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11 - Fetal and neonatal development of the auditory system

from Section 2 - Sensory systems and behavior

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 March 2011

By
S. Allen Counter
Edited by
Hugo Lagercrantz ,
M. A. Hanson ,
Laura R. Ment  and
Donald M. Peebles
Hugo Lagercrantz
Affiliation:
Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm
M. A. Hanson
Affiliation:
Southampton General Hospital
Laura R. Ment
Affiliation:
Yale University, Connecticut
Donald M. Peebles
Affiliation:
University College London
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Summary

Introduction: traditional and modern biological approaches to the development of the ear

The ear is a doorway to the brain – an extension of the brain that reaches out to the periphery to collect and form structural images of sounds in the milieu. The ear informs the brain and hence the organism of the imperative sounds of development, communication, and survival. The complex hearing apparatus that forms the “ear” provides the foundation for auditory interactions with the environment and serves as the essential component of two-way communication between organisms. In mammals, the mechanical vibrations of air particles that form the physical dimension of sound are collected by the external ear, and amplified and channeled through a narrow canal within the skull to reach the sensitive eardrum or tympanic membrane. The external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane form the first section of the superbly designed mammalian ear, which is an intricate sensory system composed of a series of complicated subsystems, linked in series, to perform vibro-mechanical conduction, hydrostatic pressure matching, and mechanoelectrical transduction (Fig. 11.1). Each of these unique subsystems must be intact for sound to optimally reach the eighth cranial nerve, higher auditory tracts, nuclei and auditory cortex of the brain to initiate sound perception. Auditory stimuli that are processed by the contiguous external, middle, and internal (cochlear) components of the ear system are conveyed as neuro-electrical signals to the brain by the eighth cranial nerve.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Newborn Brain
Neuroscience and Clinical Applications
 , pp. 163 - 184
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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