (forthcoming). The Shortest History of Eugenics. New York: The Experiment.Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., and McGuffin, P. (2017). Behavioral Genetics: A Primer, 2nd edition. W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Polger, T. and Shapiro, L. (2016). The Multiple Realization Book. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1959). The Logic of Scientific Discovery. Routledge.Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1990). A World of Propensities. Thoemmes.Google Scholar
Posada, D. and Buckley, T. R. (2004). “Model Selection and Model Averaging in Phylogenetics − Advantages of Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Approaches over Likelihood Ratio Tests.” Systematic Biology 53(5): 793808.Google Scholar
Posada, D. and Crandall, K. (2001). “Evaluation of Methods for Detecting Recombination from DNA Sequences: Computer Simulations.” Proceedings of the National Academies of Science USA 98(24): 13757–13762.Google Scholar
Poundstone, W. (1993). Prisoner’s Dilemma – John von Neumann, Game Theory, and the Puzzle of the Bomb. Anchor.Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1970). “Selection and Covariance.” Nature. 227(5257): 520521.Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1972). “Extension of Covariance Selection Mathematics.” Annals of Human Genetics 35(4): 485490.Google Scholar
Quine, W. (1953). “Two Dogmas of Empiricism.” In From a Logical Point of View. Harvard University Press, pp. 2046.Google Scholar
Ramsey, G. (2006). “Block Fitness.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 37: 484498.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1970). A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1956). The Direction of Time. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Reichenbach, H. (1958). The Philosophy of Space and Time. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Reilly, P. R. (1991). The Surgical Solution – A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Reisman, K. and Forber, P. (2005). “Manipulation and the Causes of Evolution.” Philosophy of Science 72(5): 11151125.Google Scholar
Rice, S. (2004). Evolutionary Theory Mathematical and Conceptual Foundations. Sinauer.Google Scholar
Richard, R. (1997). “Darwin and the Inefficacy of Artificial Selection.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 28(1): 7597.Google Scholar
Ridley, M. (1986). Evolution and Classification – The Reformation of Cladism. Longman.Google Scholar
Rieseberg, L. H. and Brouillet, L. (1994). “Are Many Plant Species Paraphyletic?Taxon 43(1): 2132.Google Scholar
Roche, W. and Sober, E. (2019). “Observation Selection Effects and Discrimination Conduciveness.” Philosophical Imprint 19(40): 126.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, N., Pritchard, J., Weber, J. et al. (2002). “Genetic Structure of Human Populations.” Science 298(5602): 23812384.Google Scholar
Roughgarden, J. (1979). Theory of Population Genetics and Evolutionary Ecology. Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Rousseau, J. J. (1755). Discourse on Inequality. Penguin, 1985.Google Scholar
Royall, R. (1997). Statistical Evidence – A Likelihood Paradigm. Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1979). The Darwinian Revolution – Science Red in Tooth and Claw. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1984). Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schaffer, J. (2007). “Deterministic chance?The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 58(2): 113140.Google Scholar
Scerri, E. (2007). The Periodic Table – Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shanahan, T. (2011). “Phylogenetic Inertia and Darwin’s Higher Law.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 42(1): 6068.Google Scholar
Shapiro, L. and Sober, E. (2007). “Epiphenomenalism – The Do’s and the Don’ts.” In Machamer, P. and Wolters, G. (eds.), Thinking about Causes. University of Pittsburgh Press, pp. 235264.Google Scholar
Sidelle, A. (1989). Necessity, Essence and Individuation – A Defence of Conventionalism. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Sidelle, A. (2009). “Conventionalism and the Contingency of Conventions.” Nous 43(2): 224241.Google Scholar
Simons, Y. B., Bullaughey, K., Hudson, R. R., and Sella, G. (2018). “A Population Genetic Interpretation of GWAS Findings for Human Quantitative Traits.” PLoS Biology 16(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2002985.Google Scholar
Simpson, E. H. (1951). “The Interpretation of Interaction in Contingency Tables.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B 13(2): 238241.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. (1945). The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals. Vol. 85. American Museum of Natural History.Google Scholar
