Constitution designers can identify from local and worldwide experience some general threats to constitutional democracy: conflicts over election outcomes, for example, or corruption at high and low levels.1 Their local knowledge can give them some sense of how important each type of threat might be for the systems they are designing. Variations in the types and severity of threats mean that designers must make choices: there is no one-size-fits-all “fourth branch” or any of its components. (That point should be obvious when we note the rather wide range of choices made in designing constitutional courts.)