Allison, D., Fontaine, K., Manson, J., Stevens, J. and Van Itallie, T. (1999). Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA, 282(16), 1530–1538.Google Scholar

Anthony, A., Gatrell, C., Popay, J. and Thomas, C. (2004). Mapping the determinants of health inequalities in social space: Can Bourdieu help us? Health and Place, 10(3), 203–291.Google Scholar

Aston, G. and Burnard, L. (1998). The BNC Handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Atanasova, D., Gunter, B. and Koteyko, N. (2013). Ways of seeing obesity: A visual content analysis of British and German online newspapers, 2009–2011. The International Journal of Communication and Health, 1, 1–8.Google Scholar

Atanasova, D. and Koteyko, N. (2017). Obesity frames and counter-frames in British and German online newspapers. Health, 21(6), 650–669.Google Scholar

Atanasova, D., Koteyko, N. and Gunter, B. (2012). Obesity in the news: Directions for future research. Obesity Reviews, 13(6), 554–559.Google Scholar

Baek, H., Ahn, J. and Choi, Y.-S. (2012). Helpfulness of online consumer reviews: Readers’ objectives and review cues. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 17(2), 99–126.Google Scholar

Baker, C. (2019). Obesity Statistics. House of Commons Briefing Paper 3336.Google Scholar

Baker, P. (2006). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Baker, P. (2010a). Representations of Islam in British broadsheet and tabloid newspapers 1999–2005. Journal of Language and Politics, 9(2), 310–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, P. (2010b). Sociolinguistics and Corpus Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Baker, P., Brookes, G. and Evans, C. (2019). The Language of Patient Feedback: A Corpus Linguistic Study of Online Health Communication. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., KhosraviNik, M, Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T. and Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273–306.Google Scholar

Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C. and McEnery, T. (2013). Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baker, P. and Levon, E. (2016). ‘That’s what I call a man’: Representations of racialised and classed masculinities in the UK print media. Gender & Language, 10(1), 106–139.Google Scholar

Baker, P. and McEnery, T. (2014). ‘Find the doctors of death: Press representation of foreign doctors working in the NHS, a corpus-based approach’. In: Jaworski, A. and Coupland, N. (Eds.), The Discourse Reader (3rd edition). London: Routledge, pp. 465–480.Google Scholar

Baker, P. and McEnery, T. (2015). ‘Who benefits when discourse gets democratised? Analysing a Twitter corpus around the British Benefits Street debate’. In: Baker, P. and McEnery, T. (Eds.), Corpora and Discourse Studies: Integrating Discourse and Corpora. Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 244–265.Google Scholar

Baker, P. and McGlashan, M. (2020). ‘Critical discourse analysis’. In: Adolphs, S. and Knight, D. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of English Language and Digital Humanities. London: Routledge, pp. 220–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baron, A. (2011). Dealing with spelling variation in early modern English texts. Unpublished PhD thesis, Lancaster University.Google Scholar

Baum, F. and Fisher, M. (2014). Why behavioural health promotion endures despite its failure to reduce health inequities. Sociology of Health and Illness, 36(2), 213–225.Google Scholar

Beck, U. (1992). Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Becker, H. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. (2017). The Discourse of News Values. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bell, A. (1991). Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Bennett, E. and Gough, B. (2013). In pursuit of leanness: The management of appearance, affect and masculinities within a men’s weight loss forum. Health, 17(3), 284–299.Google Scholar

Bennett, J. (2013). Moralising class: A discourse analysis of the mainstream political response to Occupy and the August 2011 British riots. Discourse & Society, 24(1), 27–45.Google Scholar

Biber, D. and Conrad, S. (2009). Register, Genre, and Style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bissell, P., Peacock, M., Blackburn, J. and Smith, C. (2016). The discordant pleasures of everyday eating: Reflections on the social gradient in obesity under neo-liberalism. Social Science & Medicine, 159, 14–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Block, D. (2013). Social Class in Applied Linguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Blüher, M. (2012). Are there still healthy obese patients? Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 19(5), 341–346.Google Scholar

Boero, N. (2007). All the news that’s fat to print: The American ‘obesity epidemic’ and the media. Qualitative Sociology, 30(1), 41–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boero, N. (2012). Killer Fat: Media, Medicine, and Morals in the American ‘Obesity Epidemic’. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Boero, N. (2013). Obesity in the media: Social science weighs in. Critical Public Health, 23(3), 371–380.Google Scholar

