Abbreviations

1 N =

MacCown, D. E., R. C. Haines, and D. P. Hansen. 1967. Nippur. Part I: Temple of Enlil, Scribal Quarter, and Soundings, Oriental Institute Publications 78. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

ABC =

Grayson, A. K. 1975. Assyrian and Babylonian Chronicles, Texts from Cuneiform Sources 5. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

ACLT =

Yakubovich, I. Annotated Corpus of Luwian Texts. http://web-corpora.net/LuwianCorpus.

AD =

Sachs, A. and H. Hunger. 1988, 1989, and 1996. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia, 3 Vols. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences.

AfO 16 =

Weidner, E. F. 1952–3. ‘Keilschrifttexte nach Kopien von T. G. Pinches. Neue Folge 1. Babylonische Privaturkunden aus dem 7. Jahrhundert v. Chr. (mit 4 Tafeln)’, Archiv für Orientforschung 16, 35–46.

AfO 50 =

Waerzeggers, C. 2003–4. ‘The Babylonian revolts against Xerxes and the “End of Archives”’, Archiv für Orientforschung 50, 150–73.

AMI NF 23 =

Stolper, M. W. 1990. ‘Tobits in reverse: More Babylonians in Ecbatana’, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran NF 23, 161–76.

AnOr 8 =

Pohl, A. 1933. Neubabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus den Berliner Staatlichen Museen. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.

AnOr 9 =

Pohl, A. 1934. Neubabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus den Berliner Staatlichen Museen II, Analecta Orientalia 9. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.

ÄPN =

Ranke, H. 1935, 1952, and 1976. Die Ägyptische Personennamen. Bd. I: Verzeichnis von Namen; Bd. II: Einleitung. Form und Inhalt der Namen. Geschichte der Namen. Vergleiche mit andren Namen. Nachträge und Zusätze zu Bd I. Umschreibungslisten; Bd. III: Verzeichnis der Bestandteile. Glückstadt/Hamburg: J. J. Augustin.

BaAr 3 =

Wunsch, C. forthcoming. Hauskäufe aus verschiedenen neubabylonischen Archiven, Babylonische Archive 3. Dresden: ISLET.

BaAr 6 =

Wunsch, C. 2022. Judaeans by the Waters of Babylon: New Historical Evidence in Cuneiform Sources from Rural Babylonia primarily from the Schøyen Collection, Babylonische Archive 6. Dresden: ISLET.

BaM 15 =

Kessler, K. 1984. ‘Eine arsakidenzeitliche Urkunde aus Warka (W 18568)’, Baghdader Mitteilungen 15, 273–81.

BBSt. =

King, L. W. 1912. Babylonian Boundary-Stones and Memorial-Tablets in the British Museum. London: British Museum.

BE 8/1 =

Clay, A. T. 1908. Legal and Commercial Transactions Dated in the Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods, Chiefly from Nippur, The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania Series A, Cuneiform Texts 8, Part 1. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

BE 9 =

Hilprecht, H. V. and A. T. Clay. 1898. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur, Dated in the Reign of Artaxerxes I (464–424 BC), The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts 9. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

BE 10 =

Clay, A. T. 1904. Business Documents of Murashû Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Darius II (424–404 BC), The Babylonian Expedition of University of Pennsylvania, Series A: Cuneiform Texts 10. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

BE 15 =

Clay, A. T. 1906. Documents from the Temple Archives of Nippur Dated in the Reigns of Cassite Rulers (Incomplete Dates), The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania Series A, Cuneiform Texts 15. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

BIN 1 =

Keiser, C. E. 1917. Letters and Contracts from Erech Written in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of James B. Nies 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.

BRM 1 =

Clay, A. T. 1912. Babylonian Business Transactions of the First Millennium BC, Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.

BRM 2 =

Clay, A. T. 1913. Legal Documents from Erech Dated in the Seleucid Era (312–65 BC), Babylonian Records in the Library of J. Pierpont Morgan 2. New Haven: Yale University Press.

CAD =

Oppenheim, A. L. and Reiner, E. et al. (eds.). 1956–2010. The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago, 21 Vols. Chicago: Oriental Institute.

Camb. =

Strassmaier, J. N. 1890. Inschriften von Cambyses, König von Babylon (529–521 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 8–9. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.

