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1 - The paradoxical nature of nature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

By
Narinder Kapur ,
Alvaro Pascual-Leone ,
Tom Manly  and
Jonathan Cole
Edited by
Narinder Kapur
With
Alvaro Pascual-Leone ,
Vilayanur Ramachandran ,
Jonathan Cole ,
Sergio Della Sala ,
Tom Manly  and
Andrew Mayes
Foreword by
Oliver Sacks
Narinder Kapur
Affiliation:
University College London
Alvaro Pascual-Leone
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Tom Manly
Affiliation:
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
Jonathan Cole
Affiliation:
Bournemouth University
Narinder Kapur
Affiliation:
University College London
Alvaro Pascual-Leone
Affiliation:
Harvard Medical School
Vilayanur Ramachandran
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Jonathan Cole
Affiliation:
University of Bournemouth
Sergio Della Sala
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Tom Manly
Affiliation:
MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
Andrew Mayes
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Oliver Sacks
Affiliation:
Columbia University Medical Center
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Summary

Summary

Paradoxes abound in nature and in the realm of the human condition. Paradoxes have been evident in fields of science – from plant biology to human biology to physics – and in areas of human endeavour, ranging through political, literary and social activities. Paradoxes often represent instances where current knowledge may be deficient, and thus predictions based on such knowledge may be inconsistent with actual events or findings. At the level of scientific methodology, paradoxical phenomena offer powerful opportunities to test models and conceptual frameworks, and to enable true ‘paradigm shifts’ in certain areas of scientific inquiry. Insights from paradoxical phenomena in clinical sciences not only help us to understand mechanisms of function and dysfunction, they also provide clues as to therapeutic strategies, which may alleviate impairment and disability resulting from disease and injury. In addition, they may contribute towards a more positive, humanistic view of diverse states of the human condition.

Introduction

The word paradox is derived from the Greek: the prefix para means contrary or opposed, and doxos means opinion. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002) includes amongst its definitions of paradox ‘a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition which, when investigated or explained, may prove to be well-founded or true’. In his philosophical treatise on paradoxes, Sainsbury (2009) has highlighted the paradoxical nature of paradoxes themselves: ‘Paradoxes are fun.

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Chapter
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The Paradoxical Brain , pp. 1 - 13
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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