Bonfiglioli, C., King, L., Smith, B., Chapman, S. and Holding, S. (2007). Obesity in the media: Political hot potato or human interest story? Australian Journalism Review, 29(1), 53–61.Google Scholar

Bordo, S. (1993). Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Brewis, A. (2014). Stigma and the perpetuation of obesity. Social Science & Medicine, 118, 152–158.Google Scholar

Brewis, A. (2017). ‘Introduction – Making Sense of the New Global Body Norms’. In: Anderson-Fye, E. and Brewis, A. (Eds.), Fat Planet: Obesity, Culture, and Symbolic Body Capital. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, pp. 1–4.Google Scholar

Brewis, A., Wutich, A., Falletta‐Cowden, A. and Rodriguez‐Soto, I. (2011). Body norms and fat stigma in global perspective. Current Anthropology, 52(2), 269–276.Google Scholar

Brezina, V., McEnery, T. and Wattam, S. (2015). Collocations in context: A new perspective on collocation networks. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 20(2), 139–173.Google Scholar

Brookes, G. (2018). Insulin restriction, medicalisation and the Internet: A corpus-assisted study of diabulimia discourse in online support groups. Communication & Medicine, 15(1), 14–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brookes, G. (2020). ‘Corpus linguistics in illness and healthcare contexts: A case study of diabulimia support groups’. In: Demjén, Z. (Ed.), Applying Linguistics in Illness and Healthcare Contexts. London: Bloomsbury, pp. 44–72.Google Scholar

Brookes, G., Atkins, S. and Harvey, K. (forthcoming). ‘Corpus linguistics and health communication: Using corpora to examine the representation of health and illness’. In: A. O’Keeffe and M. McCarthy (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics (2nd edition). London: Routledge, In Press.Google Scholar

Brookes, G. and Baker, P. (2021). Fear and responsibility: Discourses of obesity and risk in the UK press. Journal of Risk Research. Online First. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2020.1863849.Google Scholar

Brookes, G. and Harvey, K. (2015). Peddling a semiotics of fear: A critical examination of scare tactics and commercial strategies in public health promotion. Social Semiotics, 25(1), 57–80.Google Scholar

Brookes, G., Harvey, K. and Mullany, L. (2016). ‘Off to the best start’? A multimodal critique of breast and formula feeding health promotional discourse. Gender & Language, 10(3), 340–363.Google Scholar

Brookes, G. and McEnery, T. (2020). Correlation, collocation and cohesion: A corpus-based critical analysis of violent jihadist discourse. Discourse & Society, 31(4), 351–373.Google Scholar

Brookes, G. and Wright, D. (2020). ‘From burden to threat: A diachronic study of language ideology and migrant representation in the British press’. In: Rautionaho, P., Nurmi, A. and Klemola, J. (Eds.), Corpora and the Changing Society: Studies in the Evolution of English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 113–140.Google Scholar

Brown, B. and Baker, S. (2012). Responsible Citizens: Individuals, Health and Policy under Neoliberalism. London: Anthem Press.Google Scholar

Buchbinder, D. (2010). Studying Men and Masculinities. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Burchell, G. (1993). Liberal government and techniques of the self. Economy and Society, 22(3), 267–282.Google Scholar

Burns, M. and Gavey, N. (2008). ‘Dis/orders of weight control: Bulimic and/or “healthy weight” practices’. In: Riley, S., Burns, M., Frith, H., Wiggins, S. and Markula, P. (Eds.), Critical Bodies: Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 139–154.Google Scholar

Campos, P., Saguy, A., Ernsberger, P., Oliver, E. and Gaesser, G. (2006). The epidemiology of overweight and obesity: Public health crisis or moral panic? International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 55–60.Google Scholar

Candlin, C. N., Maley, Y. and Sutch, H. (1999). ‘Industrial instability and the discourse of enterprise bargaining’. In: Sarangi, S. and Roberts, C. (Eds.), Talk, Work and Institutional Order: Discourse in Medical, Mediation and Management Settings. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 323–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caple, H., Anthony, L. and Bednarek, M. (2019). Kaleidographic: A data visualization tool. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 24(2), 245–261.Google Scholar

Carnethon, M., De Chavez, P., Biggs, M., Lewis, C., Pankow, J., Bertoni, A., Golden, S., Liu, K., Mukamal, K., Campbell-Jenkins, B. and Dyer, A. (2012). Association of weight status with mortality in adults with incident diabetes. JAMA, 308(6), 581–590.Google Scholar

