Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T01:19:33.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

15 - What Can Management Do about Employee Mental Health?

from Part V - Emerging Issues

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 February 2023

Laurent M. Lapierre
Affiliation:
University of Ottawa
Sir Cary Cooper
Affiliation:
University of Manchester
Get access

Summary

This chapter addresses how senior managers (executives, directors) and immediate managers (those to whom employees report directly) can protect, if not enhance, employees’ mental health. We begin by defining the broad concept of employee “mental health.” We then review scientific literature addressing senior and immediate managers’ potential roles in supporting employee mental health. Although more has been published on immediate managers, much of that work has failed to provide practically useful insights, because of vague conceptualizations, poorly developed measures, or insufficient integration across related topics of study. To help fill that gap, we propose a comprehensive behavioral taxonomy of mental health–supportive supervision. This taxonomy integrates evidence-based insights on the types of behavior that immediate managers should avoid, those they should display, and helpful actions advocated by mental health first aid training programs. Lastly, we list several pressing avenues for future research.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, T. D., French, K. A., Dumani, S., & Shockley, K. M. (2020). A cross-national meta-analytic examination of predictors and outcomes associated with work–family conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105, 539576.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Amstad, F. T., Meier, L. L., Fasel, U., Elfering, A., & Semmer, N. K. (2011). A meta-analysis of work–family conflict and various outcomes with a special emphasis on cross-domain versus matching-domain relations. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 16, 151169.Google Scholar
Arnold, J., Arad, S., Roades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire: The construction and validation of a new scale for measuring leader behaviors. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249269.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attridge, M., Cahill, T., Granberry, S. W., & Herlihy, P. A. (2013). The National Behavioral Consortium Industry Profile of External EAP Vendors. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 28, 251324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attridge, M., Sharar, D. A., DeLapp, G. P., & Veder, B. (2018). EAP Works: Global results from 24,363 counseling cases with pre–post data on the Workplace Outcome Suite (WOS). International Journal of Health & Productivity. https://archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu/handle/10713/8962Google Scholar
Avolio, B. J. (2011). Full range leadership development (2nd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Banks, M. H., Clegg, C. W., Jackson, P. R., Kemp, N. J., Stafford, E. M., & Wall, T. D. (1980). The use of the General Health Questionnaire as an indicator of mental health in occupational studies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 187194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, M. M., Clarke, A. M., Petersen, I., & Jenkins, R. (Eds.). (2019). Implementing mental health promotion (2nd ed.). Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational leadership development: Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage.Google Scholar
Bedwell, W. L., Fiore, S. M., & Salas, E. (2014). Developing the future workforce: An approach for integrating interpersonal skills into the MBA classroom. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 13, 171186.Google Scholar
Bloom, D. E., Cafiero, E., Jané-Llopis, E., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Bloom, L. R., Fathima, S., … Weiss, J. (2012). The global economic burden of noncommunicable diseases. In PGDA Working Papers (No. 8712). Program on the Global Demography of Aging.Google Scholar
Bonaccio, S., Lapierre, L. M., & O’Reilly, J. (2019). Creating work climates that facilitate and maximize the benefits of disclosing mental health problems in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 48, 113122.Google Scholar
Brohan, E., Henderson, C., Wheat, K., Malcolm, E., Clement, S., Barley, E. A., … Thornicroft, G. (2012). Systematic review of beliefs, behaviors and influencing factors associated with disclosure of a mental health problem in the workplace. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessments of Bass’s (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 468478.Google Scholar
Caesens, G., Bouchat, P., & Stinglhamber, F. (2020). Perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment: A multi-sample study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62, 526531.Google Scholar
Caplan, R. D., Cobb, S., French, J. P. R., Harrison, R. V., & Pinneau, S. R. (1975). Job demands and worker health: Main effects and occupational differences. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.Google Scholar
Clarke, M. (2016). Addressing the soft skills crisis. Strategic HR Review, 15, 137139.Google Scholar
Cohen, B. E., Edmondson, D., & Kronish, I. M. (2015). State of the art review: Depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Hypertension, 28, 12951302.Google Scholar
Colbert, A. E., Bono, J. E., & Purvanova, R. K. (2016). Flourishing via workplace relationships: Moving beyond instrumental support. Academy of Management Journal, 59, 11991223.Google Scholar
Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., & O’Boyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation. Journal of Management, 38, 15501581.Google Scholar
