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8 - Primate Olfaction: Anatomy and Evolution

from Section II - Social Functioning: Role of Evolution, Genetics and Gender

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2009

By
Timothy Smith  and
James Rossie
Edited by
Warrick J. Brewer ,
David Castle  and
Christos Pantelis
Foreword by
Peter Doherty
Warrick J. Brewer
Affiliation:
Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Melbourne
David Castle
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
Christos Pantelis
Affiliation:
University of Melbourne
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Summary

Introduction

Primate origins

The living primates are commonly divided into two suborders: Strepsirrhini comprising the lemurs, lorises and galagos; and Haplorhini containing tarsiers and anthropoids (Table 8.1, Figure 8.1). These two groups had diverged from one another by the beginning of the Eocene period (Rose & Bown, 1991), where they are represented by the adapoids and omomyoids respectively. Together, the living and fossil strepsirrhines and haplorhines are known as ‘crown primates’ or ‘euprimates’. Any primates preceding the divergence of the two euprimate suborders would be called stem primates, and a growing body of evidence suggests that the plesiadapiforms, a diverse radiation known mainly from the Paleocene period, are such a group (Bloch & Boyer, 2002). While the origin of stem primates constitutes the true origin of the primate order, most adaptive scenarios of ‘primate origins’ have focused on anatomical differences between euprimates and other mammals.

Of the several theories that have been developed to account for the origin of primates (see Cartmill (1992) and Sussman (1999) for more thorough discussion and original references), two have specific bearing on the topic of this chapter. The arboreal theory (e.g. Jones, 1916; Smith, 1927) holds that the features which distinguish primates from other mammals (divergent hallux and pollex, regressive rostrum, more forward-facing position of the orbits (known as ‘orbital convergence’)) are adaptations for an arboreal existence.

Keywords

evolutionary modificationshaplorhinesmammalian nasal fossaeolfactory bulbsprimate olfactionolfactory fossaeolfactory mucosa
Type
Chapter
Information
Olfaction and the Brain , pp. 135 - 166
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

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