Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-hvd4g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-02-07T07:38:16.329Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Central Asia and the Caucasus from the First World War

from PART II - INDEPENDENCE AND REVIVAL C. 1919 TO THE PRESENT

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2011

By
Muriel Atkin
Edited by
Francis Robinson
Francis Robinson
Affiliation:
Royal Holloway, University of London; Oxford Centre of Islamic Studies
Get access

Summary

The indigenous peoples of Central Asia and the Caucasus underwent profound changes from the First World War to the early twenty-first century. They experienced wars and revolutions. The states in which they lived broke apart, reassembled in a different way, and broke apart again. Their perceptions of who they were, what they believed and what would best serve their interests were in some ways quite different from what they had been in earlier times. Yet they were not completely divorced from what they had inherited from earlier generations, even if they might reinterpret their past in a way that would have surprised their ancestors.

The First World War

Although Central Asia was far from the main battlefields of the First World War, the region’s inhabitants were affected by the conflict, first in the form of an uprising against a military draft, then in the form of famine. Late in the war, conflict spread across the southern Caucasus to the territory that would become Azerbaijan.

Wartime demands imposed heavy burdens on many inhabitants throughout the Russian empire. For Central Asians these took the form primarily of increased taxation and the requisitioning of livestock and carts as Russia’s transport system neared collapse. That caused considerable hardship, especially for those peoples whose livelihood centred on animal husbandry. For the Kazakhs the problems were compounded by Russian officials’ seizure of Kazakh lands and bad weather, which took an additional toll on their herds.

