Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-03T10:52:48.026Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Social Cognitive Approaches to Parenting Representations

from Part One - Theoretical Perspectives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

By
Duane Rudy  and
Joan E. Grusec
Edited by
Ofra Mayseless
Duane Rudy
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Joan E. Grusec
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
Ofra Mayseless
Affiliation:
University of Haifa, Israel
Get access

Summary

Abstract

Social cognitive theorists have studied parenting cognitions that include perspective-taking ability, socialization goals, and attributions made for actions of the self and of the child. These are described, with a focus on their links to parenting actions and child outcomes. The distinction between controlled and automatic cognition and its role in parenting cognitions is discussed, with the former involving movement between the mobilization and minimization of cognitive activity regarding parent–child interactions. It is argued that inappropriate reliance on mobilization or minimization leads to difficulties in information-processing and emotion regulation which result in maladaptive parenting behavior. Finally, similarities and differences between social cognitive and attachment approaches to mental representations of parenting are discussed.

Cognitive constructs have played a prominent role in attempts to understand the impact of parenting on children's social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes. For many years, childrearing attitudes – cognitive events that predispose the individual to act either positively or negatively toward their object – were the dominant focus of researchers and theorists. Indeed, attitudes were assumed to be the preeminent parenting construct (Holden & Buck, 2002) because they were considered to be good predictors of parenting behavior, markers of the emotional climate parents provided to their children, and, therefore, seen to have a major impact on children's development. Psychoanalysts (e.g., Horney, 1933) argued that parenting behavior was determined by unconscious emotional reactions parents had to the way they themselves had been parented, with these unconscious reactions having an effect on their own, conscious, attitudes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Parenting Representations
Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications
 , pp. 79 - 106
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aber, J. L., Slade, A., Berger, B., Bresgi, I., & Kaplan, M. (1985). The Parent Development Interview. Unpublished manuscript, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. D., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Asendorpf, J. B. & Scherer, K. R. (1983). The discrepant repressor: Differentiation between low anxiety, high anxiety, and repression of anxiety by autonomic-facial-verbal patterns of behavior. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 45, 1334–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, L., Scott, B., Chisholm, V., Blackwell, J., Dickens, S., Ram, F., & Goldberg, S. (1995). Cognitive coping, affective distress, and maternal sensitivity: Mothers of children with Down syndrome. Developmental Psychology, 31, 668–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Bargh, J. A. & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. American Psychologist, 54, 462–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bondy, E. M. & Mash, E. J. (1999). Parenting efficacy, perceived control over caregiving failure, and mothers' reactions to preschool children's misbehavior. Child Study Journal, 29, 157–73.Google Scholar
Borkovec, T. D. & Hu, S. (1990). The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 28, 69–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borkovec, T. D., Lyonfields, J. D., Wiser, S. L., & Deihl, L. (1993). The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 31, 321–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bretherton, I., Biringen, Z., Ridgeway, D., Maslin, C., & Sherman, E. (1989). Attachment: The parental perspective. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 203–21.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, G. H., Flor, D. L., & Gibson, N. M. (1999). Linking maternal self-efficacy beliefs, developmental goals, parenting practices, and child competence in rural single-parent African American families. Child Development, 70, 1197–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugental, D. B. (1992). Affective and cognitive processes within threat-oriented family systems. In Sigel, I. E., McGillicuddy-Delisi, A. V., & Goodnow, J. J. (Eds.), Parental Belief Systems: The Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 3–39.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., Cortez, V., Fleck, K., Kopeikin, H., Lewis, J., & Lyon, J. (1993). Social cognitions as organizers of autonomic and affective responses to social challenge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 94–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Cruzcosa, M. (1989). Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 25, 532–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B. & Goodnow, J. J. (1998). Socialization processes: Biological, cognitive, and social-cultural perspectives. In Damon, W. (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology. New York: Wiley, pp. 389–462.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B. & Happaney, K. (2001). The role of attributional bias in parenting: When are caregiving relationships transformed into power struggles? In Gerris, J. R. M. (Ed.), Dynamics of Parenting: International Perspectives on the Nature and Sources of Parenting. Leuven, BE: Garant, pp. 17–31.