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14 - The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa

from PART III - REGIONALISM

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
Eduardo Moreno
Edited by
Chase F. Robinson
Chase F. Robinson
Affiliation:
The Graduate Center, The City University of New York
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Summary

The expansion in the west

The Arab conquests in North Africa began soon after the fall of Alexandria to the army commanded by ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ in 21/642. Unlike previous expansion in the Near East, the march westwards of the Arab soldiers was not marked by sweeping victories and the resigned acquiescence of the conquered populations. Widespread revolts, crushing defeats and hasty evacuations of recently conquered territories fill the terse accounts of the few Arab sources that provide some information on this huge area. In contrast, the narrative of the conquest of Hispania in 92/711 recalls a similar pattern to the invasions in Byzantine and Sasanian territories: after one pitched battle and the defeat of the king’s army the Visigothic administration crumbled, clearing the way for an Arab rule which consolidated with remarkable ease and no serious challenges.

The resistance met by the conquerors in the southern Mediterranean was due to the political and social diversity of the region. In the land extending from Alexandria to Tangier the Arabs did not meet one single enemy, but rather a number of enemies whose actions and motivations were diverse, and not always comprehensible to modern historians. Arguably, the main opponent of the invading armies was the Byzantine empire, whose foothold in North Africa went back to the times when, in 534, the generals of the emperor Justinian conquered the Vandal kingdom.

Keywords

eastern dynastiesBerber revolteastern ideologiesNorth AfricaUmayyad administrationwestern caliphatesterritorial expansionIberian PeninsulaKharijismIslamisation
Type
Chapter
Information
The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 581 - 622
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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