Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T07:43:35.019Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - The Mareotis Area

Integration of a Marginal Territory into Egypt through Wine Production

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 February 2024

By
Marie-Françoise Boussac  and
Bérangère Redon
Edited by
Katherine Blouin
Katherine Blouin
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

In the 4th century BCE, the Mareotis region developed as a crucial connection between Egypt and the Mediterranean, supplying Alexandria with all sorts of agricultural or artisanal goods; it was renowned above all for its wine. Yet despite ideal geologic conditions for growing grapes, a remarkable concentration of Roman and Byzantine wineries in the area, and ample evidence for widespread wine cultivation by ancient Egyptians, up until now no Pharaonic installation of wine-making had been discovered in the region. However, for the first time, concrete examples of vine-growing remains, from the New Kingdom to the Ptolemaic period, have been uncovered at the site of Plinthine/Kom el-Nugus. Relying on our archaeological and geomorphological research, this chapter concentrates on the early development of wine-making in Mareotis, showing how it developed alongside the growing interest of the state in these western margins. It shows how wine-making evolved from the New Kingdom to the Late Period, and assesses what kind of impact (if any) the coming of the Greeks had on local viticulture. It confirms that viticulture did not take off after the Macedonian conquest; rather, there exists strong continuity irrespective of political changes.

Keywords

HistoryArchaeologyEgyptNileDeltaMareotisNew KingdomPtolemaicProductionViticulture
Type
Chapter
Information
The Nile Delta
Histories from Antiquity to the Modern Period
 , pp. 219 - 248
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, W. Y. 1966. ‘The vintage of Kush’, Kush 14: 262–283.Google Scholar
Adriani, A. 1952. ‘Travaux de fouilles et de restaurations dans la région d’Abousir (Maréotis)’, Annuaire du Musée Gréco-Romain d’Alexandrie III (1940–1950), Alexandrie, Municipalité d’Alexandrie, 1–17.Google Scholar
Amouretti, M.-C. and Brun, J.-P. (eds.) 1993. ‘La production du vin et de l’huile en Méditerranée’, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Suppl. 26. Paris-Athens, École française d’Athènes.Google Scholar
Aston, D. A. 2004. ‘Amphorae in New Kingdom Egypt’, Ägypten und Levante 14: 175–215.Google Scholar
Ball, J. 1942. Egypt in the Classical Geographers. Cairo, Government Press.Google Scholar
Barahona-Mendieta, Z., Pesenti, M. and Redon, B. 2016. ‘Évolution des assemblages céramiques du kôm de Plinthine, de la Troisième Période Intermédiaire à l’époque saïto-perse: étude de deux contextes stratigraphiques du secteur 2’, Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 25: 5–38.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 1985. ‘Ein altägyptischer Weingarten in einem Tempelbezirk. Tell el-Dab’a (Avaris). 1985’, Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie d. Wissenschaften 122: 267–278.Google Scholar
Bietak, M. 2015. ‘War Bates Island bei Marsa Matruh ein Piratennest? Ein Beitrag zur frühen Geschichte der Seevölker’, in , S. and Nawracala, R. (eds.), Polymatheia. Festschrift für H. Matthäus anläßlich seines 65. Geburtstages, Aachen, Shaker Verlag, 29–41.Google Scholar
Blouin, K. 2017. ‘Beyond the Nile: Orientalism, Environmental History, and Ancient Egypt’s Mareotide (Northwestern Nile Delta)’, History Compass. 15:e12397. https//:doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blue, L. and Khalil, E. (eds.) 2010. Lake Mareotis: Reconstructing the Past. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Archaeology of the Mareotic Region Held at Alexandria University, Egypt, 5–6th April 2008, BAR IS 2113. Oxford, Archaeopress.Google Scholar