CEDSQM =

Safaitic inscriptions documented by V. Clark and published on OCIANA. https://krc.web.ox.ac.uk/article/ociana.

CT 4 =

Pinches, T. G. 1989. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part IV. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.

CT 22 =

Thompson, R. C. 1906. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XXII. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.

CT 44 =

Pinches, T. G. 1963. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XLIV: Miscellaneous Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.

CT 49 =

Kennedy, D. A. 1968. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum Part XLIX: Late-Babylonian Economic Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.

CT 57 =

Pinches, T. G. 1982. Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum, Part LVII: Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Economic Texts. London: The Trustees of the British Museum.

CTMMA 3 =

Spar, I. and E. von Dassow. 2000. Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume III: Private Archive Texts from the First Millennium BC. New York: Brepols.

CTMMA 4 =

Jursa, M. and I. Spar. 2014. Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, Volume IV: The Ebabbar Temple Archive and Other Texts from the Fourth to the First Millennium BC. New York: Brepols.

CUSAS 28 =

Pearce, L. E. and C. Wunsch. 2014. Documents of Judean Exiles and West Semites in Babylonia in the Collection of David Sofer, Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 28. Bethesda: CDL Press.

Cyr. =

Strassmaier, J. N. 1890. Inschriften von Cyrus, König von Babylon (538–529 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 7. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.

Dar. =

Strassmaier, J. N. 1897. Inschriften von Darius, König von Babylon (521–485 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 10–12. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.

DASI =

Digital Archive for the Study of pre-Islamic Arabian Inscriptions, http://dasi.cnr.it/.

DN =

Lüddeckens, E. and W. Brunch. 1980–2000. Demotisches Namenbuch. Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert.

eDiAna =

Hackstein, O.et al. (eds.). Digital Philological-Etymological Dictionary of the Minor Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages, www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/.

EE =

Stolper, M. W. 1985. Entrepreneurs and Empire: The Murašû Archive, the Murašû Firm, and Persian Rule in Babylonia, Publications de l’Institut historique et archéologique néerlandais de Stamboul 54. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.

ElW =

Hinz, W. and H. Koch. 1987. Elamisches Wörterbuch, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Ergänzungsband 17. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.

FuB 14 =

Jakob-Rost, L. and H. Freydank. 1972. ‘Spätbabylonische Rechtsurkunden aus Babylon mit aramäischen Beischriften’, Forschungen und Berichte 14, 7–35.

GAG =

Von Soden, W. 1995. Grundriss der akkadischen Grammatik, 3rd ed., Analecta Orientalia 33. Rome: Pontificio Istituto Biblico.

GC 1 =

Dougherty, R. P. 1923. Archives from Erech: Time of Nebuchadnezzar and Nabonidus, Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.

GC 2 =

Dougherty, R. P. 1933. Archives from Erech: Neo-Babylonian and Persian Periods, Goucher College Cuneiform Inscriptions, vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press.

GT =

Takács, G. 1999. Etymological Dictionary of Egypt, vol. 1: A Phonological Introduction, Handbuch der Orientalistik 84. Leiden: Brill.

HBTIN =

Pearce, L. E. 2009–. Hellenistic Babylonia: Text, Images, and Names, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/hbtin/index.html.

IMT =

Donbaz, V. and M. W. Stolper. 1997. Istanbul Murašû Texts, Publications de l’Institut Historique-Archéologique Néerlandais de Stamboul 79. Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.

IRS =

Malbran-Labat, F. 1995. Les inscriptions royales de Suse. Briques de l’époque paléo-élamite à l’empire néo-élamite. Paris: Réunion des Musées Nationaux.

JCS 24 =

Sack, R. H. 1972. ‘Some miscellaneous Neo-Babylonian’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 24, 105–6.

JCS 28 =

Stigers, H. G. 1976. ‘Neo- and Late Babylonian business documents from the John Frederick Lewis Collection’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 28, 3–59.

JPA =

Allen, J. P. 2013. The Ancient Egyptian Language. An Historical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

KRS =

Safaitic inscriptions from the northeastern Jordanian bādiyah documented by G. M. H. King and published on OCIANA.

LBAT =

Pinches, T. G., J. N. Strassmaier, and A. J. Sachs. 1955. Late Babylonian Astronomical and Related Texts, Brown University Studies 18. Providence: Brown University Press.

LGPN =

Fraser, P. M. (ed.). 1987–. A Lexicon of the Greek Personal Names. Oxford: Clarendon Press, partially available online: www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/.

