Raymond Ruyer's philosophy of biology takes the notion of an organism as its central theme. As George Canguilhem observed in his ‘Note’ (1947), the publication of Ruyer's book Elements de psychobiologie was an important event which helped to overcome the ‘oblivion of life’ in French philosophy. In his two most important books, Neofinalism (2016) and The Genesis of Living Forms (2020), Ruyer defines an organism as a primary consciousness, which has the capacity of self-organisation, self-affection and self-enjoyment. For Ruyer, primary consciousness is a specific phenomenon characteristic both of human beings and all living forms. What defines any living being is the development of forms, or the process of morphogenesis, leading to a certain purpose that is not determined in advance but self-initiated by an organism's ‘mnemic themes’. Like Simondon, Ruyer argues against the notion of bounded entities, understood as pre-formed and pre-given, and asserts that morphogenesis is a self-formative activity, which creates without any pre-ordered idea or plan. Ruyer's morphogenesis, similar to Simondonian ontogenesis, is a process that carries within itself the potential for its transformation. Ruyer criticises contemporary theories of embryogenesis as being built on Newtonian physics, which construes living beings as mechanisms placed in a neutral space. In this sense, Ruyer distinguishes between the extensive space of physical entities and the intensive space of living forms. In contrast to physical entities, Ruyer examines living organisms as self-formative and self-surveying beings, which have the properties of primary consciousness. Each living form, from the most primitive organisms to those having a psychological consciousness and a brain, expresses conscious activity and the capacity of maintaining and transforming its form. This insight allows one to reconceptualise the notion of an organism and also to relocate human consciousness from its exceptional position to its place in the continuum of living beings. In this chapter I will concentrate on some specific aspects of Ruyer's theory of morphogenesis and its tension between preformationism and finalism; then I will discuss the notions of equipotentiality and of self-survey, and finally emphasise the uniqueness of his notion of primary consciousness.