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9 - South-East Asia and China to 1910

from PART I - THE ONSET OF WESTERN DOMINATION C. 1800 TO C. 1919

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
William Clarence-Smith
Edited by
Francis Robinson
Francis Robinson
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London; Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies
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Summary

Heterodoxy and reform

Reforming syncretic Islam was a central issue for nineteenth-century South-East Asia and China, often leading to violent conflict. No great overarching empire had ever arisen to impose a version of orthodoxy and orthopraxy, even if individual monarchs had spread Islamic rule by the sword. Some small and scattered Muslim communities had lived for centuries under infidel dominion, and their elites had come under great pressure from competing religions. Obtaining wives and slaves from surrounding infidels subtly reinforced syncretic tendencies, even when outsiders formally converted to Islam.

Muslims were unevenly distributed. While they only accounted for about 2 per cent of the 426 million people in the whole Chinese empire around 1910, they accounted for nearly all those in Xinjiang (East Turkistan), nearly 30 per cent in Gansu, and a little over 5 per cent in Shaanxi and Yunnan. Approaching half of South-East Asia’s population was Muslim, with Java alone accounting for nearly three-quarters of them. The rest were mainly scattered along coastal plains from Sumatra to Mindanao.

Maritime South-East Asia’s believers generally lived under Muslim rulers around 1800, but ‘Javanism’ remained powerful, and other faiths were prominent. A syncretic amalgam of Sufi Islam with past Hindu, Buddhist and Animist civilisations, Javanism had seemingly enjoyed a renaissance in the eighteenth century. Lively aspects of this type of syncretism could also be discerned beyond Java, notably among the Sasak of Lombok, and the Cham of Vietnam and Cambodia.

Type
Chapter
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The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 240 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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