Between the incineration of Hiroshima and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, dozens of revolutionary conflicts shook the world. Most revolutionary movements of the Cold War era, including several quite powerful ones, were defeated. But many successfully seized state power, remaking large parts of the globe and, in the process, the international balance of power. In East Asia, revolutionaries seized power in China, North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos, and challenged imperial and neo imperial rule in several other countries, including Burma, Malaya, and the Philippines. In Africa, French Algeria and Portugal's far-flung colonies violently threw off imperial rule, and popular revolts in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and South Africa hastened the demise of imperial and/or white-supremacist rule in those countries. In Latin America, meanwhile, revolutionaries seized power in Bolivia, Cuba, and Nicaragua, nearly triumphed in El Salvador, and powerfully shook Venezuela, Guatemala, Peru, and Colombia. Finally, a series of popular rebellions in 1989 finished off the more recalcitrant Communist regimes of Eastern Europe, which had been demoralized by Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union and his rejection of the Brezhnev Doctrine.