Caulfield, T., Alfonso, V. and Shelley, J. (2009). Deterministic?: Newspaper Representations of Obesity and Genetics. The Open Obesity Journal, 1(1), 38–40.Google Scholar

Charteris-Black, J. and Seale, C. (2010). Gender and the Language of Illness. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Chrysochu, P. (2010). Food health branding: The role of marketing mix elements and public discourse in conveying a healthy brand image. Journal of Marketing Communications, 16(1–2), 69–85.Google Scholar

Collins, L. (2019). Corpus Linguistics for Online Communication. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Collins, L. and Nerlich, B. (2015). Examining user comments for deliberative democracy: A corpus-driven analysis of the climate change debate online. Environmental Communication, 9(2), 189–207.Google Scholar

Conboy, M. (2005). Tabloid Britain: Constructing a Community through Language. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Connell, R. (1995). Masculinities. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Connell, R. (2000). The Men and the Boys. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar

Connell, R. and Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829–859.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conrad, P. (2007). The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Health Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conrad, P. and Schneider, J. (1980). Deviance and Its Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. St. Louis: Mosby.Google Scholar

Corrigan, D. and Scarlett, M. (2020). Health Survey (NI): First Results 2018/19. Northern Ireland: Department of Health. www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/hsni-first-results-18-19_1.pdfGoogle Scholar

Cotter, C. (2010). News Talk: Investigating the Language of Journalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Couch, D., Thomas, S. L., Lewis, S., Blood, R. W. and Komesaroff, P. (2015). Obese adult’s perception of news reporting on obesity. The panopticon and synopticon at work. Sage Open, 5(4), 2158244015612522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: A theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385–1401.Google Scholar

Cramer, P. and Steinwert, T. (1998). Thin is good, fat is bad: How early does it begin? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19(3), 429–451.Google Scholar

Crawford, R. (1980). Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. International Journal of Health Services, 10(3), 365–388.Google Scholar

Crawford, P., Brown, B. and Harvey, K. (2014). ‘Corpus linguistics and evidence-based health communication’. In: Hamilton, H. E. and Chou, W. S. (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Health Communication. London: Routledge, pp. 75–90.Google Scholar

De Rossi, P. (2010). Unbearable Lightness: A Story of Loss and Gain. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Dunning, T. (1993). Accurate methods for the statistics of surprise and coincidence. Computational Linguistics, 19(1), 61–74.Google Scholar

Durkheim, E. (1895). Rules of the Sociological Method. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Durrant, P. and Doherty, A. (2010). Are high frequency collocations psychologically real? Investigating the thesis of collocational priming. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, 6(2), 125–155.Google Scholar

Eckert, P. and McConnell-Ginet, S. (2003). Language and Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Epstein, S. (1998). ‘Gay politics, ethnic identity: The limits of social constructionism’. In: Nardi, P. and Schneider, B. (Eds.), Social Perspectives in Lesbian and Gay Studies. London: Routledge, pp. 134–159. Reprinted from Socialist Review 93/94 (May–August 1987), pp. 9–54.Google Scholar

Evans, B. (2006). ‘Gluttony or sloth’: Critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy. Area, 38(3), 259–267.Google Scholar

Evert, S. (2008). ‘Corpora and collocations’. In: Lüdeling, A. and Kytö, M. (Eds.), Corpus Linguistics: An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1212–1248.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. (1992). ‘Introduction’. In: Fairclough, N. (Ed.), Critical Language Awareness. London: Pearson, pp. 1–30.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. Boston: Addison Wesley.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing Discourse. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fairclough, N. (2015). Language and Power (3rd edition). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Falk, G. (2001). Stigma: How We Treat Outsiders. Prometheus Books.Google Scholar

Farrell, A. (2011). Considering Fat Shame. New York: NYU Press.Google Scholar

Faulconbridge, L. and Bechtel, C. (2014). Depression and disordered eating in the obese person. Current Obesity Reports, 3(1), 127–136.Google Scholar

Filc, D. (2004). The medical text: Between biomedicine and hegemony. Social Science & Medicine, 59(6), 1275–1285.Google Scholar

Flint, S., Hudson, J. and Lavallee, D. (2016). The portrayal of obesity in U.K. national newspapers. Stigma and Health, 1(1), 16–28.Google Scholar