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational settings. Academy of Management Review, 12, 637647.Google Scholar
Costa, P. T., McCrae, R. R., & Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 887898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crain, T. L., & Stevens, S. C. (2018). Family-supportive supervisor behaviors: A review and recommendations for research and practice. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 869888. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2320Google Scholar
Cuff, B. M. P., Brown, S. J., Taylor, L., & Howat, D. J. (2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8, 144153.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 580590.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227268.Google Scholar
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71.Google Scholar
Dimoff, J. K., & Kelloway, E. (2018). With a little help from my boss: The impact of workplace mental health training on leader behaviors and employee resource utilization. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, n.p.Google Scholar
Dimoff, J. K., & Kelloway, E. K. (2019). Mental health problems are management problems: Exploring the critical role of managers in supporting employee mental health. Organizational Dynamics, 48, 105112.Google Scholar
Dimoff, J. K., Kelloway, E. K., & Burnstein, M. D. (2016). Mental health awareness training (MHAT): The development and evaluation of an intervention for workplace leaders. International Journal of Stress Management, 23, 167189.Google Scholar
Duffy, M. K., Ganster, D. C., & Pagon, M. (2002). Social undermining in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 331351.Google Scholar
Dunkl, A., Jiménez, P., Šarotar Žižek, S., Milfelner, B., & Kallus, W. K. (2015). Similarities and differences of health-promoting leadership and transformational leadership. Naše Gospodarstvo/Our Economy, 61, 313.Google Scholar
Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5, 379401.Google Scholar
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500507.Google Scholar
Eriksson, A., Axelsson, R., & Axelsson, S. B. (2011). Health promoting leadership – different views of the concept. Work, 40, 7584.Google Scholar
Fleishman, E. A. (1973). Twenty years of consideration and structure. In Fleishman, E. A. & Hunt, J. G. (Eds.), Current developments in the study of leadership (pp. 140). Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Fleishman, E. A. (1995). Consideration and structure: Another look at their role in leadership research. In Dansereau, F. & Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.), Leadership: The multiple-level approaches (pp. 5160). JAI Press.Google Scholar
Franke, F., Ducki, A., & Felfe, J. (2015). Gesundheitsförderliche Führung. Trends der psychologischen Führungsforschung (pp. 253264). Scopus.Google Scholar
Franke, F., & Felfe, J. (2011). Diagnose gesundheitsförderlicher Führung – Das Instrument “Health-oriented Leadership.” In Badura, B., Ducki, A., Schröder, H., Klose, J., & Macco, K. (Eds.), Fehlzeiten-Report 2011: Führung und Gesundheit: Zahlen, Daten, Analysen aus allen Branchen der Wirtschaft (pp. 313). Springer.Google Scholar
Franke, F., Felfe, J., & Pundt, A. (2014). The impact of health-oriented leadership on follower health: Development and test of a new instrument measuring health-promoting leadership. Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 28, 139161.Google Scholar
Franke, F., Vincent, S., & Felfe, J. (2011). Gesundheitsbezogene führung. In Bamberg, E., Ducki, A., & Metz, A.-M. (Eds.), Gesundheitsförderung und Gesundheitsmanagement in der Arbeitswelt. Ein Handbuch (pp. 371392). Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Gilbert, S. L., & Kelloway, E. K. (2018). Leadership, recognition and well-being: A moderated mediational model. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences de l’Administration, 35, 523534.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, R. K., Wright, S. L., & Heaphy, E. D. (2020). A critique of the leader–member exchange construct: Back to square one. The Leadership Quarterly, 101385.Google Scholar
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Development of leader–member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multi-domain perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219247.Google Scholar
Greenhaus, J. H., Allen, T. D., & Spector, P. E. (2006). Health consequences of work–family conflict: The dark side of the work–family interface. In Perrewé, P. L. & Ganster, D. C. (Eds.), Research in occupational stress and well-being (Vol. 5, pp. 6198). Emerald Group.Google Scholar
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Hadlaczky, G., Hökby, S., Mkrtchian, A., Carli, V., & Wasserman, D. (2014). Mental Health First Aid is an effective public health intervention for improving knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: A meta-analysis. International Review of Psychiatry, 26, 467475.Google Scholar
Halpin, A. W. (1957). Manual for the LEADER BEHAVIOR DESCRIPTION QUESTIONNAIRE. Fisher College of Business, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Yragui, N. L., Bodner, T. E., & Hanson, G. C. (2009). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35, 837856.Google Scholar
Hansbrough, T. K., Lord, R. G., Schyns, B., Foti, R. J., Liden, R. C., & Acton, B. P. (2021). Do you remember? Rater memory systems and leadership measurement. The Leadership Quarterly, 32, 101455.Google Scholar
Harms, P. D., Credé, M., Tynan, M., Leon, M., & Jeung, W. (2017). Leadership and stress: A meta-analytic review. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 178194.Google Scholar
