During the late twentieth century, first policy-makers, then students of constitutionalism, came to understand that pervasive corruption undermines constitutional democracy.1 Corruption at the street level – police officers who respond to complaints and civil servants who process claims only after receiving bribes – undermines citizen confidence that their government can deliver anything worthwhile.2 Corruption at the highest levels, this chapter’s focus, breaks the connection between elections and policy outcomes. By the late twentieth century, the project of fighting corruption had become an important component in democracy promotion and, by extension, in constitutional design.