Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7czq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T02:30:46.321Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 10 - Examination of the Foot and Ankle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2022

Fazal Ali
Affiliation:
Chesterfield Royal Hospital
Nick Harris
Affiliation:
Spire Hospital, Leeds
Get access

Summary

Foot and ankle examination begins with the patient standing. Then ask the patient to walk, observing the gait and the three rockers. If the diagnosis is pes planus or pes cavus, the relevant tests can be done at this point of the examination, a single leg tiptoe test or the Coleman block test, respectively. Inspection is then completed by asking the patient to sit and inspect the sole of the foot, between the toes and the shoes. Movements are performed in the joints from proximal to distal or distal to proximal, depending on the underlying pathology.

The chapter looks at a wide variety of pathology and the clinical examination findings related to these cases.

Type
Chapter
Information
Orthopaedic Examination Techniques
A Practical Guide
, pp. 172 - 192
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Vainio, K. The rheumatoid foot; a clinical study with pathological and roentgenological comments. Ann Chir Gynaecol Fenn Suppl 1956;45(1):1107.Google Scholar
Coughlin, MJ. Common causes of pain in the forefoot in adults. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2000 Aug;82(6):781790.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarrafian, SK. Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1993.Google Scholar
Farabeuf, L. Précis de manuel operatoire. Paris: Masson, 1889; pp. 816847.Google Scholar
Giannestras, N. Foot Disorders: Medical and Surgical Management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1970.Google Scholar
Molloy, S, Solan, MC, Bendall, SP. Synovial impingement in the ankle. A new physical sign. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003 Apr;85(3):330333.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hopkinson, WJ, St Pierre, P, Ryan, JB, Wheeler, JH. Syndesmosis sprains of the ankle. Foot Ankle 1990 Jun;10(6):325330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mulder, JD. The causative mechanism in Morton’s metatarsalgia. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1951 Feb;33 -B(1):9495.Google Scholar
Krähenbühl, N, Weinberg, MW. Anatomy and biomechanics of cavovarus deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 2019 Jun 1;24(2):173181.Google Scholar
Coleman, SS, Chesnut, WJ. A simple test for hindfoot flexibility in the cavovarus foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1977 Apr;(123):6062.Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson, KA, Strom, DE. Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1989 Feb;(239):196206.Google Scholar
Myerson, MS. Adult acquired flatfoot deformity: treatment of dysfunction of the posterior tibial tendon. Instr Course Lect 1997;46:393405.Google Scholar
Thompson, TC, Doherty, JH. Spontaneous rupture of tendon of Achilles: a new clinical diagnostic test. J Trauma 1962 Mar;2:126129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Y, Schlösser, FJ, Sumpio, BE. The Semmes Weinstein monofilament examination is a significant predictor of the risk of foot ulceration and amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Vasc Surg 2011 Jan 1;53(1):220–226.e5.Google Scholar
Yao, K, Yang, TX, Yew, WP. Posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction: overview of evaluation and management. Orthopedics 2015 Jun;38(6):385391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dodd, A, Daniels, TR. Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot and ankle. J Bone Joint Surg 2018;100(8):696711.Google Scholar
Yousaf, S, Dawe, EJC, Saleh, A, Gill, IR, Wee, A. The acute Charcot foot in diabetics. EFORT Open Rev 2018 Oct 1;3(10):568573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hintermann, B, Gächter, A. The first metatarsal rise sign: a simple, sensitive sign of tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction. Foot Ankle Int 1996 Apr;17(4):236241.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C, Whitehouse, SL, Saxby, TS. Long-term follow-up of flexor digitorum longus transfer and calcaneal osteotomy for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Bone Joint J 2015 Mar 1;97 -B(3):346352.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chan, JY, Greenfield, ST, Soukup, DS, Do, HT, Deland, JT, Ellis, SJ. Contribution of lateral column lengthening to correction of forefoot abduction in stage iib adult acquired flatfoot deformity reconstruction. Foot Ankle Int 2015 Dec 1;36(12):14001411.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×