Type
Chapter
Information
The New Cambridge History of Islam , pp. 517 - 541
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allworth, E. A., The modern Uzbeks, Stanford, 1990.Google Scholar
Altstadt, A., The Azerbaijani Turks, Stanford, 1992.Google Scholar
Altstadt, A., ‘Azerbaijan’s struggle toward democracy’, in Dawisha, K. and Parrott, B. (eds.), Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
,Amnesty International, ‘Recommendations to the Council of Europe regarding ongoing human rights violations in the context of the armed conflict in Chechnya, Russian Federation’, 6 June 2005, web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGEUR460232005.
Atabaki, T., Azerbaijan, 2nd edn, London, 2000.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Islam as faith, politics, and bogeyman in Tajikistan’, in Bourdeaux, M. (ed.), The politics of religion in Russia and the new states of Eurasia, Armonk, NY, 1995.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Religious, national, and other identities in Central Asia’, in Gross, J.-A. (ed.), Muslims in Central Asia, Durham, NC, 1992.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., The subtlest battle: Islam in Soviet Tajikistan, Philadelphia, 1989.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘The survival of Islam in Soviet Tajikistan’, Middle East Journal, 43 (1989) –18.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Tajikistan: A president and his rivals’, in Cummings, S. N. (ed.), Power and change in Central Asia, London, 2002.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Tajikistan: Reform, reaction, and civil war’, in Bremmer, I. and Taras, R. (eds.), New states, new politics, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Tajiks and the Persian world’, in Manz, B. F. (ed.), Central Asia in historical perspective, Boulder, 1994.Google Scholar
Atkin, M., ‘Thwarted democratization in Tajikistan’, in Dawisha, K. and Parrott, B. (eds.), Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Babadjanov, B., and Kamilov, M., ‘Muhammadjan Hindustani (1892–1989) and the beginning of the “Great Schism” among Muslims of Uzbekistan’, trans. Hegarty, S., in Dudoignon, S. A. and Komatsu, H. (eds.), Islam in politics in Russia and Central Asia, London, 2001.Google Scholar
Balci, B., ‘Between Sunnism and Shiism: Islam in post-Soviet Azerbaijan’, Central Asian Survey, 23 (2004) –17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckwith, G. G., ‘Uzbekistan: Islam, communism, and religious liberty: An appraisal of Uzbekistan’s 1998 law “On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Organizations”’, Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal (2000) –1048.Google Scholar
Bennigsen, A., and Lemercier-Quelquejay, C., L’Islam en Union Soviétique, Paris, 1968.Google Scholar
Blua, A,. ‘Tajikistan: Secular – not shari’a – law prevails in eastern mountains’, RFE/RL Headlines, 2 December 2003, www.refrl.org.Google Scholar
Blua, A,. ‘Central Asia: Regional leaders try to control Islam’, part 2, 5 August 2005, www.rferl.org.
Blua, A., ‘Tajikistan: Government to vet Islamic clerics’, 7 August 2002, www.rferl.org/nca/features/.
Bykova, V., ‘Edinstvo protivopolozhnostei’, Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 5 (May 1989,), p..Google Scholar
Cherkasov, A., and Lokshina, T., ‘Chechnya: 10 years of armed conflict’, Helsinki Monitor, 16, 2 (2005) –9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Comrie, B., The languages of the Soviet Union, Cambridge, 1981.Google Scholar
Cutler, R. M., ‘The Caspian energy conundrum’, Journal of International Affairs, 56, 2 (2003) –102.Google Scholar
Dawisha, K., and Parrott, B. (eds.), Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dudwick, N., ‘Armenia: Paradise regained or lost?’, in Bremmer, I. and Taras, R. (eds.), New states, new politics, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Edgar, A., ‘Bolshevism, patriarchy, and the nation: The Soviet “emancipation” of Muslim women in pan-Islamic perspective’, Slavic Review, 65 (2006) –72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edgar, A., Tribal nation, Princeton, 2004.Google Scholar
Fierman, W., ‘Political development in Uzbekistan: Democratization?’, in Dawisha, K. and Parrott, B. (eds.), Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Hegarty, S., ‘The rehabilitation of Temur: Reconstructing national history in contemporary Uzbekistan’, Central Asia Monitor, 1 (1995) –35.Google Scholar
Hughes, J., ‘Chechnya: The causes of a protracted post-Soviet conflict’, Civil Wars, 4 (2001) –48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,International Crisis Group, ‘Azerbaijan: Turning over a new leaf?’, Baku and Brussels, 13 May 2004, www.icg.org.
,International Crisis Group, ‘Central Asia: Islam and the state’, Asia Report no. 59, Osh and Brussels, 10 July 2003, www/icg.org.
,International Crisis Group, ‘The curse of cotton: Central Asia’s destructive monoculture’, Asia Report no. 93, Osh and Brussels, 28 February 2005, www.icg.org.
,International Crisis Group, ‘Is radical Islam inevitable in Central Asia?’, Asia Report no. 72, Osh and Brussels, 22 December 2003, www.icg.org.
,International Crisis Group, ‘Kyrgyzstan: After the revolution’, Asia Report no. 97, Osh and Brussels, 4 May 2005, www.icg.org.
Keller, S., To Moscow, not Mecca, Westport, CT, 2001.Google Scholar
Khalid, A., ‘Backwardness and the quest for civilization: Early Soviet Central Asia in comparative perspective’, Slavic Review, 65 (2006) –51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khalid, A., The politics of Muslim cultural reform, Berkeley, 1998.Google Scholar
