This chapter discusses the neonatal emergencies and resuscitation strategies in the newborns which differ from that of adults. Initial assessment of the newborn is based on the following parameters: colour, tone, breathing and heart rate. Pulse oximeter allows accurate assessment of heart rate and oxygen saturation within about 2 minutes of application. Emergency resuscitation drugs are very rarely required in the neonate. If a newborn cries at delivery, despite the presence of meconium, it will imply that the infant has an open airway and therefore no action is required. Newborn resuscitation follows a systematic stepwise approach with emphasis placed on temperature control, airway and breathing. The WHO guide recommends a simple, more feasible clinical criterion based on assessment of breathing alone: all babies who do not cry do not breathe at all, or who are gasping 30 seconds after birth should be resuscitated with bag-and-mask ventilation.