The right of commoners to own urban land or contribute to city design is taken for granted in advanced democracies. Citizens of the struggling urban settlements of medieval Europe bequeathed these rights to present generations nearly a millennium ago. Yet these rights, unique as they were historical, had a more far-reaching implication. Twelfth-century townspeople laid the foundation for democratic institutions by usurping authority from traditional rulers and instituting a sworn community of the ruled. This revolutionaryassumption and legitimization of municipal power did not occur in the Near East or Asia. It was a novel characteristic of the Occidental medieval city.

This chapter traces historical differences in the urban political economy of Europe and Eurasia to shed light on the role of urban land in political and economic development. In Europe, it covers the medieval period from the eleventh century to the ascendency of imperial rule over cities from the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. In Eurasia, it carries the story through the collapse of communism in 1991, with a focus on Russia.

Although the medieval European city did not lead directly to modern liberal democracy, it charted the course through the institution of urban property rights and responsibilities (Weber 1978 [1922]: 1323). These rights distinguished the political and economic development of Europe in the Middle Ages from cities that evolved in many of today's authoritarian and hybrid regimes, including Russia and Turkey.