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B. & Happaney, K. (2002). Parental attributions. In Bornstein, M. H., (Ed). Handbook of Parenting: Vol. 3: Being and Becoming a Parent. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, pp. 509–35.Google Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Johnston, C., New, M., & Silvester, J. (1998). Measuring parental attributions: Conceptual and methodological issues. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 459–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B. & Lewis, J. C. (1999). The paradoxical misuse of power by those who see themselves as powerless: How does it happen?Journal of Social Issues, 55, 51–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Lewis, J. C., Lin, E., Lyon, J., & Kopeikin, H. (2000). In charge but not in control: The management of authority-based relationships by those with low perceived power. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1367–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Lyon, J. E., Krantz, J., & Cortez, V. (1997). Who's the boss? Differential accessibility of dominance ideation in parent-child relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 72, 1297–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugental, D. B., Lyon, J. E., Lin, E., McGrath, E. G., & Bimbela, A. (1999). Children “tune out” in response to the ambiguous communication style of powerless adults. Child Development, 70, 214–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugental, D. B., Mantyla, S. M., & Lewis, J. (1989). Parental attributions as moderators of affective communication to children at risk for physical abuse. In Cicchetti, D. & Carlson, V. (Eds.), Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 254–79.Google Scholar
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, J. A. & Feldman, S. S. (1988). Mothers' internal models of relationships and children's behavioral and developmental status: A study of mother-child interaction. Child Development, 59, 1273–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crowell, J. A. & Feldman, S. S. (1991). Mothers' working models of attachment relationships and mother and child behavior during separation and reunion. Developmental Psychology, 27, 597–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darke, S. (1988). Effects of anxiety on inferential reasoning task performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 55, 499–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darling, N. & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, P. J. & Schwartz, G. E. (1987). Repression and the inaccessibility of affective memories. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 52, 155–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 3–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dix, T. (1992). Parenting on behalf of the child: Empathic goals in the regulation of responsive parenting. In Sigel, I. E., McGillicuddy-DeLisi, A. V., & Goodnow, J. (Eds.), Parental Belief Systems: The Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 319–46.Google Scholar
Dix, T. H. & Grusec, J. E. (1985). Parent attribution processes in child socialization. In Sigel, I. E. (Ed.), Parent Belief Systems: Their Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 201–33.Google Scholar
Dix, T. H., Reinhold, D. A., & Zambarano, , R. J. (1990). Mothers' judgments in moments of anger. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 36, 465–86.Google Scholar
Dix, T., Ruble, D. N., & Zambarano, R. J. (1989). Mothers' implicit theories of discipline: Child effects, parent effects, and the attribution process. Child Development, 60, 1373–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, W. L., Leavitt, L. A., & Walsh, R. O. (1990). Maternal self-efficacy: illusory control and its effect on susceptibility to learned helplessness. Child Development, 61, 1638–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donovan, W. L, Leavitt, L. A., & Walsh, R. O. (1997). Cognitive set and coping strategy affect mother's sensitivity to infant cries: A signal-processing approach. Child Development, 68, 760–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, W. L., Leavitt, L. A., & Walsh, R. O. (2000). Maternal illusory control predicts socialization strategies and toddler compliance. Developmental Psychology, 36, 402–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egeland, B., Weinfield, N. S., Bosquet, M., & Cheng, V. K. (2000). Remembering, repeating, and working through: Lessons from attachment-based interventions. In Osofsky, J. D. & Fitzgerald, H. E. (Eds.), Handbook of Infant Mental Health. Infant Mental Health in Groups at High Risk. New York: Wiley, pp. 35–89.Google Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline?Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 69, 1013–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1984). Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript, University of California at Berkeley.Google Scholar
George, C. & Solomon, J. (1996). Representational models of relationships: Links between caregiving and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal, 17, 198–216.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gondoli, D. M. & Silverberg, S. B. (1997). Maternal emotional distress and diminished responsiveness: The mediating role of parenting efficacy and parental perspective taking. Developmental Psychology, 33, 861–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 74, 1464–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J. E., & Mammone, N. (1994). The sources of parent belief systems. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology. New York: Sage, pp. 49–73.