Flynn, R. (2006). ‘Health and risk’. In: Mythen, G. and Walklate, S. (Eds.), Beyond the Risk Society: Critical Reflections on Risk and Human Security. Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp. 77–95.Google Scholar

Fothergill, E., Guo, J., Howard, L., Kerns, J. C., Knuth, N. D., Brychta, R., Hall, K. D. (2016). Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after ‘The Biggest Loser’ competition. Obesity, 24(8), 1612–1619.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1976). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Foucault, M. (1979). Discipline and Punish. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar

Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fox, N. (1993). Postmodernism, Sociology and Health. Maidenhead: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Freebody, P. and Baker, C. (1987). ‘The construction and operation of gender in children’s first school books’. In: Pauwels, A. (Ed.), Women, Language and Society in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney: Australian Professional Publications, pp. 80–107.Google Scholar

Gablasova, D., Brezina, V. and McEnery, T. (2017). Collocations in corpus-based language learning research: Identifying, comparing and interpreting the evidence. Language Learning, 67(1), 155–179.Google Scholar

Galasiński, D. (2004). Men and the Language of Emotions. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Galtung, J. and Ruge, M. (1965). The structure of foreign news: The presentation of the Congo, Cuba and Cyprus crises in four Norwegian newspapers. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–90.Google Scholar

Gard, M. (2011). The End of the Obesity Epidemic. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Gard, M. and Wright, J. (2005). The Obesity Epidemic: Science, Morality and Ideology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Giddens, A. and Pierson, C. (1998). Making Sense of Modernity: Conversations with Anthony Giddens. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Gill, R. (2008). ‘Body Talk: Negotiating Body Image and Masculinity’. In: Riley, S., Burns, M., Frith, H., Wiggins, S. and Markula, P. (Eds.), Critical Bodies: Representations, Identities and Practices of Weight and Body Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 101–116.Google Scholar

Gill, R., Henwood, K. and McLean, C. (2000). ‘The tyranny of the “six-pack”? Culture in Psychology’. In: Squire, C. (Ed.), Culture in Psychology. London: Routledge, pp. 100–117.Google Scholar

Glasgow, S. (2012). The Politics of Self-Craft: Expert Patients and the Public Health Management of Chronic Disease. Sage Open, 2(3), 1–11.Google Scholar

Glass, T. (2000). ‘Psychosocial interventions’. In: Berkman, L. and Kawachi, I. (Eds.), Social Epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 267–305.Google Scholar

Glenn, N. M., Champion, C. C. and Spence, J. C. (2012). Qualitative content analysis of online news media coverage of weight loss surgery and related reader comments. Clinical Obesity, 2(5–6), 125–131.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Gollust, S., Lantz, P. and Ubel, P. (2009). The polarizing effect of news media messages about the social determinants of health. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2160–2167.Google Scholar

Goodman, L. A. (1961). ‘Snowball sampling’. Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 32(1), 148–170.Google Scholar

Gough, B. (2006). Try to be healthy, but don’t forgo your masculinity: Deconstructing men’s health discourse in the media. Social Science & Medicine, 63(9), 2476–2488.Google Scholar

Gough, B. (2007). ‘Real men don’t diet’: An analysis of contemporary newspaper representations of men, food and health. Social Science & Medicine, 64(2), 326–337.Google Scholar

Gough, B. (2010). ‘Promoting ‘masculinity’ over health: A critical analysis of men’s health promotion with particular reference to an obesity reduction manual’. In: Gough, B. and Robertson, S. (Eds.), Men, Masculinities and Health: Critical Perspectives. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 125–142.Google Scholar

Guy, G. (2011). ‘Language, social class, and status’. In: Mesthrie, R. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 159–185.Google Scholar

Gwyn, R. (2002). Communicating Health and Illness. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Hall, S. (1997). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as a Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Hamilton, K. (2012). Low-income families and coping through brands: Inclusion or stigma? Sociology, 46(1), 74–90.Google Scholar

Hamilton, C., Adolphs, S. and Nerlich, B. (2007). The meanings of ‘risk’: A view from corpus linguistics. Discourse & Society, 18(2), 163–181.Google Scholar

Harcup, T. and O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261–280.Google Scholar

Harcup, T. and O’Neill, D. (2017). What is news? News values revisited (again). Journalism Studies, 18(12), 1470–1488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hardie, A. (2012). CQPweb – combining power, flexibility and usability in a corpus analysis tool. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 17(3), 380–409.Google Scholar

Harvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Harvey, K. and Brookes, G. (2019). Looking through Dementia: What do commercial stock images tell us about aging and cognitive decline? Qualitative Health Research, 29(7), 987–1003.Google Scholar

Heuer, C., McClure, K. and Puhl, R. (2011). Obesity stigma in online news: A visual content analysis. Journal of Health Communication, 16(9), 976–987.Google Scholar

House of Commons. (2004). Health Select Committee Report: Obesity. London: The Stationary Office.Google Scholar

Hunston, S. (2002). Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hunt, D. and Brookes, G. (2020). Corpus, Discourse and Mental Health. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Iggers, J. (1999). Good News, Bad News: Journalism Ethics and the Public Interest. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Irvine, L. (1999). Codependent Forevermore: The Invention of Self in a Twelve Step Group. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Jewell, J. (2014). Love them or hate them, BTL comments have changed journalism forever. The Conversation. Online. https://theconversation.com/love-them-or-hate-them-btl-comments-have-changed-journalism-forever-33816.Google Scholar

Johnson, J. and Partington, A. (2017). ‘A corpus-assisted discourse study (CADS) of representations of the ‘underclass’ in the English-language press: Who are they, how do they behave, and who is to blame for them?’. In: Friginal, E. (Ed.), Studies in Corpus-Based Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge, pp. 293–318.Google Scholar

Jones, A. (2018). I was on a diet for 18 years. Here’s what a learnt. Online article at www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/6b0548de-903f-4b15-8dd8-5c11bed79efcGoogle Scholar

Jones, O. (2012). Chavs: The Demonization of the Working Class. London: Verso.Google Scholar

Jutel, A. (2009). Sociology of diagnosis: A preliminary review. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(2), 278–299.Google Scholar

Kim, S. and Popkin, B. (2006). Commentary: Understanding the epidemiology of overweight and obesity – A real global public health concern. International Journal of Epidemiology, 35(1), 60–82.Google Scholar

Kimmel, M. S. (2000). The Gendered Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Kovach, B. and Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect. California: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar

Kwan, S. and Graves, J. (2013). Framing Fat: Competing Constructions in Contemporary Culture. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar

Kyle, T. K. and Puhl, R. M. (2014). Putting people first in obesity. Obesity, 22(5), 1211–1211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Labov, W. (2006). The Social Stratification of English in New York City (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Labov, W. (2013). The Language of Life and Death: The Transformation of Experience in Oral Narrative. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Le Grand, J. and New, B. (2015). Government Paternalism: Nanny State or Helpful Friend? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Ledin, P. and Machin, D. (2015). How lists, bullet points and tables recontextualize social practice: A multimodal study of management language in Swedish universities. Critical Discourse Studies, 12(4), 463–481.Google Scholar

Lee, E-J (2012). That’s not the way it is: How user‐generated comments on the news affect perceived media bias. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(1), 32–45.Google Scholar

Levay, C. (2014). Obesity in organizational context. Human Relations, 67(5), 565–585.Google Scholar

Love, R., Dembry, C., Hardie, A., Brezina, V. and McEnery, T. (2017). The Spoken BNC2014: Designing and building a spoken corpus of everyday conversations. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 22(3), 319–344.Google Scholar

Lupton, D. (1995). The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Lupton, D. (2013). Risk (2nd edition). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lupton, D. (2017). Digital Health: Critical and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lupton, D. (2018). Fat (2nd edition). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Lynott, D., Walsh, M., McEnery, T., Connell, L., Cross, L. and O’Brien, K. S. (2019). Are you what you read? Predicting implicit attitudes to immigration based on linguistic distributional cues from newspaper readership: A pre-registered study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 842.Google Scholar

Madden, H. and Chamberlain, K. (2004). Nutritional health messages in women’s magazines: A conflicted space for women readers. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(4), 583–597.Google Scholar

Mair, C. (2002). ‘Three changing patterns of verb complementation in Late Modern English: A real-time study based on matching text corpora’. English Language and Linguistics, 6(1), 105–131.Google Scholar

Mann, T., Tomiyama, A. J., Westling, E., Lew, A.M., Samuels, B. and Chatman, J. (2007). Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: Diets are not the answer. American Psychologist, 62(3), 220–233.Google Scholar

Markula, P., Burns, M. and Riley, S. C. E. (2008). ‘Introducing critical Bodies: Representations, identities and practices of weight and body management’. In: Riley, S. C. E., Burns, M., Frith, H. and Markula, P. (Eds.), Critical bodies: Representations, Practices and Identities of Weight and Body Management. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