MDP 9 =

Scheil, V. 1907. Textes élamites-anzanites, troisième série, Mémoires de la Délégation en Perse 9. Paris: Ernest Leroux.

Nbk. =

Strassmaier, J. N. 1889. Inschriften von Nabuchodonosor, König von Babylon (604–561 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 5–6. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.

Nbn. =

Strassmaier, J. N. 1889. Inschriften von Nabonidus, König von Babylon (555–538 v.Chr.), Babylonische Texte 1–4. Leipzig: Verlag von Eduard Pfeiffer.

OCIANA =

Online Corpus of the Inscriptions of Ancient North Arabia, http://krcfm.orient.ox.ac.uk/fmi/webd/OCIANA.

OECT 9 =

McEwan, G. J. P. 1982. Texts from Hellenistic Babylonia in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts 9. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

OECT 10 =

McEwan, G. J. P. 1984. Late Babylonian Texts in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts 10. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

OIP 114 =

Cole, S. W. 1996. Nippur IV: The Early Neo-Babylonian Governor’s Archive from Nippur, Oriental Institute Publications 114. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

OIP 122 =

Weisberg, D. B. 2003. Neo-Babylonian Texts in the Oriental Institute Collection, Oriental Institute Publications 122. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.

PAES III =

Littmann, E., D. Magie, and D. R. Stuart. 1907–21. Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904–1905, Division III. Greek and Latin Inscriptions in Syria, Section A. Southern Syria. Leiden: Brill.

PBS 2/1 =

Clay, A. T. 1912. Business Documents of Murashu Sons of Nippur Dated in the Reign of Darius II, The Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section 2/1. Philadelphia: University Museum.

PNA =

Radner, K. (ed.) 1998 and 1999, and Baker, H. D. (ed.) 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2011. The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Vols. 1/I: A; 1/II: B–G; 2/I: Ḫ–K; 2/II: L–N; 3/I: P–Ṣ; and 3/II: Š–Z. Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project.

RINAP 3/1 =

Grayson, A. K. and J. Novotny. 2012. The Royal Inscriptions of Sennacherib, King of Assyria (704–681 BC), Part 1, The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 3/1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

RINAP 4 =

Leichty, E. 2011. The Royal Inscriptions of Esarhaddon, King of Assyria (680–669 BC), The Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period 4. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.

ROMCT 2 =

McEwan, G. J. P. 1982. The Late Babylonian Tablets in the Royal Ontario Museum, Royal Ontario Museum Cuneiform Texts 2. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.

SAA 14 =

Mattila, R. 2002. Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part II: Assurbanipal through Sin-šarru-iškun, State Archives of Assyria 14. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.

SAA 18 =

Reynolds, F. 2003. The Babylonian Correspondence of Esarhaddon, State Archives of Assyria 18. Helsinki: Helsinki University Press.

STUBM =

Corò, P. 2018. Seleucid Tablets from Uruk in the British Museum. Text Editions and Commentary, Antichistica 16, Studi orientali 6. Venice: Edizioni Ca’ Foscari.

TCL 9 =

Contenau, G. 1926. Contrats et lettres d’Assyrie et de Babylonie. Contrats de Kerkouk – Contrats Kassites – Contrats et lettres d’Assyrie – Lettres Néo-Babyloniennes, Textes Cunéiformes 9. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

TCL 12 =

Contenau, G. 1927. Contrats néo-babyloniens I: de Téglath-phalasar III à Nabonide, Textes Cunéiformes 12. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

TCL 13 =

Contenau, G. 1929. Contrats néo-babyloniens II: Achéménides et Séleucides, Textes Cunéiformes 13. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

TEBR 6 =

Joannès, F. 1982. Textes économiques de la Babylonie récente, Étude des textes de TBER 6, Études assyriologiques 5. Paris: Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations.

TMH 2/3 =

Krückmann, O. 1933. Neubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungstexte, Texte und Materialien der Frau Professor Hilprecht Collection of Babylonian Antiquities im Eigentum der Universität Jena. Leipzig: Hinrichs Verlag.

UCP 9/1 and UCP 9/2 =

Lutz, H. F. 1927. Neo-Babylonian Administrative Documents from Erech, Parts I and II, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology. Berkeley: University of California Press.