Blue, L. and Khalil, E. (eds.) 2011. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Alexandria’s Economic Past. The Lake Mareotis Research Project BAR IS 2285. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouchaud, C., El-Dorry, M.-A., Pagnoux, C. and Ahmed, E. 2021. ‘Études archéobotaniques’, in Redon, B. et al., ‘Taposiris Magna et Plinthine (2020)’ [archaeological notice], Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l’étranger. Egypt. http://journals.openedition.org/baefe/2825; DOI:https://doi.org/10.4000/baefe.2825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourriau, J. and Eriksson, K. 2010. The Survey of Memphis IV. Kom Rabia: The New Kingdom Pottery, Excavations Memoir 93. London, Egypt Exploration Society.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. (with an annex by S. Marquié) 2009. ‘Taposiris Magna: la création du port artificiel’, in Dumasy, F., Queyrel, F. (eds.), Archéologie et environnement dans la Méditerranée antique. Geneva, Droz, 123–142.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2012. ‘Rapport de la mission française de Taposiris-Plinthine. Campagne 2012’, Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2011–2012. Cairo, IFAO: 295–305.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2013a. ‘The identification of Kom el-Nugus as Plinthine’, Egyptian Archaeology 43: 37.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2013b. ‘Rapport de la mission française de Taposiris-Plinthine. Campagne 2013’, Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2012–2013. Cairo, IFAO: 217–225.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2014. ‘Rapport de la mission française de Taposiris-Plinthine. Campagne 2014’, Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2013–2014. Cairo, IFAO: 173–182.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2015a. ‘Recent works at Taposiris and Plinthine’, Bulletin de la société archéologique d’Alexandrie 49: 189–217.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. 2015b. ‘Rapport de la mission française de Taposiris-Plinthine. Campagne 2015’, Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2014–2015. Cairo, IFAO: 201–210.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr., Callot, O., Georges, P. and Harlaut, C. 2012 [2013]. ‘Approche pluridisciplinaire de la nécropole hellénistique de Plinthine (Égypte): l’exemple de la tombe 3’, in Ballet, P. (ed.), Grecs et Romains en Égypte. Territoires, espaces de la vie et de la mort, objets de prestige et du quotidien, Cairo, IFAO, 187–219.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr., Callot, O., Georges, P. et al. 2023. La nécropole hellénistique de Plinthine, Cairo, IFAO.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr., Dhennin, S. and Redon, B. 2015. ‘Plinthine et la Maréotide pharaonique’, Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 115: 1–21.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. and Redon, B. 2016. ‘Rapport de la mission française de Taposiris-Plinthine. Campagne 2016’, Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2015–2016. Cairo, IFAO: 204–220.Google Scholar
Boussac, M.-Fr. and Redon, B. 2022. ‘Définition mouvante et logique d’appropriation des confins nord-ouest de l’Égypte du Nouvel Empire à l’époque romaine. À propos des découvertes archéologiques récentes à Plinthine et Taposiris Magna’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Dhennin, S., Redon, B., Somaglino, C. and Tallet, G. (eds.), Western Borders and Margins of Egypt from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference held in Cairo, December 2017. Cairo, IFAO: 11–38.Google Scholar
Breccia, Ev. 1926. Monuments de l’Égypte gréco-romaine publiés par la Société archéologique d’Alexandrie sous les auspices de S. M. Fouad 1er, roi d’Égypte, I, Bergamo, Officine dell’Istituto italiano d’arti grafiche.Google Scholar
Bresson, A. 2008. L’économie de la Grèce des cités. II. Les espaces de l’échange. Paris, Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Briant, P. and Descat, R. 1998. ‘Un registre douanier de la satrapie d’Égypte à l’époque achéménide (TAD C3,7)’, in Grimal, N. and Menu, B., Le commerce en Égypte ancienne, BdE 121. Cairo, IFAO, 59–104.Google Scholar
Brun, J.-P. 2004. Archéologie du vin et de l’huile. Vol. I. De la préhistoire à l’époque hellénistique. Vol. II. Dans l’empire romain. Paris, Errance.Google Scholar
Callot, O. 2023. ‘Le fouloir’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Callot, O.,Georges, P. et al., La nécropole hellénistique de Plinthine. Cairo, IFAO, 557–562.Google Scholar
Cankardes-Senol, G. 2023. ‘Stamped handle amphorae’ in Boussac, M.-Fr., Callot, O., George, P. et al., La nécropole hellénistique de Plinthine. Cairo, IFAO, 505–509.Google Scholar