Hastuti, R., & Timming, A. R. (2021). An inter-disciplinary review of the literature on mental illness disclosure in the workplace: Implications for human resource management. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 32(15), 33023338.Google Scholar
Holman, D., & Axtell, C. (2016). Can job redesign interventions influence a broad range of employee outcomes by changing multiple job characteristics? A quasi-experimental study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21, 284295.Google Scholar
Holman, D., Johnson, S., & O’Connor, E. (2018). Stress management interventions: Improving subjective psychological well-being in the workplace. In Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (Eds.), Handbook of well-being (pp. 754766). DEF Publishers.Google Scholar
House, J. S. (1981). Work stress and social support. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Human Resources Professionals Association of Ontario. (2021). HRPA 2020 Trends Survey report. www.hrpa.ca/hrpa-2020-trends-survey-gate-2021-03-24/Google Scholar
Jex, S. M., & Beehr, T. A. (1991). Emerging theoretical and methodological issues in the study of work-related stress. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 9, 311365.Google Scholar
Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T., & Kim, K. Y. (2021). Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42, 229251.Google Scholar
Jones, E. E., Farina, A., Hastorf, A. H., Markus, H., Miller, D. T., & Scott, R. A. (1984). Social stigma: The psychology of marked relationships. Freeman.Google Scholar
Joseph, B., Walker, A., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2018). Evaluating the effectiveness of employee assistance programmes: A systematic review. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27, 115.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755768.Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., & Ilies, R. (2004). The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 3651.Google Scholar
Kaiser Family Foundation. (2020, October 8). 2020 Employer Health Benefits Survey. www.kff.org/health-costs/report/2020-employer-health-benefits-survey/Google Scholar
Kelloway, E. K., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L., & Barling, J. (2005). Poor leadership. In Barling, J. & Kelloway, E. K. (Eds.), Handbook of work stress (pp. 89112). Sage.Google Scholar
Keyes, C. L. M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62, 95108.Google Scholar
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., & Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work–family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64, 289313.Google Scholar
Lambert, L. S., Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Holt, D. T., & Barelka, A. J. (2012). Forgotten but not gone: An examination of fit between leader consideration and initiating structure needed and received. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 913930.Google Scholar
Lee, C., & Schuler, R. S. (1980). Goal specificity and difficulty and leader initiating structure as strategies for managing role stress. Journal of Management, 6, 177187.Google Scholar
Mackey, J. D., Frieder, R. E., Brees, J. R., & Martinko, M. J. (2017). Abusive supervision: A meta-analysis and empirical review. Journal of Management, 43, 19401965.Google Scholar
Marin-Garcia, J. A., & Bonavia, T. (2021). Empowerment and employee well-being: A mediation analysis study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 5822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370396.Google Scholar
Matthews, R. A., Mills, M. J., Trout, R. C., & English, L. (2014). Family-supportive supervisor behaviors, work engagement, and subjective well-being: A contextually dependent mediated process. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 168181.Google Scholar
McClelland, D. C. (1987). Human motivation. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P. E., & Jenkins, R. (2009). Adult psychiatric morbidity in England – 2007, results of a household survey. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-survey/adult-psychiatric-morbidity-in-england-2007-results-of-a-household-surveyGoogle Scholar
McMullan, A. D., Lapierre, L. M., & Li, Y. (2018). A qualitative investigation of work-family-supportive coworker behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 2541.Google Scholar
Michaelson, C., Pratt, M. G., Grant, A. M., & Dunn, C. P. (2014). Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 121, 7790.Google Scholar
Milligan-Saville, J. S., Tan, L., Gayed, A., Barnes, C., Madan, I., Dobson, M., … Harvey, S. B. (2017). Workplace mental health training for managers and its effect on sick leave in employees: A cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 850858.Google Scholar
Mulvale, G., & Hurley, J. (2008). Insurance coverage and the treatment of mental illness: Effect on medication and provider use. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 11, 177199.Google Scholar
National Council for Mental Wellbeing. (2021). Mental health first aid. www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/Google Scholar
Newcomer, J. W., & Hennekens, C. H. (2007). Severe mental illness and risk of cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 298, 17941796.Google Scholar
Peeters, M. C. W., Buunk, B. P., & Schaufeli, W. B. (1995). Social interactions and feelings of inferiority. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 10731089.Google Scholar
Reinert, M., Nguyen, T., & Fritze, D. (2020). 2021: The state of mental health in America. www.mamh.org/assets/files/2021-State-of-Mental-Health-in-America.pdfGoogle Scholar
Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in today’s workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75, 453465.Google Scholar