UET 4 =

Figulla, H. H. M. 1949. Business Documents of the New-Babylonian Period, Ur Excavations, Texts 4. London/Philadelphia: British Museum/University Museum.

UET 7 =

Gurney, O. R. 1974. Middle Babylonian Legal Documents and Other Texts, Ur Excavations, Texts 7. London/Philadelphia: British Museum/University Museum.

VR =

Rawlinson H. C. and T. G. Pinches, 1882. The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia V: A Selection of the Miscellaneous Inscriptions of Assyria and Babylonia. London: Jankowsky.

VS 3 =

Ungnad, A. 1907. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 3. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

VS 4 =

Ungnad, A. 1907. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 4. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

VS 5 =

Ungnad, A. 1908. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 5. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

VS 6 =

Ungnad, A. 1908. Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 6. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

WVDOG 51 =

Jordan, J. 1928. Uruk-Warka nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, Wissenschaftliche Veröffentlichung der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 51. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs.

YNER 1 =

Weisberg, D. B. 1967. Guild Structure and Political Allegiance in Early Achaemenid Mesopotamia, Yale Near Eastern Researches 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 1 =

Clay, A. T. 1915. Miscellaneous Inscriptions in the Yale Babylonian Collection, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 1. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 3 =

Clay, A. T. 1919. Neo-Babylonian Letters from Erech, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 3. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 6 =

Dougherty, R. P. 1920. Records from Erech, Time of Nabonidus (555–538 BC), Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 6. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 7 =

Tremayne, A. 1925. Records from Erech, Time of Cyrus and Cambyses (538–521 BC), Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 7. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 19 =

Beaulieu, P.-A. 2000. Legal and Administrative Texts from the Reign of Nabonidus, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 19. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 20 =

Doty, L. T. 2012. Cuneiform Documents from Hellenistic Uruk, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 20. New Haven: Yale University Press.

YOS 21 =

Frahm, E. and M. Jursa. 2011. Neo-Babylonian Letters and Contracts from the Eanna Archive, Yale Oriental Series, Babylonian Texts 21. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Babylon

Babylon Collection (Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin)

BM

British Museum (London)

FLP

Free Library of Philadelphia

K

Kuyunjik Collection (British Museum, London)

MMA

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York)

NBC

Nies Babylonian Collection (Yale University, New Haven)

NCBT

Newell Collection of Babylonian Tablets (Yale University, New Haven)

PTS

Princeton Theological Seminary

VAT

Vorderasiatisches Museum Tontafeln (Berlin)

YBC

Yale Babylonian Collection (Yale University, New Haven)

*

reconstructed form (or reconstructed year according to post-canonical eponym)

∅

non-realised sound

< … >

omitted sign(s)

≪ … ≫

superfluous sign(s)

1.sg.

1st person singular, ‘I’

2.sg.

2nd person singular, ‘you’

3.sg.

3rd person singular, ‘(s)he’

Akk.

Akkadian

Aram.

Aramaic

Bab.

Babylonian

Bibl. Heb.

Biblical Hebrew

C

consonant

Camb

Cambyses

conj.

conjugation

Cyr

Cyrus

D

D stem

Dar

Darius I

DN

deity name

Egypt.

Egyptian

Elam.

Elamite

esp.

especially

^f

marker introducing a normalised female name

FN

family name

^fPN

female personal name

G

G stem

GN

geographical name

Heb.

Hebrew

Hiph.

Hiphil

hypocor.

hypocorism

imp.

imperative

impf.

imperfect

inf.

infinitive

Ir.

Iranian

l.e.

left edge

lo.e.

lower edge

m.

masculine

MB

Middle Babylonian

mng.

meaning

mod.

modern

MT

Masoretic Text

NA

Neo-Assyrian

Nbk

Nebuchadnezzar II

Nbn

Nabonidus

N/LB

Neo- and Late Babylonian

obj.

object

OP

Old Persian

perf.

perfect

Phoen.

Phoenician

pl.

plural

PN

personal name

prec.

precative

pres.

present tense

pret.

preterite

Pun.

Punic

r.

reverse

resp.

respectively

sg.

singular

subj.

subject

subst.

(verbal) substantive

syll.

syllabic

TN

temple name

u.e.

upper edge

Ugar.

Ugaritic

V

vowel

v.

verb

W.Sem.

West Semitic

wr.

written

Y

Y renders the Yahwistic element in English translations of Hebrew names (Chapter 9)