Grusec, J. E., Goodnow, J. J., & Kuczynski, L. (2000). New directions in analyses of parenting contributions to children's internalization of values. Child Development, 71, 205–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grusec, J. E. & Ungerer, J. (2003). Parent-child interaction and the role of parenting cognitions in children's socialization. In Kuczynski, L. (Ed.), Handbook of Dynamics in Parent-Child Relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 211–28.Google Scholar
Grusec, J. E., Wolfe, J., & Davidov, M. (2003). Children's evaluations of parental discipline strategies and the role of mothers' knowledge of those evaluations in achieving compliance. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto.
Haft, W. L. & Slade, A. (1989). Affect attunement and maternal attachment: A pilot study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10, 157–72.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, C. H., Hansen, R. D., & Shantz, D. W. (1992). Repression at encoding: Discrete appraisals of emotional stimuli. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 63, 1026–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hastings, P. & Grusec, J. E. (1997). Conflict outcomes as a function of parental accuracy in perceiving child cognitions and affect. Social Development, 6, 76–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastings, P. & Grusec, J. E. (1998). Parenting goals as organizers of responses to parent-child disagreement. Developmental Psychology, 34, 465–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hetts, J. J., Sakuma, M., & Pelham, B. W. (1999). Two roads to positive regard: Implicit and explicit self-evaluation and culture. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 512–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, E. T. & Bargh, J. A. (1992). Unconscious sources of subjectivity and suffering: Is consciousness the solution? In Martin, L. L. & Tesser, A. (Eds.), The Construction of Social Judgments. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 67–103.Google Scholar
Hirshfeld, D. R., Biederman, J., Brody, L., Faraone, S. V., & Rosenbaum, J. (1997). Expressed emotion toward children with behavioral inhibition: Associations with maternal anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 36, 910–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holden, G. W. & Buck, M. J. (2002). Parent attitudes toward childrearing. In Bornstein, M. (Ed.), Handbook of Parenting. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., pp. 537–62.Google Scholar
Holden, G. W. & Edwards, J. (1989). Parental attitudes toward child rearing: Instruments, issues, and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 106, 29–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horney, K. (1933). Maternal conflicts. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 3, 445–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. M. & Paraskevopoulous, J. (1980). Children's psychological development as a function of the inaccuracy of their mothers' knowledge of their abilities. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 136, 285–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, R. E., Kendall, P. C., Smith, T. W., Donnell, C., & et al. (1987). Cognitive specificity in emotional distress. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 53, 734–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, D. (1943). Maternal Overprotection. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lundell, L., Grusec, J. E., McShane, K., & Davidov, M. (2003). Adolescents' goals in conflicts with their mothers. Unpublished manuscript, University of Toronto.
Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In Hetherington, E. M. (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology. Socialization, Personality and Social Development. New York: Wiley, pp. 1–102.Google Scholar
MacKinnon-Lewis, C., Lamb, M. E., Arbuckle, B., Baradaran, L. P., & Volling, B. L. (1992). The relationship between biased maternal and filial attributions and the aggressiveness of their interactions. Development & Psychopathology, 4, 403–15.CrossRef
MacKinnon-Lewis, C., Volling, B. L., Lamb, M. E., Dechman, K., Rabiner, D., & Curtner, M. E. (1994). A cross-contextual analysis of boys' social competence: From family to school. Developmental Psychology, 30, 325–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C. & Mathews, A. (1991). Biased cognitive operations in anxiety: Accessibility of information or assignment of processing priorities. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 29, 599–610.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 28, 455–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mikulincer, M. & Orbach, I. (1995). Attachment styles and repressive defensiveness: The accessibility and architecture of affective memories. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 68, 917–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, S. A. (1988). Parents' beliefs about children's cognitive development. Child Development, 59, 259–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, S. A. (1995). Parents' attributions for their children's behavior. Child Development, 66, 1557–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, S. A., Mondal, M., & Mee, L. L. (1991). Parental beliefs, parental accuracy, and children's cognitive performance: A search for causal relations. Developmental Psychology, 27, 267–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newberger, C. M. (1980). The cognitive strructure of parenthood: Designing a descriptive measure. In Selman, R. L. & Yando, R. (Eds.), Clinical-Developmental Psychology: New Directions for Child Development. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 45–67.Google Scholar
Nix, R. L., Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S., & McFadyen-Ketchum, S. A. (1999). The relation between mothers' hostile attribution tendencies and children's externalizing behavior problems: The mediating role of mothers' harsh discipline practices. Child Development, 70, 896–909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papousek, H. & Papousek, M. (1987). Intuitive parenting: A dialectic counterpart to the infant's integrative competence. In Osofsky, J. D. (Ed.), Handbook of Infant Development. Wiley Series on Personality Processes. Oxford, England: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 669–720.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, K. L., Dayton, C. J., & McDonough, S. (this volume). Communicating feelings: links between mothers' representations of their infants, parenting and infant emotional development.
Rudy, D. & Grusec, J. E. (2001). Correlates of authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist cultures and implications for understanding the transmission of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 202–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. J., Seifer, R., & Elias, P. K. (1982). Sociocultural variability in infant temperament ratings. Child Development, 53, 164–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slade, A., Belsky, J., Aber, J. L., & Phelps, J. L. (1999). Mothers' representations of their relationships with their toddlers: Links to adult attachment and observed mothering. Developmental Psychology, 35, 611–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teti, D. M. & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development, 62, 918–29.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teti, D. M., Gelfand, D. M., & Pompa, J. (1990). Depressed mothers' behavioral competence with their infants: Demographic and psychosocial correlates. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 259–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, R. A. (1999). Early attachment and later development. In Cassidy, J. & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.), Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 265–86.Google Scholar
Twentyman, C. T., Rohrbeck, C. A., & Amish, P. L. (1984). A cognitive-behavioral model of child abuse. In Saunders, S. (Ed.), Violent Individuals and Families: A Practitioner's Handbook. Springfield, IL: Thomas, pp. 86–111.Google Scholar
IJzendoorn, M. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 387–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weems, C. F., Berman, S. L., Silverman, W. K., & Rodriguez, E. T. (2002). The relation between anxiety sensitivity and attachment style in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 24, 159–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weinberger, D. A. (1990). The construct validity of the repressing coping style. In Singer, J. L. (Ed.), Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality Theory, Psychopathology, and Health. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 337–86.Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. A., Schwartz, G. E., & Davidson, R. J. (1979). Low-anxious, high-anxious, and repressive coping styles: Psychometric patterns and behavioral and physiological responses to stress. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 369–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiner, B. (1985). A cognitive (attribution)-emotion-action model of motivated behavior: An analysis of judgments of help-giving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 186–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whaley, S. E., Pinto, A., & Sigman, M. (1999). Characterizing interactions between anxious mothers and their children. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 67, 826–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeanah, C. H. & Benoit, D. (1995). Clinical applications of a parent perception interview. In Minde, K. (Ed.), Infant Psychiatry, Child Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, pp. 539–54.Google Scholar
Zeanah, C. H., Benoit, D., Barton, M., Regan, C., Hirshberg, L. M., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1993). Representations of attachment in mothers and their one-year-old infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 278–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×