Rospenda, K. (2002). Workplace harassment, services utilization, and drinking outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 141155.Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W., Murphy, L. D., & Zacher, H. (2020). A systematic review and critique of research on “healthy leadership.The Leadership Quarterly, 31, 101335.Google Scholar
Sanofi. (2020). Sanofi Canada Healthcare Survey, 40.Google Scholar
Santa Maria, A., Wolter, C., Gusy, B., Kleiber, D., & Renneberg, B. (2019). The impact of health-oriented leadership on police officers’ physical health, burnout, depression and well-being. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 13, 186200.Google Scholar
Sarti, D. (2014). Job resources as antecedents of engagement at work: Evidence from a long-term care setting. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25, 213237.Google Scholar
Shanock, L. R., & Eisenberger, R. (2006). When supervisors feel supported: Relationships with subordinates’ perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 689695.Google Scholar
Shockley, K. M., & Allen, T. D. (2013). Episodic work–family conflict, cardiovascular indicators, and social support: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18, 262275.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skogstad, A., Einarsen, S., Torsheim, T., Aasland, M. S., & Hetland, H. (2007). The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership behavior. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 8092.Google Scholar
Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Adair, C., Ahmad, S., & Khan, M. (2011). The life and economic impact of major mental illnesses in Canada: 2011 to 2041.Google Scholar
Smith, N. (2019). Development and validation of the Workplace Mental Illness Stigma Scale (W-MISS) (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Portland State University.Google Scholar
Sorensen, O. H., & Holman, D. (2014). A participative intervention to improve employee well-being in knowledge work jobs: A mixed-methods evaluation study. Work & Stress, 28, 6786.Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., Dwyer, D. J., & Jex, S. M. (1988). Relation of job stressors to affective, health, and performance outcomes: A comparison of multiple data sources. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 1119.Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12, 269292.Google Scholar
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 14421465.Google Scholar
Spreitzer, G. M., Sutcliffe, K., Dutton, J., Sonenshein, S., & Grant, A. M. (2005). A socially embedded model of thriving at work. Organization Science, 16, 537549.Google Scholar
Stogdill, R. M. (1950). Leadership, membership and organization. Psychological Bulletin, 47, 114.Google Scholar
Stogdill, R. M. (1963). Manual for the leader behavior description questionnaire, form XII. Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2019). 2019 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) releases. www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2019-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releasesGoogle Scholar
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178190.Google Scholar
Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261516.Google Scholar
Tepper, B. J., & Taylor, E. C. (2003). Relationships among supervisors’ and subordinates’ procedural justice perceptions and organizational citizenship behaviors. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 97105.Google Scholar
The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company. (2021). $10,000 mental health benefit for our employees in Canada. www.manulife.com/en/about/sustainability/10000-dollar-mental-health-benefit-for-our-employees-in-canada.htmlGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, K., & Chenier, L. (2011). Building mentally healthy workplaces: Perspectives of Canadian workers and front-line managers. The Conference Board of Canada.Google Scholar
Trautmann, S., Rehm, J., & Wittchen, H. (2016). The economic costs of mental disorders. EMBO Reports, 17, 12451249.Google Scholar
Van Knippenberg, B., & Sitkin, S. B. (2013). A critical assessment of charismatic–transformational leadership research: Back to the drawing board? Academy of Management Annals, 7, 160.Google Scholar
Vinokur, A., Schul, Y., & Caplan, R. D. (1987). Determinants of perceived social support: Interpersonal transactions, personal outlook, and transient affective states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 11371145.Google Scholar
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 314334.Google Scholar
Vos, T., Barber, R. M., Bell, B., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Biryukov, S., Bolliger, I., … Murray, C. J. (2015). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet, 386, 743800.Google Scholar
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 10631070.Google Scholar
Wayne, J. H., Vaziri, H., & Casper, W. J. (2021). Work–nonwork balance: Development and validation of a global and multidimensional measure. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 103565.Google Scholar
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., … Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 382, 15751586.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. (2018, March 30). Mental health: Strengthening our response. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-responseGoogle Scholar
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluative essay on current conceptions of effective leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 3348.Google Scholar
Zwingmann, I., Wegge, J., Wolf, S., Rudolf, M., Schmidt, M., & Richter, P. (2014). Is transformational leadership healthy for employees? A multilevel analysis in 16 nations. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 28, 2451.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×