Khalid, A., ‘A secular Islam: Nation, state, and religion in Uzbekistan’, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 35 (2003) –98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khazanov, A. M., ‘Underdevelopment and ethnic relations in Central Asia’, in Manz, B. F. (ed.), Central Asia in historical perspective, Boulder, 1994.Google Scholar
Lubin, N., ‘Turkmenistan’s energy: A source of wealth or instability?’, in Ebel, R. and Menon, R. (eds.), Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus, London, 2000.Google Scholar
Luong, P. Jones, ‘Kazakhstan: The long-term costs of short-term gains’, in Ebel, R. and Menon, R. (eds.), Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus, London, 2000.Google Scholar
Madzhidov, R., ‘“Ubezhdat” a ne prinuzhdat’, Kommunist Tadzhikistana, 4 (April 1989) –7.Google Scholar
Manz, B. F., ‘Tamerlane’s career and its uses’, Journal of World History, 13 (2002) –25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, T., The affirmative action empire, Ithaca, 2001.Google Scholar
Masov, R., Istoriia topornogo razdeleniia, Dushanbe, 1991.Google Scholar
Massell, G. J., The surrogate proletariat, Princeton, 1974.Google Scholar
Motika, R., ‘Islam in post-Soviet Azerbaijan’, Archives de Sciences Socials des Religions, 115 (July–September 2001) –24, www.ehess.fr/centres/ceifr/assr/N115/006.htm.Google Scholar
Nivat, A., Chienne de guerre, trans. Darnton, S., New York, 2001.Google Scholar
Northrop, D., Veiled empire, Ithaca, 2004.Google Scholar
Ochs, M., ‘Turkmenistan: The quest for stability and control’, in Dawisha, K. and Parrott, B. (eds.), Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Olcott, M. B., ‘The Basmachi or Freemen’s Revolt in Turkestan 1918–1924’, Soviet Studies, 33 (1981) –69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olcott, M. B., The Kazakhs, Stanford, 1987.Google Scholar
Olcott, M. B., ‘Kazakhstan: Pushing for Eurasia’, in Bremmer, I. and Taras, R. (eds.), New states, new politics, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Olimov, M., and Olimova, S., ‘Region early warning report: Political Islam in Tajikistan’, Forum on Early Warning and Early Response, 31 July 2001, www.reliefweb.int.
Ormrod, J., ‘The North Caucasus: Confederation in conflict’, in Bremmer, I. and Taras, R. (eds.), New states, new politics, Cambridge, 1997.Google Scholar
Perry, J., ‘Script and scripture: The three alphabets of Tajik Persian, 1927–1997’, Journal of Central Asian Studies, 2, 1 (1997) –15.Google Scholar
Pipes, R., The formation of the Soviet Union, rev. edn, Cambridge, MA, 1970.Google Scholar
Podoprigora, R., ‘Religious freedom and human rights in Kazakhstan’, Religion, State & Society, 31, 2 (2003) –32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Privratsky, B. G., Muslim Turkistan, Richmond, 2001.Google Scholar
Ro’i, Y., Islam in the Soviet Union, New York, 2000.Google Scholar
Rorlich, A.-A., ‘Islam, identity and politics: Kazakhstan, 1990–2000’, Nationalities Papers, 31, 2 (2003), 157–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumer, B. Z., ‘Central Asia’s cotton economy and its costs’, in Fierman, W. (ed.), Soviet Central Asia, Boulder, 1991.Google Scholar
Sabol, S., Russian colonization and the genesis of Kazak national consciousness, Basingstoke, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saidazimova, G., ‘Kazakhstan: Government moves to add Hizb Ut-Tahrir to list of terror groups’, 18 March 2005, www.rferl.org.
Saidazimova, G., ‘Turkmenistan: Iranian president pays first visit to Ashgabat’, 24 July 2006, www.rferl.org.
Saidazimova, G., ‘Uzbekistan: Tabligh Jamaat group added to Uzbek government’s blacklist’, 20 December 2004, www.rferl.org.
Saidbaev, T. S., Islam i obshchestvo, 2nd rev. edn, Moscow, 1984.Google Scholar
Saroyan, M., ‘Authority and community in Soviet Islam’, in Marty, M. E. and Appleby, R. S. (eds.), Accounting for fundamentalisms: The dynamic character of movements, Chicago, 1994.Google Scholar
Schatz, E., ‘The politics of multiple identities: Lineage and ethnicity in Kazakhstan’, Europe-Asia Studies, 52 (2000) –502CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, G., Nationalism and policy toward the nationalities in the Soviet Union, trans. Forster, K. and Forster, O., Boulder, 1991.Google Scholar
Slezkine, Y., ‘The USSR as a communal apartment, or how a socialist state promoted ethnic particularism’, Slavic Review, 53 (1994) –52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subtelny, M. E., ‘The symbiosis of Turk and Tajik’, in Manz, B. F. (ed.), Central Asia in historical perspective, Boulder, 1994.Google Scholar
Swietochowski, T., Russia and Azerbaijan, New York, 1995.Google Scholar
Torm, N., ‘The nexus of economic growth, employment and poverty during economic transition’, Issues in Employment and Poverty Discussion Paper 13, Geneva, October 2003, www-ilo-mirror.cornell.edu/public/english/employment/recon/poverty/download/disc13.pdf.Google Scholar
Hirschhausen, C., and Engerer, H., ‘Energy in the Caspian Sea region in the late 1990s: The end of the boom?’, OPEC Review (December 1999) –91.Google Scholar
Wilhelmsen, J., ‘Between a rock and a hard place: The Islamisation of the Chechen separatist movement’, Europe-Asia Studies, 57 (2005) –59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, B. G., ‘Commemorating “The Deportation” in post-Soviet Chechnya’, History & Memory, 12 (2000) –34.Google Scholar
Yemelianova, G., ‘Islam and power’, in Pilkington, H. and Yemelianova, G., Islam in post-Soviet Russia, London and New York, 2003.Google Scholar
Yemelianova, G., ‘Russia’s umma and its muftis’, Religion, State & Society, 31 (2003) –50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×