In this chapter I focus on the life and afterlife of St Rose of Lima (1586–1617) as an exemplar of the political and national health of Philip IV's kingdoms – with particular reference to the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Spanish Netherlands, Southern Italy, and Sicily during the period 1630s–1660s. For Philip IV this period was crowned with success – success on the battlefield, such as the Battle of Nördingen in 1634 in which the Swedish army was routed, success in the arts as epitomised by Diego Velázquez's masterpieces, and success in architecture, such as the creation of the magnificant Buen Retiro Palace. But the 1630s–1660s was also a time marred by reverses. By the 1630s the financial pressures of the Thirty Years War were beginning to bite and the attempt in 1640 to intervene in Catalonia – largely masterminded by Philip IV's favourite, the Count-Duke of Olivares – in order to deal with the threat of a French invasion was followed by a second uprising in Portugal, which led to Philip’s loss of that Iberian Kingdom; the accession of the Braganzas to the Portuguese throne, indeed, marked the end of sixty years of Iberian Union. Wars continued to rage in the Low Countries and, in 1643, the Army of Flanders, commanded by Francisco de Melo, suffered a humiliating defeat; Philip IV removed his formerly trusted favourite, Olivares, from office in the same year and, five years later, while he was suing for peace, the Peace of Westphalia (1648) was signed, bringing the Spanish–Dutch war to a conclusion. Spain retained its dominion in the Spanish Netherlands in the south but was forced to recognise the Independence of the Seven United Provinces in the north. Jamaica – an important Caribbean island of the Spanish empire – was lost when it was seized by the English in 1655. Four years later, the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659) ceded the Spanish Netherlands territory of Artois and the northern Catalan county of Roussillon to France.