Marsh, P. (2004). Poverty and Obesity. Social Issues Research Centre. Online. www.sirc.org/articles/poverty_and_obesity.shtml.Google Scholar

Matthews, M. (2016) Victorian Fat Shaming: Harsh Words on Weight from the 20th Century. Online. www.mimimatthews.com/2016/04/25/victorian-fat-shaming-harsh-words-on-weight-from-the-19th-century/.Google Scholar

McAdams, D. (2006). The Redemptive Self: Stories Americans Live By. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McEnery, T. (2006). Swearing in English: Bad Language, Purity and Power from 1586 to the Present. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

McEnery, T. and Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus Linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McEnery, T. and Wilson, A. (2001). Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd edition). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Meadows, A. and Daníelsdóttir, S. (2016). What’s in a word? On weight and terminology. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1527.Google Scholar

Meyerhoff, M. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mills, S. (2008). Language and Sexism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Mills, S. (2017). English Politeness and Social Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Monaghan, L. (2005). Discussion Piece: A Critical Take on the Obesity Debate. Social Theory & Health, 3(4), 302–314.Google Scholar

Monaghan, L. (2008). Men and the War on Obesity: A Sociological Study. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mulderrig, J. (2011). The grammar of governance. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(1), 45–68.Google Scholar

Mulderrig, J. (2018). Multimodal strategies of emotional governance: A critical analysis of ‘nudge’ tactics in health policy. Critical Discourse Studies, 15(1), 39–67.Google Scholar

Mythen, G. and Walklate, S. (2006). ‘Introduction: Thinking beyond the risk society’. In: Mythen, G. and Walklate, S. (Eds.), Beyond the Risk Society: Critical Reflections on Risk and Human Security. Maidenhead: Open University Press, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar

Nash, W. (1985). The Language of Humour. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar

Nath, R. (2019). The injustice of fat stigma. Bioethics, 33(5), 577–590.Google Scholar

National Health Service. (2019). Obesity: Causes. Online. www.nhs.uk/conditions/obesity/causes/.Google Scholar

National Obesity Observatory. (2012). Overweight and obesity: Where are we and where are we heading? Online. www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Obesity-Review-Group-19-April-2012-Background-Slide-Set-1-Prevalence-and-Trends.pdf.Google Scholar

National Statistics. (2018). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet. United Kingdom: NHS Digital. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/publication/0/0/obes-phys-acti-diet-eng-2018-rep.pdf.Google Scholar

Neurauter-Kessels, M. (2011). Im/polite reader responses on British online news sites. Journal of Politeness Research, 7(2), 187–214.Google Scholar

NHS Digital (2020). Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England. Online. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/england-2020.Google Scholar

O’Brien, R., Hunt, K. and Hart, G. (2005). Men’s accounts of masculinity and help-seeking: ‘It’s caveman stuff, but that is to a certain extent how guys still operate’. Social Science & Medicine, 61(3), 503–516.Google Scholar

O’Rahilly, S. and Farooqi, I. S. (2008). Human obesity: A heritable neurobehavioral disorder that is highly sensitive to environmental conditions. Diabetes, 57(11), 2905–2910.Google Scholar

Obesity UK. (2020). The Responsible Reporting of Obesity: Media Guidelines. Online https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bc74880ab1a6217704d23ca/t/5eac46dc2343c149b76d78a2/1588348718811/MAC01741_NN_UK_Media+Obesity_reporting_A5_RGB_Lo1a.pdf.Google Scholar

Ogden, J. (2003). The Psychology of Eating: From Healthy to Disordered Behavior. London: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Orbach, S. (1978). Fat Is a Feminist Issue: The Anti-Diet Guide to Permanent Weight Loss. New York: Paddington Press.Google Scholar

Ortega, F., Ruiz, J., Labayen, I., Lavie, C. and Blair, S. (2018). The Fat but Fit paradox: What we know and don’t know about it. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(3), 151–153.Google Scholar

Partington, A. (2009). ‘Evaluating evaluation and some concluding thoughts on CADS’. In: Morley, J. and Bayley, P. (Eds.), Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies on the Iraq Conflict: Wording the War. London: Routledge, pp. 261–304.Google Scholar

Paterson, L. L. (2020). Electronic supplement analysis of multiple texts: Exploring discourses of UK poverty in Below the Line comments. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 25(1), 62–88.Google Scholar

