Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T19:22:40.786Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 1 - Emergence Delirium

A New Hypothesis for an Old Problem

from Section 1 - Cognitive Function in Perioperative Care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2019

Roderic G. Eckenhoff
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania
Niccolò Terrando
Affiliation:
Duke University, North Carolina
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Shoum, S.M., 2014. Posttraumatic stress disorder: a special case of emergence delirium and anesthetic alternatives. A & A Case Reports, 3(5), 5860.Google Scholar
Saczynski, J.S., et al., 2012. Cognitive trajectories after postoperative delirium. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(1), 3039.Google Scholar
Inouye, S.K., Westendorp, R.G.J. & Saczynski, J.S., 2014. Delirium in elderly people. The Lancet, 383(9920), 911922.Google Scholar
Inouye, S.K., 2006. Delirium in older persons. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354(11), 11571165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smessaert, A., Schehr, C.A. & Artusio, J.F. Jr., 1960. Observations in the immediate postanaesthesia period. II. Mode of recovery. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 32, 181185.Google Scholar
Eckenhoff, J.E., Kneale, D.H. & Dripps, R.D., 1961. The incidence and etiology of postanesthetic excitement: a clinical survey. Anesthesiology, 22(5), 667673.Google Scholar
Cole, J.W., et al., 2002. Emergence behaviour in children: defining the incidence of excitement and agitation following anaesthesia. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 12(5), 442447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voepel-Lewis, T., Malviya, S. & Tait, A.R., 2003. A prospective cohort study of emergence agitation in the pediatric postanesthesia care unit. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 96, 16251630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Munk, L., Andersen, G. & Møller, A.M., 2016. Post-anaesthetic emergence delirium in adults: incidence, predictors and consequences. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 60(8), 10591066.Google Scholar
Lepouse, C., 2006. Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 96(6), 747753.Google Scholar
Yu, D., et al., 2010. Emergence agitation in adults: risk factors in 2,000 patients. Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia/Journal canadien d’anesthesie, 57(9), 843848.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, H.-J., et al., 2015. Risk factors of emergence agitation in adults undergoing general anesthesia for nasal surgery. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, 8(1), 4651.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Radtke, F.M., et al., 2010. Risk factors for inadequate emergence after anesthesia: emergence delirium and hypoactive emergence. Minerva Anestesiologica, 76(6), 394403.Google ScholarPubMed
Slor, C.J., et al., 2011. Anesthesia and postoperative delirium in older adults undergoing hip surgery. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(7), 13131319.Google Scholar
Mei, W., et al., 2010. Independent risk factors for postoperative pain in need of intervention early after awakening from general anaesthesia. European Journal of Pain, 14(2), Article 149.Google Scholar
Card, E., et al., 2015. Emergence from general anaesthesia and evolution of delirium signs in the post-anaesthesia care unit. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 115(3), 411417.Google Scholar
Hernandez, B.A., et al., 2017. Post-anaesthesia care unit delirium: incidence, risk factors and associated adverse outcomes. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 119(2), 288290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eckenhoff, R.G., 2001. Promiscuous ligands and attractive cavities: how do the inhaled anesthetics work? Molecular Interventions, 1(5), 258268.Google Scholar
Brown, E.N., Lydic, R. & Schiff, N.D., 2010. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. The New England Journal of Medicine, 363(27), 26382650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, X., Shu, S. & Bayliss, D.A., 2009. HCN1 channel subunits are a molecular substrate for hypnotic actions of ketamine. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29(3), 600609.Google Scholar
Franks, N.P. & Lieb, W.R., 1991. Stereospecific effects of inhalational general anesthetic optical isomers on nerve ion channels. Science, 254(5030), 427430.Google Scholar
Jevtović-Todorović, V., et al., 1998. Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is an NMDA antagonist, neuroprotectant and neurotoxin. Nature Medicine, 4(4), 460463.Google Scholar
Jurd, R., et al., 2003. General anesthetic actions in vivo strongly attenuated by a point mutation in the GABAA receptor β3 subunit. The FASEB Journal, 17(2), 250252.Google Scholar
Yip, G.M.S., et al., 2013. A propofol binding site on mammalian GABAA receptors identified by photolabeling. Nature Chemical Biology, 9(11), 715720.Google Scholar
Nelson, L.E., et al., 2003. The α2-adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine converges on an endogenous sleep-promoting pathway to exert its sedative effects. Anesthesiology, 98(2), 428436.Google Scholar