Clarysse, W. 2001. ‘Use and Abuse of Beer and Wine in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, in Geus, K. and Zimmermann, K. (eds.), Punica-Libyca-Ptolemaica. Festschrift für W. Huss, zum 65. Geburtstag, Studia Phoenicia, 16. Leuven, Peeters, 159–166.Google Scholar
Davies, N. de G. 1917. The Tomb of Nakht at Thebes. New York, The Metropolitan Museum of Art.Google Scholar
Dhennin, S. and Redon, B. 2013. ‘Plinthine on Lake Mareotis’, Egyptian Archaeology 43: 36–38.Google Scholar
Dhennin, S. and Somaglino, C. 2022. ‘Un temple de Ramsès II au Kôm el-Nogous (Plinthine): nouvelles données sur l’implication ramesside en Maréotide’, BIFAO 122, p. 201–236.Google Scholar
Dzierzbicka, D. 2005., ‘Wineries and their elements in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology 35: 9–91.Google Scholar
Dzierzbicka, D. 2010. ‘Wineries of the Mareotic Region’, in Blue and Khalil 2010, 127–133.Google Scholar
Dzierzbicka, D. 2015. ‘Imports of Wine to Egypt in the Graeco-Roman Period’, in Diler, A., Șenol, K. and Aydinoğlu, U., Olive Oil and Wine Production in Eastern Mediterranean in Antiquity. Izmir, Ege University Press, 201–208.Google Scholar
Dzierzbicka, D. 2018. ‘ΟΙΝΟΣ. Production and Import of Wine in Graeco-Roman Egypt’, Journal of Juristic Papyrology Suppl. 31, Warsaw.Google Scholar
El-Ashmawi, F. 1998. ‘Pottery Kiln and Wine-Factory at Burg el-Arab’, in Empereur, J.-Y. (ed.), Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Suppl. 33. Paris–Athens, École française d’Athènes, 55–64.Google Scholar
El-Asmar, H. and Wood, P. 2000. ‘Quaternary Shoreline Development: The Northwestern Coast of Egypt’, Quaternary Science Reviews 19: 1137–1149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Embabi, N. S. 2004. The Geomorphology of Egypt. Landforms and Evolution Vol. 1: The Nile Valley and the Western Desert. The Egyptian Geographical Society Special Publication, Cairo.Google Scholar
Empereur, J.-Y. 1993. ‘La production viticole dans l’Égypte ptolémaïque et romaine’, in Amouretti and Brun (eds.), 39–47.Google Scholar
Empereur, J.-Y. 1998. ‘Les ateliers d’amphores du lac Mariout’, in Empereur, J.-Y. (ed.), Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Suppl. 33. Paris–Athens, École française d’Athènes, 75–91.Google Scholar
Flaux, C., El-Assal, M., Marriner, N., Morhange, C., Rouchy, J.-M., Soulié-Märsche, I. and Torab, M. 2012. ‘Environmental Changes in the Maryut Lagoon (Northwestern Nile Delta) during the Last 2000 Years’, Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 3493–3504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaux, C., Morhange, C., Marriner, N. and Rouchy, J.-M. 2011. ‘Bilan hydrologique et sédimentaire de la lagune du Mâryut (delta du Nil, Égypte) entre 8000 et 3200 cal. BP.’, Géomorphologie, reliefs, processus, environnements 17 (3): 261–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forstner-Müller, I. 2018. ‘Center and Periphery. Some Remarks on the Delta and Its Borders during the Ramesside Period’, in Kubisch, S. and Rummel, U. (eds.), The Ramessid Period in Egypt. Studies into Cultural and Historical Processes of the 19th and 20th Dynasties. Proceedings of the International Symposium Held in Heidelberg, 5th to 7th June 2015. Sonderschriften des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo 41, 103–112.Google Scholar
Gallo, P. 2009. ‘Un bain à la grecque dans l’île de Nelson’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Fournet, Th., and Redon, B. (eds.), Le bain collectif en Égypte, Études Urbaines 7. Cairo, IFAO, 65–72.Google Scholar
Goldwasser, O. 1990. ‘A cartouche of Semenkhkare from Canaan’, Göttinger Miszellen 115: 29–32.Google Scholar
Guasch Janè, M. R. 2008. Wine in Ancient Egypt: A Cultural and Analytical Study, BAR IS 1851. Oxford, Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guasch, M. R., Fonseca, S., and Ibrahim, M. 2012. ‘The ‘Iret en kemet’ Project: Documenting the Corpus of Wine in Ancient Egypt’, in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference (Euromed 2012) on Cultural Heritage and Digital Libraries, Amathus (Cyprus), 29/10–3/11 2012. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 1 (1): 181–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guasch, M. R., Fonseca, S. and Ibrahim, M. 2017. ‘The Complete Corpus of Viticulture and Winemaking Scenes from the Ancient Egyptian Private Tombs’, in Rosati, G. and Guidotti, M.Cr. (eds.), Proceedings of the XIth International Congress of Egyptologists. Florence, Archaeopress Egyptology, 254–278.Google Scholar