Simpson, G. G. (1967). The Meaning of Evolution – A Study of the History of Life and of Its Significance for Man, Revised edition. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Skyrms, B. (2004). The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sly, A. (2011). “Reconstruction for the Potts Model.” Annals of Probability 39(4): 13651406.Google Scholar
Smith, E. and Winterhalder, B. (1992). Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sneath, P. and Sokal, R. (1973). Numerical Taxonomy The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1980a). “Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism.” Philosophy of Science 47(3): 350383.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1980b). “Holism, Individualism, and the Units of Selection.” PSA – Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 2: 93121.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1984). The Nature of Selection. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E.(1988a). “Apportioning Causal Responsibility.” Journal of Philosophy 85(6): 303318.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1988b). “Likelihood and Convergence.” Philosophy of Science 55: 228237.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1988c). Reconstructing the Past – Parsimony, Evolution, and Inference. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1989). “Independent Evidence about a Common Cause.” Philosophy of Science 56(2): 275287.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1990). Core Questions in Philosophy. Macmillan. 8th edition 2021, Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1991a). “Models of Cultural Evolution.” In Griffiths, P. (ed.), Trees of Life – Essays in Philosophy of Biology. Kluwer, pp. 1738.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1991b). “Organisms, Individuals, and Units of Selection.” In Tauber, A. (ed.), Organism and the Origin of Self. Kluwer, pp. 273296.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1992). “The Evolution of Altruism – Correlation, Cost, and Benefit.” Biology and Philosophy 7: 177188.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1993). Philosophy of Biology. Westview Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1997). “Two Outbreaks of Lawlessness in Recent Philosophy of Biology.” Philosophy of Science 64(4): S458–S467.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1998). “Three Differences between Evolution and Deliberation.” In Danielson, P. (ed.), Modeling Rationality, Morality, and Evolution. Oxford University Press, pp. 408422.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1999). “The Multiple Realizability Argument against Reductionism.” Philosophy of Science 66(4): 542564.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2001a). “The Two Faces of Fitness.” In Singh, R., Paul, D., Krimbas, C., and Beatty, J. (eds.), Thinking about Evolution – Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, vol. 2, pp. 309321.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2001b). “Venetian Sea Levels, British Bread Prices, and the Principle of the Common Cause.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 52(2): 331346.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2003). “Contingency or Inevitability – What Would Happen if the Evolutionary Tape Were Replayed?” New York Times, November 30.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2004). “The Contest between Likelihood and Parsimony.” Systematic Biology 53(4): 616.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2008). Evidence and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2010). “Evolutionary Theory and the Reality of Macro-Probabilities.” In Eells, E. and Fetzer, J. (eds.), The Place of Probability in Science. Springer, pp. 133162.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2011a). “A Priori Causal Models of Natural Selection.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 89(4): 571589.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2011b). Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards? Philosophical Essays on Darwin’s Theory. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2011c). “Realism, Conventionalism, and Causal Decomposition in Units of Selection − Reflections on Samir Okasha’s Evolution and the Levels of Selection.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 82(1): 221231.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2013). “Trait Fitness Is Not a Propensity, but Fitness Variation Is.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 44: 336341.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2014). “Evolutionary Theory, Causal Completeness, and Theism – The Case of ‘Guided’ Mutation.” In Walsh, D. and Thompson, P. (eds.), Evolutionary Biology Conceptual, Ethical, and Religious Issues. Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–44.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2015). Ockham’s Razors – A User’s Manual. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (2018). The Design Argument. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2002). “Testing the Hypothesis of Common Ancestry.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 218(4): 395408.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2011). “Entropy Increase and Information Loss in Markov Models of Evolution.” Biology and Philosophy 26(2): 223250.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2014). “Time and Knowability in Evolution.” Philosophy of Science 81(4): 558579.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2015). “How Probable Is Common Ancestry According to Different Evolutionary Processes?Journal of Theoretical Biology 373: 111116.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Steel, M. (2017). “Similarities as Evidence for Common Ancestry − A Likelihood Epistemology.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 68(3): 617638.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto Others – The Psychology and Evolution of Unselfish Behavior. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. and Wilson, D. S. (2011). “Adaptation and Natural Selection Revisited.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology 24(2): 462468.Google Scholar
Sokal, R. and Sneath, P. (1963). Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Spencer, H. (1864). Principles of Biology. Williams and Norgate.Google Scholar
Spencer, Q. (2014). “A Radical Solution to the Race Problem.” Philosophy of Science 81(5): 10251038.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975). “A Theory of Evolution Above the Species Level.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72(2): 646650.Google Scholar
Stanley, S. (1979). Macroevolution – Pattern and Process. W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Steel, M. and Penny, D. (2000). “Parsimony, Likelihood, and the Role of Models in Molecular Phylogenetics.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 17: 839850.Google Scholar
Stephens, C. (2004). “Selection, Drift, and the ‘Forces’ of Evolution.” Philosophy of Science 71(4): 550570.Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. and Griffiths, P. (1999). Sex and Death. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Sterelny, K. and Kitcher, P. (1988). “The Return of the Gene.” Journal of Philosophy 85: 339360.Google Scholar
Sturtevant, A. H. (1937). “On the Effects of Selection on Mutation Rate.” Quarterly Review of Biology 12(4): 464467.Google Scholar
Swenson, W., Wilson, D. S., and Elias, R. (2000). “Artificial Ecosystem Selection.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97: 91109114.Google Scholar
Tang, H., Peng, J., Wang, P., and Risch, N. (2005). “Estimation of Individual Admixture: Analytical and Study Design Considerations.” Genetic Epidemiology 28(4): 289301.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971). “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” The Quarterly Review of Biology (46)1: 3557.Google Scholar
True, J. and Haag, E. (2001). “Developmental System Drift and Flexibility in Evolutionary Trajectories.” Evolutionary Development 3(2): 109119.Google Scholar
Tuffley, C. and Steel, M. (1997). “Links between Maximum Likelihood and Maximum Parsimony Under a Simple Model of Site Substitution.” Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 59(3): 581607.Google Scholar
Uhr, G., Dohnalová, L., and Thaiss, C. (2019). “The Dimension of Time in Host-Microbiome Interactions.” mSystems 4(1): e00216–e00218.Google Scholar
Van Fraassen, B. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Fraassen, B. (1989). Laws and Symmetry. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Valen, L. (1973). “A New Evolutionary Law.” Evolutionary Theory 1: 130.Google Scholar
Vassend, O., Sober, E., and Fitelson, B. (2017). “The Philosophical Significance of Stein’s Paradox.” European Journal for the Philosophy of Science 7(3): 411433.Google Scholar
Velasco, J. (2008). “Species Concepts Should Not Conflict with Evolutionary History, But Often Do.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Sciences. 39(4): 407441.Google Scholar
Velasco, J. (2018). “Universal Common Ancestry, LUCA, and the Tree of Life – Three Distinct Hypotheses about the Evolution of Life.” Biology and Philosophy 33(5): 118.Google Scholar
Veuille, M. (2019). “Chance, Variation and Shared Ancestry − Population Genetics After the Synthesis.” Journal of the History of Biology 52: 537567.Google Scholar
Vigen, T. (2015). Spurious Correlations. Hachette.Google Scholar
Visscher, P. M., McEvoy, B., and Yang, J. (2010). “From Galton to GWAS: Quantitative Genetics of Human Height.” Genetics Research 92(5–6): 371379.Google Scholar
Von Neumann, J. and Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Vorzimmer, P. (1969). “Darwin, Malthus, and the Theory of Natural Selection.” Journal of the History of Ideas 30(4): 527542.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. (1980). “Evolution, Species, and Fossils – How Does Life Evolve?South African Journal of Science 76(2): 6184.Google Scholar
