Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-25T14:06:48.593Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Sudan, Somalia and the Maghreb to the end of the First World War

from PART I - THE ONSET OF WESTERN DOMINATION C. 1800 TO C. 1919

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

Francis Robinson
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London; Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies
Get access

Summary

Two trends dominate the history of North and north-eastern Africa in the nineteenth century. One is the growing interference of European powers in the internal workings of the Muslim states. The other is the development of Islamic reform, in part as a reaction to the challenges of the European presence, in part indigenous and often pre-dating any European influence. Some of these reformist trends paved the way for the integration of Muslim societies into the colonial ‘modernity’, while others, intentionally or not, became vehicles for intellectual or political resistance to pressures from outside.

Some historians have seen these indigenous reform movements as local emanations of the Wahhābī movement of Arabia. However, most of them had little or no connection to the Wahhābiyya. It would rather seem that a less radical but profound milieu for intellectual reform in Morocco in the later eighteenth century played an important role, as many of these movements, as far away as in Somalia, had their intellectual roots in this milieu. Less inclined than the Wahhābīs to call other Muslims infidels and often linked to Sufi movements, these reformists called for a renewal in legal development (ijtihād) and rejected the absolute authority of the established opinions in the schools of law (madhhabs). Although not initially concerned with politics, many of them became focuses for militant mobilisation when the historical moment called for it.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abun-Nasr, Jamil, A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, Cambridge, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abun-Nasr, Jamil, The Tijaniya: A Sufi order in the Modern world, London, 1965.Google Scholar
Ageron, Charles-Robert, Modern Algeria: A history from 1830 to the present, London, 1991.Google Scholar
Ahmad, IbrahimAbu, Shouk and Anders, Bjørkelo, The public treasury of the Muslims: Monthly budgets of the Mahdist state in the Sudan (Leiden, 1996).Google Scholar
Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif, The making of modern Libya: State formation, colonization and resistance, 1830–1932, Albany, 1994.Google Scholar
al-Nāʾib al-Anṣārī, Aḥmad Bey, Kitāb al-Manhal al-ʿadhb fī taʾrīkh Ṭarābulus al-gharb, Istanbul, 1317.Google Scholar
al-Nāṣirī, Aḥmad ibn Khālid, Kitāb al-Istiqṣā: li-akhbār duwal al-Maghrib al-aqsā, 9 vols., Casablanca, 1954–6.Google Scholar
al-Sharīf al-Sanūsī, Aḥmad, Bughyat al-musāʿid fī aḥkām al-mujāhid, Cairo 1913–14.Google Scholar
al-Zayyānī, Abu’l-Qāsim, al-Tarjumāna al-kubrā: fī akhbār al-maʿmūr barran wa-baḥran, Muhammadiya, 1967.Google Scholar
Anderson, Lisa, The state and social transformation in Tunisia and Libya, 1830–1980, Princeton, 1986.Google Scholar
Bennison, Amira K., Jihad and its interpretations in pre-colonial Morocco: State–society relations during the French conquest of Algeria, London, 2002.Google Scholar
Bjørkelo, Anders, Prelude to the Mahdiyya: Peasants and traders in the Shendi region, 1821–1885, Cambridge, 1989.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boubrik, Rahal, Saints et société en islam: La confrérie ouest saharienne Fâdiliyya, Paris, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, L. Carl, The Tunisia of Ahmad Bey, 1837–1855, Princeton, 1974.Google Scholar
Burke, Edmund, III, Prelude to protectorate in Morocco: Precolonial protest and resistance, 1860–1912, Chicago, 1976.Google Scholar