Haas, C. 2001. ‘Alexandria and the Mareotis Region’ in Burns, T. S. and Eadie, J. W. (eds.), Urban Centers and Rural Contexts in Late Antiquity. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 47–62.Google Scholar
Hoffmeier, J. K. and Van Dijk, J. 2010. ‘New Light on the Amarna Period from North Sinai’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 96: 191–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkinson, D. 2010. ‘The Results of a Preliminary Survey of Mareotis Island’, in Blue and Kahil (eds.), 35–45.Google Scholar
Laudenbach, B. trad. 2015. Strabon, Géographie, Livre XVII, 1ère partie. L’Égypte et l’Éthiopie nilotique, text establ. and transl. by Laudenbach, B.. Paris, Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Leclère, F. and Spencer, J. 2014. Tell Dafana Reconsidered: The Archaeology of an Egyptian Frontier Town. London, The British Museum.Google Scholar
Leone, R. 2017. ‘Indagini a Tabiet El Ramlah (Abukir)’, in Pontrandolfo, A. and Scafuro, M. (eds.), Atti del I Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Paestum, 7-9 settembre 2016, Dialoghi sull’Archeologia della Magna Grecia e del Mediterraneo I. Fondazione Paestum-Pandemos, 463–471.Google Scholar
Leone, R. 2020. ‘DOC egiziano: il complesso produttivo di Tabiet el Ramlah’, in Elia, D. (ed.), Chiedi alla terra. Scavi e ricerche archeologiche del Dipartimento di Studi Storici dell’Università di Torino, Turin, 83–93.Google Scholar
Manassa, C. 2003. The Great Karnak Inscription of Merneptah: Grand Strategy in the 13th Century BC, Yale Egyptological Studies 5. New Haven.Google Scholar
Meeks, D. 1993. ‘La production du vin et de l’huile dans l’Égypte pharaonique’, in Amouretti and Brun (eds.), 3–38.Google Scholar
Morris, E. F. 2005. The Architecture of Imperialism. Military Bases and the Evolution of Foreign Policy in Egypt’s New Kingdom. Leiden–Boston, Brill.Google Scholar
Murray, M. A. 2000 [2006]. ‘Viticulture and Wine Production’, in Nicholson, P.T. and Shaw, I. (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 577–608.Google Scholar
Nenna, M.-D. 2016. ‘Les activités du Centre d’études alexandrines en 2015–2016. Kôm Bahig’, in Rapport d’activités de l’IFAO 2015–2016. Cairo, IFAO: 295–302.Google Scholar
Nenna, M.-D. et al. 2020. ‘Alexandrie (actions du Centre d’études alexandrines, 2019). Kôm Bahig’, Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l’étranger. http://journals.openedition.org/baefe/1094.Google Scholar
Nenna, M.-D. et al. 2021, ‘Alexandrie (actions du Centre d’études alexandrines, 2020). Kôm Bahig’, Bulletin archéologique des Écoles françaises à l’étranger. http://journals.openedition.org/baefe/2885.Google Scholar
Nordström, H. A. and Bourriau, J. 1993. ‘Ceramic Technology: Clays and Fabrics’, in Arnold, D., Bourriau, J. (eds.), An Introduction to Ancient Egyptian Pottery, Fasc. 2, Sonderschriften des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo 17. Mayence, 145–190.Google Scholar
Orrieux, C. 1983. Les papyrus de Zénon. L’horizon d’un Grec en Égypte au iiie siècle avant J.-C. Paris, Macula.Google Scholar
Pesenti, M. 2022. ‘Quelques données sur la place et le rôle de Plinthine/Kom el-Nogous dans les échanges entre Égypte et Méditerranée à l’époque saïto-perse. Étude du mobilier céramique d’un territoire “en marge”’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Dhennin, S., Redon, B., Somaglino, C. and Tallet, G. (eds.), Western Borders and Margins of Egypt from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Cairo, December 2017. Cairo, IFAO: 167–198.Google Scholar
Pesenti, M. and Saleh, R. 2018. ‘Le secteur 8 du site côtier de Plinthine (Maréotide). Un espace multifonctionnel d’époque saïte et perse ?’, Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 28: 5–49.Google Scholar
Pichot, V. 2010. ‘Marea Peninsula: Occupation and Workshop Activities on the Shores of Lake Mariout in the Work of the Centre d’Études Alexandrines (CEAlex, CNRS USR 3134)’, in Blue and Khalil (eds.), 57–66.Google Scholar
Pichot, V. 2012. ‘La Maréotide: région fertile de la chôra d’Alexandrie, carrefour de commerce à l’époque gréco-romaine’, in Sanidas, G. and Esposito, A. (eds.), ‘Quartiers artisanaux’ en Grèce ancienne. Une perspective méditerranéenne. Villeneuve d’Ascq, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 81–104.Google Scholar