Pearce, M. (2001). ‘Getting behind the image’: Personality politics in a Labour Party election broadcast. Language and Literature, 10(3), 211–228.Google Scholar

Petruck, M. (1997). ‘Frame semantics’. In: Verschueren, J., Östman, J-O., Blommaert, J. and Bulcaen, C. (Eds.), Handbook of Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 1–13.Google Scholar

Pope, H., Phillips, K. and Olivardia, R. (2000). The Adonis Complex: The Secret Crisis of Male Body Obsession. New York: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Public Health England (2020). Childhood Obesity: Applying All Our Health. Online. www.gov.uk/government/publications/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health/childhood-obesity-applying-all-our-health.Google Scholar

Puhl, R., Peterson, J. and Luedicke, J. (2013). Fighting obesity or obese persons? Public perceptions of obesity-related health messages. International Journal of Obesity (London), 37(6), 774–782.Google Scholar

Raisborough, J. (2016). Fat Bodies, Health and the Media. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Rampton, B. (2006). Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rampton, B. (2010). Social class and sociolinguistics. Applied Linguistics Review, 1, 1–21.Google Scholar

Rayson, P. (2008). From key words to key semantic domains. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, 13(4), 519–549.Google Scholar

Reagle, J. M. (2015). Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the Bottom of the Web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Reisigl, M. and Wodak, R. (2001). Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Rich, E. and Evans, J. (2005). ‘Fat Ethics’ – the obesity discourse and body politics. Social Theory & Health, 3(4), 341–358.Google Scholar

Richardson, J. E. (2007). Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar

Ries, M., Rachul, C. and Caulfield, T. (2011). Newspaper reporting on legislative and policy interventions to address obesity: United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Journal of Public Health Policy, 32(1), 73–90.Google Scholar

Ritenbaugh, C. (1982). Obesity as a culture-bound syndrome. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 6(4), 347–364.Google Scholar

Rohloff, A. and Wright, S. (2010). Moral panic and social theory: Beyond the heuristic. Current Sociology, 58(3), 403–419.Google Scholar

Saguy, A. and Almeling, R. (2008). Fat in the fire? Science, the news media, and the ‘obesity epidemic’. Sociological Forum, 23(1), 53–83.Google Scholar

Saguy, A. and Gruys, K. (2010). Morality and health: News media constructions of overweight and eating disorders. Social Problems, 57(2), 231–250.Google Scholar

Saguy, A., Gruys, K. and Gong, S. (2010). Social problem construction and national context: News reporting on ‘overweight’ and ‘obesity’ in the United States and France. Social Problems, 57(4), 586–610.Google Scholar

Savage, M. (2000). Class Analysis and Social Transformation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Scottish Government. (2017). Obesity Indicators. Scotland: Official Statistics. www.gov.scot/publications/obesity-indicators-monitoring-progress-prevention-obesity-route-map/.Google Scholar

Semino, E., Demjén, Z., Demmen, J., Koller, V., Payne, S., Hardie, A. and Rayson, P. (2017). The online use of Violence and Journey metaphors by patients with cancer, as compared with health professionals: A mixed methods study. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care, 7, 60–66.Google Scholar

Shilliam, R. (2018). Race and the Undeserving Poor: From Abolition to Brexit. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Agenda Publishing.Google Scholar

Shugart, H. A. (2013). Weight of tradition: Culture as a rationale for obesity in contemporary U.S. news coverage. Obesity Reviews, 14, 736–744.Google Scholar

Smith, C. A., Schmoll, K., Konik, J. and Oberlander, S. (2007). Carrying weight for the world: Influence of weight descriptors on judgments of large-sized women. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 989–1006.Google Scholar

Smith, M. D., Patterson, E., Wahed, A. S., Belle, S. H., Berk, P. D., Courcoulas, A. P., Dakin, G. F., Flum, D. R., Machado, L., Mitchell, J. E., Pender, J., Pomp, A., Pories, W., Ramanathan, R., Schrope, B., Staten, M., Ude, A. and Wolfe, B. M. (2011). 30-day mortality after bariatric surgery: Independently adjudicated causes of death in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. Obesity Surgery, 21(11), 1687–1692.Google Scholar

Smith-Stvan, L. (2013). Stress management: Corpus-based insights into vernacular interpretations of stress. Communication & Medicine, 10(1), 81–93.Google Scholar