Walsh, D. (2000). “Chasing Shadows – Natural Selection and Adaptation.” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and the Biomedical Sciences 31: 135153.Google Scholar
Walsh, D. (2004). “Bookkeeping or Metaphysics? The Units of Selection Debate.” Synthese 138: 337361.Google Scholar
Walsh, D., Lewens, T., and Ariew, A. (2002). “The Trials of Life – Natural Selection and Random Drift.” Philosophy of Science 69: 452473.Google Scholar
Waters, K. (1991). “Tempered Realism about Units of Selection.” Philosophy of Science 58: 553573.Google Scholar
Waters, K. (2003). “The Arguments in Darwin’s Origin.” In Hodge, J. and Radick, G. (eds.), Cambridge Companion to Darwin. Cambridge University Press, pp. 116139.Google Scholar
Waters, K. (2005). “Why Genic and Multilevel Selection Theories Are Here to Stay.” Philosophy of Science 72: 311333.Google Scholar
Watson, H. and Galton, F. (1875). “On the Probability of the Extinction of Families.” Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 4: 138144.Google Scholar
Weismann, A. (1892). Das Keimplasma – eine Theorie der Vererbung. Fischer. Germ–Plasm, a Theory of Heredity (English translation), Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1893.Google Scholar
Whewell, W. (1840). The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences – Founded Upon Their History. Excerpted in William Whewell’s Theory of Scientific Method. R. Butts (ed.). University of Pittsburgh Press, 1968.Google Scholar
Wiley, E. (1981). Phylogenetics – The Theory and Practice of Phylogenetic Systematics. Wiley.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1957). “Pleiotropy, Natural Selection, and the Evolution of Senescence.” Evolution 11(4): 398411.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. and Williams, D. C. (1957). “Natural Selection of Individually Harmful Social Adaptations Among Sibs with Special Reference to Social Insects.” Evolution 11(1): 3239.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975). “A Theory of Group Selection.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72(1): 143146.Google Scholar
Wimsatt, W. (1980). “Reductionistic Research Strategies and Their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy.” In Nickles, T. (ed.), Scientific Discovery – Case Studies. D. Reidel Publishing Co., pp. 213259.Google Scholar
Winsor, M. (2006a). “Linnaeus’s Biology Was Not Essentialist.” Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93(1): 27.Google Scholar
Winsor, M. (2006b). “The Creation of the Essentialism Story – An Exercise in Metahistory.” History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 28(2): 149174.Google Scholar
Winther, R. (2023). Our Genes – A Philosophical Perspective on Human Evolutionary Genomics. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Woese, C. (1998). “The Universal Ancestor.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95(12): 68546859.Google Scholar
Woese, C. (2000). “Interpreting the Universal Phylogenetic Tree.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97(15): 83928396.Google Scholar
Wolfe, K., Sharp, P., and Li, W. (1989). “Mutation Rates Differ Among Regions of the Mammalian Genome.” Nature 337(6204): 283285.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2005). Making Thing Happen. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, E., Levine, A., and Sober, E. (1993). Reconstructing Marxism – Essays on Explanation and the Theory of History. Verso Books.Google Scholar
Wright, L. (1973). “Functions.” Philosophical Review 82(2): 139168.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1922). “Coefficients of Inbreeding and Relationship.” American Naturalist 56(645): 330338.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1931). “Evolution in Mendelian Populations.” Genetics 16(2): 97159.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1937). “The Distribution of Gene Frequencies in Populations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 23(6): 307320.Google Scholar
Yule, G. U. (1926). “Why Do We Sometimes Get Nonsense – Correlations between Time Series? A Study in Sampling and the Nature of Time Series.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 89(1): 163.Google Scholar
Zuckerkandl, E. and Pauling, L. (1965). “Evolutionary Divergence and Convergence in Proteins.” In Brysson, V. and Vogel, H. (eds.), Evolving Genes and Proteins. Academic Press, pp. 97166.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory
  • Online publication: 01 February 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory
  • Online publication: 01 February 2024
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Elliott Sober, University of Wisconsin, Madison
  • Book: The Philosophy of Evolutionary Theory
  • Online publication: 01 February 2024
Available formats
×