Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T18:49:04.813Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 3 - Development of the Heart

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2019

Michael T. Ashworth
Affiliation:
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London
Get access

Summary

A brief account of early embryo formation is followed by an overview of the salient features of heart development. Following this there is a detailed treatment of the processes involved in the construction of the functioning embryonic heart, including a focus on the genes involved. Short sections are devoted to pericardium, coronary arteries and conduction system, the systemic veins and the systemic arteries. Finally, the fetal circulation and its adaptation to post-natal life are described.

Type
Chapter
Information
Pathology of Heart Disease in the Fetus, Infant and Child
Autopsy, Surgical and Molecular Pathology
, pp. 53 - 74
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Wain, HM, Bruford, EA, Lovering, RC et al. Guidelines for human gene nomenclature. Genomics 2002; 79: 464470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tam, PPL, Schoenwolf, GC. Cardiac fate maps: lineage allocation, morphogenetic movement and cell commitment. In Harvey, RP, Rosenthal, N (eds) Heart Development. London: Academic Press; 1999, pp. 318.Google Scholar
Krishnan, A, Samtani, R, Dhanantwari, P et al. A detailed comparison of mouse and human cardiac development. Pediatr Res 2014; 76: 500507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dhanantwari, P, Lee, E, Krishnan, A et al. Human cardiac development in the first trimester: a high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and episcopic fluorescence image capture atlas. Circulation 2009; 120: 343351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindsey, SE, Butcher, JT, Yalcin, HC. Mechanical regulation of cardiac development. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linask, KK. N-cadherin localization in early heart development and polar expression of Na+,K(+)-ATPase, and integrin during pericardial coelom formation and epithelialization of the differentiating myocardium. Dev Biol 1992; 151: 213224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gittenberger-de Groot, AC, Bartelings, MM, Poelmann, RE, Haak, MC, Jongbloed, MR. Embryology of the heart and its impact on understanding fetal and neonatal heart disease. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18: 237244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abu-Issa, R. Heart fields: spatial polarity and temporal dynamics. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297: 175182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sylva, M, van der Hoff, MJB, Moorman, AFM. Development of the human heart. Am J Med Genet Part A 2014; 164A: 13471371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, I, Pimeisl, IM, Drager, S, et al. The T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin acts upstream of Mesp1 to specify cardiac mesoderm during mouse gastrulation. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13: 10841091.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olson, EN, Srivastava, D. Molecular pathways controlling heart development. Science 1996; 272: 671676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lough, J, Sugi, Y. Endoderm and heart development. Dev Dyn 2000; 217: 327342.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varner, VD, Taber, LA. Not just inductive: a crucial mechanical role for the endoderm during heart tube assembly. Development 2012; 13: 16801690.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cai, CL, Liang, X, Shi, Y et al. Isl1 identifies a cardiac progenitor population that proliferates prior to differentiation and contributes a majority of cells to the heart. Dev Cell 2003; 5: 877889.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelly, RG, Buckingham, ME. The anterior heart-forming field: voyage to the arterial pole of the heart. Trends Genet 2002; 18: 210216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vincent, SD, Buckingham, ME. How to make a heart: The origin and regulation of cardiac progenitor cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2010; 90: 141.Google Scholar
Zaffran, S, Kelly, RG, Meilhac, SM, Buckingham, ME, Brown, NA. Right ventricular myocardium derives from the anterior heart field. Circ Res 2004; 95: 261268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verzi, MP, McCulley, DJ, De Val, S, Dodou, E, Black, BL. The right ventricle, outflow tract, and ventricular septum comprise a restricted expression domain within the secondary/anterior heart field. Dev Biol 2005; 87: 437449.Google Scholar
Galli, D, Domínguez, JN, Zaffran, S et al. Atrial myocardium derives from the posterior region of the second heart field, which acquires left-right identity as Pitx2c is expressed. Development 2008; 135: 11571167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertrand, N, Roux, M, Ryckebüsch, L et al. Hox genes define distinct progenitor sub-domains within the second heart field. Dev Biol 2011; 353: 266274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lescroart, F, Kelly, RG, Le Garrec, JF et al. Clonal analysis reveals common lineage relationships between head muscles and second heart field derivatives in the mouse embryo. Development 2010; 137: 32693279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linask, KK, Han, M, Bravo-Valenzuela, NJM. Changes in vitelline and utero-placental hemodynamics: implications for cardiovascular development. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, RP. Patterning of the vertebrate heart. Nat Rev Genet 2002; 3: 544556.Google Scholar
Brown, N, Anderson, RH. Symmetry and laterality in the human heart: developmental implications. In Harvey, RP, Rosenthal, N (eds) Heart Development. London: Academic Press; 1999: pp. 447461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taber, LA, Voronov, DA, Ramasubramanian, A. The role of mechanical forces in the torsional component of cardiac looping. Ann NY Acad Sci 2010; 1188: 103110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Männer, J. On the form problem of embryonic heart loops, its geometrical solutions, and a new biophysical concept of cardiac looping. Ann Anat 2013; 195: 312323.Google Scholar
Bayraktar, M, Männer, J. Cardiac looping may be driven by compressive loads resulting from unequal growth of the heart and pericardial cavity. Observations on a physical simulation model. Front Physiol 2014; 5: 112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manasek, FJ, Burnside, MB, Waterman, RE. Myocardial cell shape changes as a mechanism of embryonic heart looping. Dev Biol 1972; 29: 349371.Google Scholar