Cassanelli, Lee V., The shaping of Somali society: Reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900, Philadelphia, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancy-Smith, Julia A., Rebel and saint: Muslim notables, populist protest, colonial encounters (Algeria and Tunisia 1800–1904), Berkeley, 1994.Google Scholar
Cordell, Dennis D., ‘The Awlad Sulayman of Libya and Chad: Power and adaptation in the Sahara and the Sahel’, Canadian Journal of African Studies, 2 (1985) –9.Google Scholar
Danziger, Raphael, Abd al-Qadir and the Algerians: Resistance to the French and internal consolidation, New York, 1977.Google Scholar
Dunn, Ross E., Resistance in the desert: Moroccan responses to French colonialism 1881–1912, London, 1977.Google Scholar
El Mansour, Mohamed, Morocco in the reign of Mawlay Sulayman, Wisbech, 1990.Google Scholar
Enrico, Cerulli, Somalia: Scritti vari editi ed inediti, vol. 1 (Rome, 1957) –90Google Scholar
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., The Sanusi of Cyrenaica, Oxford, 1949.Google Scholar
Green, Arnold H., The Tunisian ulama, 1873–1915: Social structure and response to ideological currents, Leiden, 1978.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M., A modern history of the Sudan: From the Funj sultanate to the present day, London, 1977.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M. (ed.), The Sudan of the three Niles: The Funj chronicle 910–1288/1504–1871, Leiden, 1999.Google Scholar
Holt, P. M., The Mahdist state in the Sudan, 1881–1898: A study of its origins, development and overthrow, Oxford, 1958.Google Scholar
Abī Ḍiyāf, Ibn, Aḥmad, , Itḥāf ahl-al-zamān bi-akhbār mulūk Tūnis wa-ahd al-amān, Tunis, 1963–6.Google Scholar
Jean-Claude, Zeltner, Tripoli: Carrefour de l’Europe et des pays du Tchad: 1500–1795 (Paris, 1992)Google Scholar
Karrar, Ali Salih, The Sufi brotherhoods in the Sudan, London, 1992.Google Scholar
Krieken, G. S., Khayr al-Dîn et la Tunisie (1850–1881), Leiden, 1976.Google Scholar
Laroui, Abdallah, Esquisses historiques, Casablanca, 1992.Google Scholar
Laroui, Abdallah, Les origines sociales et culturelles du nationalisme marocain (1830–1912), Casablanca, 1993.Google Scholar
Lewis, I. M., A modern history of Somalia, London, 1980.Google Scholar
Lewis, I. M., Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a clan-based society, Lawrenceville, NJ, 1998.Google Scholar
Mahdī, Muḥammad Aḥmad, al-thār al-kāmila liʾl-imām al-Mahdī, ed. Ibrāhīm Abū Salīm, Muḥammad, 7 vols., Khartoum, 1990–4.Google Scholar
Martin, Bradford G., Muslim brotherhoods in nineteenth-century Africa, Cambridge, 1976.Google Scholar
Neil, McHugh, Holymen of the Blue Nile (Evanston, 1994) –66.Google Scholar
O’Fahey, R. S., Enigmatic saint: Ahmad Ibn Idris and the Idrisi tradition, London, 1990.Google Scholar
O’Fahey, R. S., State and society in Dār Fūr, London, 1980.Google Scholar
O’Fahey, R. S., and Spaulding, J. L., Kingdoms of the Sudan, London, 1974.Google Scholar
Pennel, C. R., Morocco since 1830: A history, London, 2000.Google Scholar
Perkins, Kenneth J., A modern history of Tunisia, Cambridge, 2004.Google Scholar
Reese, Scott S., Traders and Sufis in southern Somalia, Leiden, 2005.Google Scholar
Reese, Scott S., Renewers of the age: Holy men and social discourse in colonial Benaadir (Leiden, 2008).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, Ettore, Storia di Tripoli e della Tripolitania: Dalla conquista araba al 1911, Rome, 1968.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, Mark, Saints and sons: The making and remaking of the Rashidi Ahmadi Sufi order, 1799–2000, Leiden, 2005.Google Scholar
Slatin, , Rudolf, , Pasha, , Fire and sword in the Sudan, London, 1896.Google Scholar
Triaud, Jean-Louis, La légende noire de la Sanûsiyya: Une confrérie musulmane saharienne sous le regard français (1840–1930), Paris, 1995.Google Scholar
Vikør, Knut S., Sufi and scholar on the desert edge: Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-Sanūsī and his brotherhood, London, 1995.Google Scholar
Warburg, Gabriel, Islam, sectarianism and politics in Sudan since the Mahdiyya, London, 2003.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×