Sproston, K. and Mindell, J. (2006). Health Survey for England 2004: The Health of Minority Ethnic Groups. London: The Information Centre.Google Scholar

Statista. (2019). Obesity prevalence among individuals in England from 2000 to 2018, by gender. Online. www.statista.com/statistics/334126/obesity-prevalence-by-gender-in-england-uk/.Google Scholar

Stice, E., Schupak-Neuberg, E., Shaw, H. E. and Stein, R. L. (1994). Relation of media exposure to eating disorder symptomatology: An examination of mediating mechanisms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 836–840.Google Scholar

Stubbs, M. (2001). Words and Phrases: Corpus Studies of Lexical Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 7(3), 321–326.Google Scholar

Sunderland, J. (2004). Gendered Discourses. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Synnott, A. (1992). Tomb, temple, machine and self: The social construction of the body. The British Journal of Sociology, 43(1), 79–110.Google Scholar

Taylor, C. (2013). Searching for similarity using corpus-assisted discourse studies. Corpora, 8(1), 81–113.Google Scholar

Taylor, R. (2013). God Bless the NHS: The Truth Behind the Current Crisis. London: Faber and Faber.Google Scholar

Thomas-Meyer, M., Mytton, O. and Adams, J. (2017). Public responses to proposals for a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages: A thematic analysis of online reader comments posted on major UK news websites. PLoS ONE, 12(11), e0186750.Google Scholar

Tomiyama, A. J., Ahlstrom, B. and Mann, T. (2013). Long-term effects of dieting: Is weight loss related to health? Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(12), 861–877.Google Scholar

Trudgill, P. (1974). The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Turner, P. (2019). The No Need to Diet Book. London: Head of Zeus.Google Scholar

Udry, J. R. (1994). The nature of gender. Demography, 31, 561–573.Google Scholar

Ulijaszek, S. (2014). Do adult obesity rates in England vary by insecurity as well as by inequality? An ecological cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 4(5), e004430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van Dijk, T. (1991). Racism and the Press. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. (1996). ‘The representation of social actors.’ In: Caldas- Coulthard, C. and Coulthard, M. (Eds.), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge, pp. 32–70.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. (2007). Legitimation in discourse and communication. Discourse & Communication, 1(1), 91–112.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. (2008). Discourse and Practice: New Tools for Critical Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. J. and Wodak, R. (1999). Legitimizing immigration control: A discourse-historical analysis. Discourse Studies, 1(1), 83–118.Google Scholar

Vartanian, L. R. and Porter, A. M. (2016). Weight stigma and eating behaviour. Appetite, 102, 3–14.Google Scholar

Vigarello, G. (2013). The Metamorphoses of Fat: A History of Obesity. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Voigt, K., Nicholls, S. and Williams, G. (2014). Childhood Obesity: Ethical and Policy Issues. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Wann, M. (2009). ‘Foreword: Fat studies: An invitation to revolution’. In: Rothblum, E. and Solovay, S. (Eds.), The Fat Studies Reader. New York: New York University Press, pp. xi–xxvi.Google Scholar

Weber, P. (2014). Discussions in the comments section: Factors influencing participation and interactivity in online newspapers’ reader comments. New Media & Society, 16(6), 941–957.Google Scholar

White, A. and Johnson, M. (2000). Men making sense of their chest pain: Niggles, doubts and denials. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 9(4), 534–541.Google Scholar

Whitehead, P. and Crawshaw, P. (2012). Organising Neoliberalism: Markets, Privatisation and Justice. London: Anthem Press.Google Scholar

Widdowson, H. (2000). On the limitations of linguistics applied. Applied Linguistics, 21(1), 3–25.Google Scholar

Widdowson, H. (2004). Text, Context, Pretext: Critical Issues in Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Williams, R. (1976). Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (2018). Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Online. www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood_why/en/.Google Scholar

World Health Organization. (2019). Obesity. Online. www.who.int/topics/obesity/en/.Google Scholar

Wright, D. and Brookes, G. (2019). ‘This is England, speak English!’: A corpus-assisted critical study of language ideologies in the right-leaning British press. Critical Discourse Studies, 16(1), 56–83.Google Scholar

Zhou, S. (2012). ‘Advertorials’: A genre-based analysis of an emerging hybridized genre. Discourse and Communication, 6(3), 323–346.Google Scholar

Zola, I. K. (1972). Medicine as an institution of social control. The Sociological Review, 20(4), 487–504.Google Scholar