Shafer, A., et al., 1988. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol infusions during general anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 69(3), 348356.Google Scholar
Friedman, E.B., et al., 2010. A conserved behavioral state barrier impedes transitions between anesthetic-induced unconsciousness and wakefulness: evidence for neural inertia. PLoS One, 5(7), e11903.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joiner, W.J., et al., 2013. Genetic and anatomical basis of the barrier separating wakefulness and anesthetic-induced unresponsiveness. PLoS Genetics, 9(9), e1003605.Google Scholar
Kelz, M.B., et al., 2008. An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105(4), 13091314.Google Scholar
Proekt, A. & Kelz, M., 2018. Schrödinger’s cat: anaesthetised and not! British Journal of Anaesthesia, 120(3), 424428.Google Scholar
Warnaby, C.E., et al., 2017. Investigation of slow-wave activity saturation during surgical anesthesia reveals a signature of neural inertia in humans. Anesthesiology, 127(4), 645657.Google Scholar
Kuizenga, M.H., et al., 2018. Test of neural inertia in humans during general anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 120(3), 525536.Google Scholar
McKinstry-Wu, A., et al., 2018. Xenon anesthesia and CT: noninvasive measures of brain anesthetic concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 602, 289298.Google Scholar
Anfinsen, C.B., 1973. Principles that govern the folding of protein chains. Science, 181(4096), 223230.Google Scholar
Levinthal, C., 1968. Are there pathways for protein folding? Journal de Chimie Physique, 65, 4445.Google Scholar
Chalmers, D.J., 1997. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford Paperbacks.Google Scholar
Hudson, A.E., 2017. Metastability of neuronal dynamics during general anesthesia: time for a change in our assumptions? Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 11, 58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, A.E., et al., 2014. Recovery of consciousness is mediated by a network of discrete metastable activity states. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(25), 92839288.Google Scholar
Alonso, L.M., et al., 2014. Dynamical criticality during induction of anesthesia in human ECoG recordings. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 8, 20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solovey, G., et al., 2015. Loss of consciousness is associated with stabilization of cortical activity. The Journal of Neuroscience, 35(30), 1086610877.Google Scholar
Chander, D., et al., 2014. Electroencephalographic variation during end maintenance and emergence from surgical anesthesia. PLoS One, 9(9), e106291.Google Scholar
Kafashan, M., Ching, S. & Palanca, B.J.A., 2016. Sevoflurane alters spatiotemporal functional connectivity motifs that link resting-state networks during wakefulness. Frontiers in Neural Circuits, 10, 107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, M., et al., 2017. Network properties in transitions of consciousness during propofol-induced sedation. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 16791.Google Scholar
Ishizawa, Y., et al., 2016. Dynamics of propofol-induced loss of consciousness across primate neocortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 36(29), 77187726.Google Scholar
Strogatz, S.H., 2000. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry and Engineering. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Chan, M.T.V., et al., 2013. BIS-guided anesthesia decreases postoperative delirium and cognitive decline. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology, 25(1), 3342.Google Scholar
Radtke, F.M., et al., 2013. Monitoring depth of anaesthesia in a randomized trial decreases the rate of postoperative delirium but not postoperative cognitive dysfunction. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 110, 98105.Google Scholar
Sieber, F.E., et al., 2010. Sedation depth during spinal anesthesia and the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture repair. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 85(1), 1826.Google Scholar
Whitlock, E.L., et al., 2014. Postoperative delirium in a substudy of cardiothoracic surgical patients in the BAG-RECALL clinical trial. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 118(4), 809817.Google Scholar
Soehle, M., et al., 2015. Intraoperative burst suppression is associated with postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery: a prospective, observational study. BMC Anesthesiology, 15, 61.Google Scholar
Fritz, B.A., et al., 2016. Intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression predicts postoperative delirium. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 122(1), 234242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritz, B.A., Maybrier, H.R. & Avidan, M.S., 2018. Intraoperative electroencephalogram suppression at lower volatile anaesthetic concentrations predicts postoperative delirium occurring in the intensive care unit. British Journal of Anaesthesia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2017.10.024.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×