Chapter 8 describes the development of the various forms of monism (material, personal, mental, abstract) after the Rigveda. The traditional correspondences, between ritual and what ritual controls, tend to collapse into a single identification, of subject with object, making for the prominence and coalescence of mental monism and abstract monism in the early Upanishads – under the influence of universal abstract value. Awareness of the unity of all things (monism) is associated with immortality. The monistic tendency is illustrated by focus on a single passage of the Chandogya Upani?ad.