Pichot, V. 2014. ‘Deux maisons-tours dans la chôra d’Alexandrie’, Nehet 2: 135–155.Google Scholar
Pichot, V., and Simony, A. 2022. ‘An Archaeological Map of the Mareotid: Initial Results Regarding the Evolution of Occupation in the Region’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Dhennin, S., Redon, B., Somaglino, C. and Tallet, G. (eds.), Western Borders and Margins of Egypt from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Cairo, December 2017, Cairo, IFAO, 83–102.Google Scholar
Pichot, V. and Flaux, C. 2015. ‘Les fours à amphores du Haut-Empire du site d’Akadémia (Maréotide)’, Bulletin de liaison de la céramique égyptienne 25: 259–276.Google Scholar
Poo, M.-C. 2009 [1995]. Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt. London–New York, Routledge.Google Scholar
Quaegebeur, J. 1990. ‘Les rois saïtes amateurs de vin’, Ancient Society 21: 241–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redford, D. B. 2018. The Medinet Habu Records of the Foreign Wars of Ramesses III, CHANE 91. Leiden–Boston, Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redon, B., 2019. ‘An Egyptian grand cru: Wine production at Plinthine’, Egyptian Archaeology 55: 28–33.Google Scholar
Redon, B. 2021, ‘De la XVIIIe dynastie au début de l’époque romaine: l’histoire revisitée du site de Kôm el-Nogous / Plinthine en Maréotide’, Bulletin de la Société française d’égyptologie 205: 79–103.Google Scholar
Redon, B., Dautais, L., François, P., Marchand, J. and Pesenti, M. ‘Produire du vin des Coteaux (tainiotikos) en Maréotide sous les Lagides. Le chai ptolémaïque de Plinthine’, BIFAO 123 (2023: 401–464).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redon, B., Vanpeene, M. and Pesenti, M. 2016 [2017]. ‘“La vigne a été inventée dans la ville égyptienne de Plinthine”. À propos de la découverte d’un fouloir saïte à kôm el-Nogous (Maréotide)’, BIFAO 116: 304–323.Google Scholar
Rodziewicz, M. 1998. ‘Classification of Wineries from Mareotis’, in Empereur, J.-Y. (ed.), Commerce et artisanat dans l’Alexandrie hellénistique et romaine, Bulletin de correspondance hellénique Suppl. 33. Paris–Athens, École française d’Athènes, 27–36.Google Scholar
Rodziewicz, M. 2011. ‘Wine Production and Trade in Late Roman Alexandria’, in Décobert, C., Empereur, J.-Y. and, Picard, C. (eds.), Alexandrie médiévale 4, Études Alexandrines 24. Alexandria, Centre d’Études Alexandrines, 39–56.Google Scholar
Snape, S. 2013. ‘A Stroll Along the Corniche? Coastal Routes Between the Nile Delta and Cyrenaica in the Late Bronze Age’, in Riemer, H. and Forster, F. (eds.), Desert Road. Archaeology in the Eastern Sahara, Africa Praehistorica 27. Cologne, Heinrich-Barth-Institut, 439–454.Google Scholar
Snape, S. and Wilson, P. 2007. Zawiyet Umm el-Rakham I: The Temple and Chapels. Bolton, Rutherford Press.Google Scholar
Tallet, P. 1998a. Le vin en Égypte à l’époque pharaonique, unpublished thesis, université Paris-Sorbonne.Google Scholar
Tallet, P. 1998b. ‘Quelques aspects de l’économie du vin’, in Grimal, N. and Menu, B. (eds.), Le commerce en Égypte ancienne, BdE 121. Cairo, IFAO, 241–267.Google Scholar
Tallet, P. 2008. ‘Une boisson destinée aux élites: le vin en Égypte ancienne’, Cahiers de la villa Kerylos 19, 39–51.Google Scholar
Tallet, P. 2022. ‘Les franges occidentales du delta: un front de colonisation agricole à l’époque pharaonique’, in Boussac, M.-Fr., Dhennin, S., Redon, B., Somaglino, C., and Tallet, G. (eds.), Western Borders and Margins of Egypt from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. Proceedings of the International Conference Held in Cairo, December 2017. Cairo, IFAO, 157–166.Google Scholar
Tomber, R. and Thomas, R. 2011. ‘Pottery from the Lake Mareotis Research Project’, in Blue and Kahil (eds.), 37–61.Google Scholar
Villing, A., Bergeron, M., Bourogiannis, G., Johnston, A., Leclère, F., Masson, A. and Ross, T. 2013–2015. Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt. London, British Museum.Google Scholar
White, D. and White, A. P. 1996. ‘Coastal Sites of Northeast Africa: The Case against Bronze Age Ports’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 33: 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×