Latacha, KS, Remond, MC, Ramasubramanian, A et al. Role of actin polymerization in bending of the early heart tube. Dev Dyn 2005; 233: 12721286.Google Scholar
Manner, J, Wessel, A, Yelbuz, TM. How does the tubular embryonic heart work? Looking for the physical mechanism generating unidirectional blood flow in the valveless embryonic heart tube. Dev Dyn 2010; 239: 10351046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butcher, JT, McQuinn, TC, Sedmera, D, Turner, D, Markwald, RR. Transitions in early embryonic atrioventricular valvular function correspond with changes in cushion biomechanics that are predictable by tissue composition. Circ Res 2007; 100: 15031511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moorman, AFM, Christoffels, VM. Cardiac chamber formation: development, genes and evolution. Physiol Rev 2003; 83: 12231267.Google Scholar
Sizarov, A, Ya, J, de Boer, BA et al. Formation of the building plan of the human heart: morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation. Circulation 2011; 123: 11251135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sedmera, D, Thompson, RP. Myocyte proliferation in the developing heartDev Dyn 2011; 240: 13221334.Google Scholar
Samsa, LA, Yang, B, Liu, J. Embryonic cardiac chamber maturation: trabeculation, conduction, and cardiomyocyte proliferationAm J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2013163C: 157168.Google Scholar
Mommersteeg, MT, Domínguez, JN, Wiese, C et al. The sinus venosus progenitors separate and diversify from the first and second heart fields early in development. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87: 92101.Google Scholar
Moorman, A, Webb, S, Brown, NA, Lamers, W, Anderson, RH. Development of the heart: (1) formation of the cardiac chambers and arterial trunks. Heart 2003; 89: 806814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, Y, Samal, E, Srivastava, D. Serum response factor regulates a muscle-specific microRNA that targets Hand2 during cardiogenesis. Nature 2005; 436 : 214220.Google Scholar
Moorman, AF, Soufan, AT, Hagoort, J, de Boer, PA, Christoffels, VM. Development of the building plan of the heart. Ann NY Acad Sci 2004; 1015: 171181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacGrogan, D, Luna-Zurita, L, de la Pompa, JL. Notch signaling in cardiac valve development and disease. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2011; 91: 449459.Google Scholar
Person, AD, Klewer, SE, Runyan, RB. Cell biology of cardiac cushion development. Int Rev Cytol 2005; 243: 287335.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Combs, MD, Yutzey, KE. Heart valve development: regulatory networks in development and disease. Circ Res 2009; 105: 408421.Google Scholar
Luna-Zurita, L, Prados, B, Grego-Bessa, J et al. Integration of a Notch-dependent mesenchymal gene program and Bmp2-driven cell invasiveness regulates murine cardiac valve formation. J Clin Invest 2010; 120: 34933507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Briggs, LE, Kakarla, J, Wessels, A. The pathogenesis of atrial and atrioventricular septal defects with special emphasis on the role of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusionDifferentiation 2012; 84: 117130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, NA, Ottenkamp, J, Wenning, AG, Gittenberger de Groot, AC. Deficiency of the vestibular spine in atrioventricular septal defects in human fetuses with Down syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003; 91: 180184.Google Scholar
Hinton, RB, Yutzey, KE. Heart valve structure and function in development and disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 73: 2946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, RH, Mori, S, Spicer, DE, Brown, NA, Mohun, TJ. Development and morphology of the ventricular outflow tracts. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016; 7: 561577.Google Scholar
Yashiro, K, Shiratori, H, Hamada, H. Haemodynamics determined by a genetic programme govern asymmetric development of the aortic arch. Nature 2007; 450: 285288.Google Scholar
van Wijk, B, van den Berg, G, Abu-Issa, R et al. Epicardium and myocardium separate from a common precursor pool by crosstalk between bone morphogenetic protein- and fibroblast growth factor-signaling pathways. Circ Res 2009; 105: 431434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez-Pomares, JM, de la Pompa, JL, Franco, D et al. Congenital coronary artery anomalies: a bridge from embryology to anatomy and pathophysiology – a position statement of the development, anatomy, and pathology ESC Working Group. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109: 204216.Google Scholar
Katz, TC, Singh, MK, Degenhardt, K, et al. Distinct compartments of the proepicardial organ give rise to coronary vascular endothelial cells. Dev Cell 2012; 22: 639650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wessels, A, Markman, MWM, Vermeulen, JLM et al. The development of the atrioventricular junction in the human heart. Circ Res 1996; 78: 10117.Google Scholar
Swift, MR, Weinstein, BM. Arterial-venous specification during development. Circ Res 2009; 104: 576588.Google Scholar
Garriock, RJ, Mikawa, T. Early arterial differentiation and patterning in the avian embryo model. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22: 985992.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, WJ. Human Embryology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1993, pp. 167203.Google Scholar
Mommersteeg, MT, Christoffels, VM, Anderson, RH, Moorman, AF. Atrial fibrillation: a developmental point of view. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6: 18181824.Google Scholar
Sinkovskaya, E, Klassen, A, Abuhamad, A. A novel systematic approach to the evaluation of the fetal venous system. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 18: 269278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudolph, AM. The fetal circulation and postnatal adaptation. In Rudolph, AM. Congenital Diseases of the heart: Clinical-Physiological Considerations. 2nd edn. Armonk: Futura Publishing Co; 2001, pp. 344.Google Scholar
Patterson, AJ, Zhang, L. Hypoxia and fetal heart development. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10: 653666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kondo, M, Itoh, S, Kunikata, T et al. Time of closure of ductus venosus in term and preterm neonates. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001; 85: F57F59.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×